大豆作物响应增强UV—B辐射的品种差异

田间条件下模拟20％平流层臭氧层衰减,紫外线（UV－B,280－315nm)辐射增强,研究了UV－B对2个大豆（Glycin max (L.)Merr.)品种黑豆和晋豆生长,光合作用和稳定碳同位素组成的影响,结果表明,晋豆比黑豆对UV－B有较强的抗性或不敏感,表现为增强的UV－B辐射显著抑制黑豆的生长和株高,叶、茎、根和总生物量以及株高全部降低,而晋豆仅茎重和株高降低;晋豆的色素含量（叶绿素a,b,类胡萝卜素和类黄酮）不受UV－B辐射影响,在UV－B辐射下黑豆的净光合作用,气孔导度,胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾作用以及不分利用效率明显下降,而晋豆只有气孔导度和蒸腾作用减少,这可能与晋豆本身含有较高的类黄酮及较多的表皮毛和遗传特性有关,用叶片稳定碳同位素组成（δ^13C值）的分析也证明晋豆对UV－B辐射不敏感,由此看来,大豆品种对UV－B辐射的反应差异可以通过δ^13C值来判定。     

改善培养条件以利于番茄的遗传转化

通过改善培养条件可以促进番茄的遗传转化。本实验从六个番茄杂交组合亲本中筛选出两个分化频率较高的品种,费洛雷德与402;它们子叶比下胚轴分化频率高些,共培养后子叶也比下胚轴易于培养与分化,因此宜选用子叶作为外植体;激素宜用 NAA 与 BA,且较合适的浓度分别为0.2mg/L,2mg/L;最好是从子叶基部处切下子叶,染菌时也只把基部的     

抗生素对大豆愈伤组织的诱导和生长的影响

用红霉素、头孢唑唑钠、头孢拉定、头孢霉素（国产和进口）等5种抗生素对农杆菌LBA4404进行抑菌试验,以头孢霉素的抑菌效果最好。头孢霉素作为抑菌剂用大于豆遗传转化试验时,在下胚轴浓度以300mg/L,在子叶节以500mg/L。大豆品种对卡那霉素的反应在出愈率上表现相似,在褐化率上表现有些不同。大豆不同外植体对卡那霉素的反应存在较大差异,以真叶反应最敏感,下胚轴反应最迟钝。在以卡那霉素作为抗性选择标记时,选择压力真叶和子叶节以50－100mg/L为好,下胚轴以100－200mg/L为宜。     

地膜覆盖棉花、玉米、大豆生育盛期的降温效应

1999～2001年的试验结果表明地膜覆盖在夏季作物旺盛生长期(棉花：开花-吐絮、玉米：抽雄穗-乳熟、大豆：开花-结荚)3种覆盖作物的叶面积均比对照作物大,其叶面积系数分别为：棉花：3．9／3．1、玉米：3．3／2．7、大豆：4．0／3．2。进入作物群体中的光照度(I)主要与叶面积系数(F)有关,而叶面积系数又直接影响消光系数(k)的大小。农田覆盖地膜后,其在作物生育前期的增温保湿作用,使其作物生育速度加快,到作物旺盛生长期因其枝叶茂盛,叶面积系数增大,消光系数减小,白天冠层上部叶片截留的太阳总辐射多,致使最终进入作物群体中下部的光能减少。白天覆盖地虽然蒸发量减少,但因其作物枝叶茂盛,蒸腾量则增大,农田消耗于蒸散(LEc)的能量增多,导致加热土壤(B项)的能量减少。覆盖作物地的土壤温度较对照地低,其中又以白天地面最高温度降温最为明显．棉花、玉米、大豆等3种作物降温幅度分别为3．1C、2．7C和2．5C。地膜覆盖在作物旺盛生长期的降温效应,可减轻夏季高温对作物的危害,夏季白天当温度超过光合作用适宜温度(20～25C)以上时,呼吸作用消耗的有机物质增加,作物生长缓慢,而覆盖作物地因其温度较对照地低,光合强度大,生长活力增强,因而使作物能够增产。     

