梵净山自然保护区珙桐天然种群生命表与生存分析

以种群生命表和生存分析理论为基础,采用空间代替时间法和分段匀滑技术,编制梵净山自然保护区珙桐天然种群特定时间生命表,绘制其死亡率曲线、消失率曲线、存活曲线和生存函数曲线,分析种群数量动态变化。结果表明:珙桐种群结构存在波动性,趋于DeeveyⅢ型,其幼年阶段的个体较丰富;珙桐种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,在这一发育过程中有两个死亡高峰,一个出现在幼苗向幼树的过渡期(Ⅰ龄级→Ⅱ龄级),另一个出现在从中龄向老龄过渡的阶段(Ⅷ龄级→Ⅸ龄级);种群生存分析表明,珙桐种群的生存率单调下降,累计死亡率单调上升,Ⅷ龄级后,种群生存率小于8%,累计死亡率大于92%,危险率超过生存率;4个生存函数曲线表明,梵净山珙桐有前期锐减、中期稳定和后期衰退的特点。幼苗和中龄级个体的不足是导致珙桐濒危的重要原因。     

贵州雷公山自然保护区秃杉天然种群生命表

运用相邻格子法,对雷公山秃杉种群进行生态学调查,采用空间代替时间的方法,编制秃杉种群的生命表。结果表明：秃杉种群结构存在波动性, 成年阶段的个体较丰富, 种群趋于Deevey Ⅱ型;秃杉种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致, 均出现2个高峰, 一个出现在第6龄级阶段, 另一个出现在第12龄级阶段;秃杉种群的生存率单调下降, 累计死亡率单调上升, 生存率下降趋势前期高于后期, 累计死亡率则相反;生存函数曲线表明,秃杉具有中期稳定和后期衰退的特点。     

POPULATION QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS AND DYNAMICS OF RARE AND ENDANGERED TSUGA TCHEKIANGENSIS IN JIULONGSHAN NATURE RESERVE OF CHINA

 针对九龙山国家级自然保护区南方铁杉(Tsuga tchekiangensis)种群的分布特点, 设置了10个具有代表性的样地。以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础, 编制了南方铁杉种群的静态生命表, 绘制了存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线、生存率曲线、累计死亡率曲线、种群死亡密度曲线和危险率曲线, 分析了种群数量特征; 同时结合谱分析方法, 分析了南方铁杉种群数量的动态变化。结果表明: 1) 南方铁杉种群结构存在波动性, 幼年阶段的个体较丰富, 成年个体数量相对较少, 种群趋于Deevey Ⅱ型。2) 南方铁杉种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致, 均出现两个高峰, 一个出现在第5龄级阶段, 另一个出现在第15龄级阶段。3) 南方铁杉种群的生存率单调下降, 累计死亡率单调上升, 生存率下降趋势前期高于后期, 累计死亡率则相反。4) 4个生存函数曲线表明, 南方铁杉具有前期稳定、中期锐减和后期衰退的特点。5) 种群动态的谱分析显示, 南方铁杉种群动态除受基波影响外, 还存在着明显的小周期波动, 谐波A3处周期的波动与南方铁杉的高生长有关; A6处周期的波动与外界环境变化有关; A8处周期的波动与南方铁杉进入生理衰退期有关。     

梵净山自然保护区珙桐萌蘖繁殖在种群数量中的作用

为探讨梵净山自然保护区珙桐(Davidia involucrata)的繁殖策略,揭示萌蘖苗和实生苗在维持种群数量中的作用。采用每木调查法调查贵州省梵净山自然保护区标水岩珙桐种群,根据调查数据绘制径级结构图。以珙桐径级结构代替年龄结构,采用匀滑技术分别编制了萌蘖苗和实生苗种群静态生命表,并绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线及4个生存函数曲线。结果显示:(1)珙桐种群年龄结构存在一定的波动性,按萌蘖苗统计则幼龄个体占78.78%,按实生苗统计则幼龄个体占21.45%,两种统计的珙桐种群的生存曲线接近于DeeveyⅡ型。(2)珙桐种群整体是增长的,萌蘖苗V_(spi)高于V_(sepi)(6.50%>2.30%)。(3)珙桐种群生存率呈单调下降趋势,萌蘖苗较明显。(4)珙桐种群累计死亡率呈单调上升的趋势,萌蘖苗更明显。(5)珙桐种群生存率和消失率曲线呈单调上升趋势,萌蘖苗和实生苗基本一致。标水岩珙桐种群属于增长型种群,存活曲线为DeeveyⅡ型,后期种群保持稳定,萌蘖繁殖有利于维持种群数量,在维持种群稳定中具有十分重要的作用。     

大青沟自然保护区主要森林群落优势种的种群结构与动态

选择大青沟国家级自然保护区的水曲柳群落、蒙古栎群落和大果榆群落进行野外群落学调查,采用空间代替时间的方法,以种群径级结构代替年龄结构编制了优势种水曲柳种群、蒙古栎种群和大果榆种群的静态生命表,绘制其存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线和危险率函数曲线,分析种群数量动态变化。结果表明:(1)水曲柳和蒙古栎的存活曲线为DeeveyⅡ型,表明其种群目前总体上正处于一种动态稳定状态;大果榆的存活曲线为DeeveyⅢ型,表明大果榆幼体死亡率高,以后的死亡率低而稳定。(2)水曲柳种群死亡高峰除了在第Ⅰ龄级较高外,基本呈随龄级增加死亡率增大的趋势;蒙古栎种群的死亡高峰出现在幼年阶段和老年阶段;大果榆种群有两个死亡高峰,一个出现在第Ⅰ龄级,一个出现在第Ⅵ龄级。(3)种群生存分析表明,3个种群的生存率单调下降,累计死亡率单调上升,水曲柳和蒙古栎种群危险率函数随着龄级的增加而不断增大,大果榆种群具有前期锐减、中期稳定和后期衰退的特点。     

广东南澳岛中华楠种群结构及动态特征

通过对南澳岛中华楠次生林样地的调查,从种群年龄结构、静态生命表、生存分析和时间序列预测等方面分析了中华楠种群结构和数量动态,结果表明:种群年龄结构呈"倒J型",幼苗和小树阶段个体数量多,中树和大树阶段个体数量少,表现为增长型种群。存活曲线接近Deevey-Ⅲ型,幼苗阶段死亡率高,大树阶段死亡率较低,且相对稳定。种群死亡率和消失率曲线的变化趋势相似,均出现2个高峰,最高峰出现在幼苗的第Ⅰ龄级,第2个高峰出现在中树的第Ⅴ龄级。中树第Ⅵ龄级死亡率最低,生命期望值最高