镉(Cd)与UV-B复合胁迫影响大豆胚轴生长的生理调节机制研究

通过研究大豆胚轴生长及内源吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GAs)、过氧化物酶(POD)和吲哚乙酸氧化酶(IAA oxidase)活性变化对Cd、UV-B辐射和Cd UV-B(复合胁迫)的响应。分析了激素水平、酶活性变化以及胚轴生长变化特性。结果表明,UV—B辐射引起大豆上胚轴伸长减小;但Cd对上胚轴伸长无明显影响;Cd UV—B使上胚轴长度比UV—B作用时明显增加。UVB辐射显著降低了胚轴IAA含量;而GAs含量却显著升高;Cd胁迫下IAA和GAs变化并不明显;但Cd UV—B使IAA含量显著升高,而对GAs无明显影响。UVB辐射使IAA氧化酶和POD活性显著增强,而Cd对这两种酶活性影响并不明显;但Cd UV—B复合胁迫下胚轴的IAA水平较高。尽管UVB辐射引起胚轴中GAs含量显著增加,但研究结果显示IAA含量变化是胁迫下引起胚轴生长改变的更直接原因。研究还表明Cd UV—B时,大大削弱了UV—B辐射下IAA氧化酶活性增强,加之Cd对POD活性的抑制,导致复合胁迫下胚轴的IAA水平较高。证明复合胁迫可以改变单一胁迫下植物激素的调控机制。     

田间增加紫外线（UV）辐射对大豆幼苗生长和光合作用的影响

 两个增加的UV(UV-AB,280～400nm)辐射强度分别相当于大气臭氧减少3.6％和5.1％时增加的UV-B辐射。UV辐射增强明显降低大豆的株高、叶面积、干重、水分含量和叶绿素含量,大豆生长受抑程度随人工UV光源照射时间和强度增加而增强,是增加UV辐射剂量的累积效应,叶绿素b的降幅大于叶绿素a,表明UV辐射对大豆幼苗捕光色素的破坏较严重。同时,增加UV辐射还使大豆幼苗的表观光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、气孔导度下降,作用效果与辐射强度正相关。与生长等比较,UV辐射条件下,冠／根比值减少幅度不大。分析认为,大豆幼苗生长和光合能力的下降可以使植物避免或减轻UV辐射的进一步伤害,对植物适应UV辐射有利。     

蒽和UV—B辐射对米氏凯伦藻生长的影响

为研究多环芳烃蒽（anthracene）和UV—B辐射对米氏凯伦藻（Kreniamikimotoi Hansen）的单独效应和联合毒性效应,采用实验生态学的方法,以米氏凯伦藻为实验材料,蒽质量浓度设为0．00、6．25、11．50、20．00、35．00、62．50μg／L,UV—B辐射剂量设为0．00、0．375、1．125、2．25、3．75、6．00J／m^2。实验结果表明：对米氏凯伦藻的生长,多环芳烃蒽具有抑制效应,小剂量的UV-B具有刺激作用,随着剂量的增加表现出抑制作用,蒽与UV—B的联合则表现出更强的抑制作用,二者表现为协同作用。蒽和UV—B对米氏凯伦藻的96h—EC。分别为15．35μg／L和2．843J／m^2,而蒽在UV—B辐射条件下的96h-EC50为7．376μg／L。     

提高榨菜离体培养植株再生频率

采用榨菜“浙桐1号”品种为材料,以MS为基本培养基,通过对不同植物生长调节剂的组合和不同外植体等主要因素的筛选,大幅度提高了榨菜离体培养植株再生频率。结果表明,2mg／L6．BA 0．2mg／L2,4-D的组合较为适宜,其不定芽再生频率可达50％,且外植体以下胚轴为好：而CPPU和2,4-D的适宜组合为1．5mg／L 0．2mg／L,其不定芽再生频率高达66．67％,最适外植体为带柄子叶。同时,研究结果显示,添加0．25～1mg／L的GA,对榨菜已分化的不定芽的伸长有抑制作用;子叶柄和下胚轴外植体的分化具有极性现象。     

抗生素对大豆愈伤组织的诱导和生长的影响

用红霉素、头孢唑啉钠、头孢拉定、头孢霉素(国产和进口)等5种抗生素对农杆菌LBA4404进行抑菌试验,以头孢霉素的抑菌效果最好.头孢霉素作为抑菌剂用于大豆遗传转化试验时,在下胚轴浓度以300mg/L,在子叶节以500mg/L为宜.大豆品种对卡那霉素的反应在出愈率上表现相似,在褐化率上表现有些不同.大豆不同外植体对卡那霉素的反应存在较大差异,以真叶反应最敏感,下胚轴反应最迟钝.在以卡那霉素作为抗性选择标记时,选择压力真叶和子叶节以50～100mg,L为好,下胚轴以100～200mg/L为宜。 Ahstract:The experiment of inhibiting Agrobacterium LBA4404 was undertaken with 5 antibiotics (the Erythronycin Base,Cefazolin Sodium,Cefradine,2 kinds of Cefotaximes).Among them,Cefotaxime showed the best effect.When Cefotaxime is used in transformation,the ideal concentration is 300mg/L in hypocotyl and 500mg/L in cotyledon node.The response of soybean varieties to Kanamycin is similar in induction of callus rate and is different in brown rate of callus.Differences of the response of soybean explants to Kanamycin were found.The young leaves are sensitive to Kanamycin,but hypoeotyl is not.The ideal selecting pressure of Kanamycin is 50- l00mg/L in young leaf and cotyledon node,andl00-200mg/L in hypocotyl when Kanamycin is used as selection marker.     

苎麻组织培养植株的大田实验及其主要经济性状

已有多种植物通过组织培养进行快速繁殖。苎麻[Boehmeria nivea(L.) Gaud]是我国重要的多年生纤维作物之一,生产上急需解决快速繁殖优良品系问题。1980年作者从苎麻“黑皮蔸”品种的子叶、下胚轴、茎、叶等诱导出再生植株后,又开展了腋生株繁殖技术的研究,并对大田生长的组培植株进行了观察。近年来颜昌敬等也用苎     

Intraspecific differences in Cucumis sativus sensitivity to ultraviolet-B radiation

Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars Marketmore, Lama, XPH 1187, XPH 1484 and Sprint 440 (N) were grown in a greenhouse under two levels of biologically effective ultraviolet-B ( UV -B) radiation (daily dose: 0 and 11.6 kJ m⁻² UV-B_BE) for 31 days. Significant intraspecific differences were observed in plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and total dry weight. Based upon total biomass accumulation, Marketmore was found to be the most tolerant, and XPH 1484 the most sensitive to UV-B radiation. The dose response of accumulation of UV absorbing compounds (measured as absorbance of methanolic extracts) in leaf tissues showed an increase in UV absorbing compounds with UV-B dose in Marketmore, Sprint 440 (N) and XPH 1187. In Lama and XPH 1484, however, doses below 8.7 kJ m⁻² UV-B_BE produced no change in UV absorbing compounds. This study suggests that intraspecific differences in UV-B radiation sensitivity in cucumber may be related to inherent differences in the accumulation of UV absorbing compounds in leaves.     

UV-B response of cucumber seedlings grown under metal halide and high pressure sodium/deluxe lamps

UV-B-sensitive (Poinsett) and -insensitive (Ashley) cultivars of cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) were grown in growth chambers at 600 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹ of photosynthetically active radiation provided by metal halide (MH) or high pressure sodium/deluxe (HPS/DX) lamps. Plants were irradiated 15 days from seeding for 6 h per day under 18. 2 kJ m⁻² day⁻¹ of biologically effective UV-B (UV-B_BE) radiation. One of the most pronounced effects of UV-B was a 27 to 78% increase in phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) activity. UV-B also increased total polyamines. Catalase and superoxide dismutase varied greatly in their response to UV-B. There were no interactive effects on PAL or catalase activity, or total polyamines. There was a UV × PAR source interaction for superoxide dismutase activity. UV-B increased chlorosis and decreased height, dry weight and leaf area. Stem elongation, biomass production, leaf enlargement and chlorosis were greater under HPS/DX lamps than under MH lamps. Chlorosis was greater in Poinsett than in Ashley and in lower leaves than in upper ones. Aside from chlorosis, there were no interactive effects of UV-B, PAR source or cultivar on any of the growth parameters measured, suggesting that the growth response of cucumber seedlings to UV-B is unaffected by PAR source or cultivar. Similarly, except for SOD activity, the biochemical response to UV-B was also not influenced by PAR source or cultivar.     

Inhibitory effects of ambient levels of solar UV-A and UV-B radiation on growth of cucumber

The influence of solar UV-A and UV-B radiation at Beltsville, Maryland, on growth and flavonoid content in four cultivars of Cucumis sativus L. (Ashley, Poinsett, Marketmore, and Salad Bush cucumber) was examined during the summers of 1994 and 1995. Plants were grown from seed in UV exclusion chambers consisting of UV-transmitting Plexiglas, lined with Llumar to exclude UV-A and UV-B, polyester to exclude UV-B, or cellulose acetate to transmit UV-A and UV-B. Despite previously determined differences in sensitivity to supplemental UV-B radiation, all four cultivars responded similarly to UV-B exclusion treatment. After 19–21 days, the four cultivars grown in the absence of solar UV-B (polyester) had an average of 34, 55, and 40% greater biomass of leaves, stems, and roots, respectively, 27% greater stem height, and 35% greater leaf area than those grown under ambient UV-B (cellulose acetate). Plants protected from UV-A radiation as well (Llumar) showed an additional 14 and 22% average increase, respectively, in biomass of leaves and stems, and a 22 and 19% average increase, respectively, in stem elongation and leaf area over those grown under polyester. These findings demonstrate the extreme sensitivity of cucumber not only to present levels of UV-B but also to UV-A and suggest that even small changes in ozone depletion may have important biological consequences for certain plant species.     

EFFECTS OF ULTRAVIOLET-B RADIATION ON FUNGAL DISEASE DEVELOPMENT IN CUCUMIS SATIVUS

Three cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars were exposed to a daily dose of 11.6 kJ m^-2biologically effective ultraviolet-B (UV-B_Be) radiation in an unshaded greenhouse before and/ or after infection by Colletotrichum lagenarium (Pass.) Ell. and Halst. or Cladosporium cucumerinum Ell. and Arth. and analyzed for disease development. Two of these cultivars, Poinsette and Calypso Hybrid, were disease resistant, while the third cultivar, Straight-8, was disease susceptible. Preinfectional treatment of 1 to 7 days with UV-B_BE in Straight-8 led to greater severity of both diseases. Postinfectional UV treatment did not lead to increased disease severity caused by C. lagenarium, while preinfectional UV treatment in both Straight-8 and Poinsette substantially increased disease severity. Although resistant cultivars Poinsette and Calypso Hybrid showed increased anthracnose disease severity when exposed to UV-B, this effect was apparent only on the cotyledons. Both higher spore concentration and exposure to UV-B radiation resulted in greater disease severity. Of the cucumber cultivars tested for UV-B sensitivity, growth in Poinsette was most sensitive and Calypso Hybrid was least sensitive. These preliminary results indicate that the effects of UV-B radiation on disease development in cucumber vary depending on cultivar, timing and duration of UV-B exposure, inoculation level, and plant age.     

Response of 19 cultivars of soybeans to ultraviolet-B irradiance

Nineteen soybean cultivars were grown for four weeks in controlled environmental chambers with artificial daylight supplemented by five UV-B irradiance regimes to determine the range of growth and development responses of seedlings. Data from nine plant characteristics were assessed: leaf area, dry weight of leaves, stems and roots, total plant dry weight, height, ratio of roots to shoots and leaf area to weight and rating of leaves for damage. Significant differences were observed in the responses noted. Stunting, leaf chlorosis and loss of apical dominance were three general symptoms apparent on all cultivars which received UV-B irradiance. Varying degrees of reduced leaf area and dry weight of the plants and altered ratios of weights of leaves per unit area and weight of roots to shoots were also found. It was concluded that different soybean cultivars demonstrate a marked difference in sensitivity to UV-B radiation under the artificial conditions of controlled environmental growth chambers and this may indicate a genetic basis for variability in sensitivity of soybean cultivars to this waveband. However, the sensitivity to UV-B radiation was increased by the lower than normal photon fluence of photosynthetically active radiation (225 μE m⁻² s⁻¹).     

Modification of the Cellular Heat Sensitivity of Cucumber by Growth under Supplemental Ultraviolet-B Radiation

The effect of ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation on the thermal sensitivity of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) was studied using UV-B-sensitive cv Poinsett 76 and UV-B-resistant cv Ashley grown under control and elevated (300 mW m-2) UV-B radiation levels. Using both cotyledon and leaf discs, the ability of the tissue to reduce triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) was determined after treatment at 50[deg]C for various times. Semilogarithmic plots of TTC reduction as a function of time at 50[deg]C were curvilinear. They were monophasic for the control cucumber and biphasic for cucumber grown in the presence of elevated UV-B. Treatment of cucumber plants at 37[deg]C for 24 h or of tissue discs at acute UV-B levels for 1 h further modified their response to elevated temperature. These results suggest that growth of cucumber under enhanced UV-B radiation levels increased its ability to withstand elevated temperatures.     

Effect of Enhanced UV-B Radiation on Polyamine Content and Membrane Permeability in Cucumber Leaves

Cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L., cv. Jingchun 3) were grown in a greenhouse under PAR illumination of 400–600 mol/(m² s) at 30/15°C (day/night) temperature. Two enhanced biologically effective UV-B radiation levels per day were applied: 8.82 kJ/m² (T₁) and 12.6 kJ/m² (T₂). Cucumber seedlings were irradiated 7 h per day for 25 days under T₁ and T₂. A comparative study of growth, membrane permeability, and polyamine content in cucumber leaves under T₁ and T₂ treatments was conducted. UV-B radiation resulted in the dose-dependent decrease in leaf area, dry weight of foliage, and plant height. The T₁ and T₂ treatments caused an increase in the contents of putrescine, spermine, and spermidine. However, the total polyamine content declined slightly when electrolyte leakage increased dramatically on the 18th day of treatment, especially after T₂ treatment. It can be concluded that polyamine accumulation in the cucumber leaves is an adaptive mechanism to the stress caused by UV-B radiation.     

不同小麦品种对UV-B辐射增强响应的生理特性差异

研究了大田条件下模拟增强UV-B辐射（500 KJ·m^-2,相当于昆明地区臭氧层减少20%）对10个小麦品种生理指标的影响以及小麦对UV B辐射响应的种内差异.结果表明,10个供试小麦品种中有6个品种的叶绿素含量显著下降,叶绿素a降低的程度大于叶绿素b,从而导致叶绿素a/b的比率下降.UV-B对小麦叶片内MDA和类黄酮的影响也具有种内差异,有5个品种的MDA含量显著上升, 2个品种的MDA含量显著下降;4个品种的类黄酮含量显著增加,2个品种的类黄酮含量显著减少.叶绿素和类黄酮含量变化与MDA含量均呈显著负相关关系,类黄酮与小麦UV-B抗性之间存在密切联系.     

Intraspecific differences in physiological response of 20 wheat cultivars to enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation under field conditions

Field studies were conducted to determine the potential for alterations in physiology and the intraspecific variation in sensitivity of 20 wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars to enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280-315 nm) radiation. The supplemental UV-B radiation was 5 kJ m(-2), simulating a depletion of 20% stratospheric ozone. Out of 20 wheat cultivars (from South China, North China and Mexico) tested, 13 showed significant changes in total chlorophyll content. In most of these sensitive species, chlorophyll a content was strongly reduced, and chlorophyll b content decreased in a lesser extent, leading to a decrease in chlorophyll a/b ratio. However, some species had an increased chlorophyll a/b ratio under enhanced UV-B. The effect of UV-B on flavonoid content also showed intraspecific differences, a significant increase for one cultivar, decreases in 12 cultivars and no effect on the other seven cultivars. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of five cultivars was significantly increased, and that of six cultivars significantly decreased. Membrane permeability of 12 cultivars significantly increased, while only that of Dali 905 was significantly decreased. Malonaldehyde (MDA) contents of eight cultivars were increased significantly, while that of three cultivars was significantly decreased. Although large intraspecific differences were found for the different parameters measured, there was no clear correlation between them under UV-B radiation.     

The Effects of a Hydrogel Polymer on the Growth of Certain Horticultural Crops under Saline Conditions

The effects of incorporating a hydrogel polymer into sand onthe development of selected horticultural plants grown undersaline conditions has been demonstrated. In separate experiments,the seeds of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were germinatedin sand/swollen hydrogel polymer mixture (25: 75, v: v) withadded Hoagland nutrient solution. At cotyledon + first trueleaf stage, the plantlets were transplanted into polythene growbagscontaining a range of sand/swollen hydrogel polymer combinations(0: 100, 25: 75, 50: 50, 75: 25 and 100: 0, v: v). Saline solutionscontaining NaCl, CaCl² and MgCl² were prepared as molar solutionsand applied at combined concentrations as follows; Control (Hoagland),2000, 4000, 8000, and 32 000 ppm. Application of the appropriatesolution to the growbags was made twice per week, alternatingwith a comparable watering regime. Harvesting was carried outafter 14 and 28 d. Polymer incorporation encouraged growth ofall species under all saline conditions, the order of effectivenessof the polymer contents being as follows; 75%>50% 25% 100%>0%.At high salinity (32 000 ppm) plants of the test species werereduced in growth but appeared to be tolerant at all levelsof polymer incorporation; in pure sand the level of tolerancein tomato and cucumber was <8000 ppm and in lettuce <4000 ppm. Generally, dry weight, leaf area, succulence, chloroplastpigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids), photosyntheticactivity, total amino acids, proline, and protein contents wereincreased with polymer incorporation compared with pure sand.This hydrogel polymer appears to be highly effective for useas a soil conditioner in horticulture, to improve crop toleranceand growth in a sand or light gravel substrate under salineconditions. It is intended to confirm the results of these studiesby field trials. Key words: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), salinity, hydrogel, polymer, salt tolerance, growth, free amino acid, free proline, and protein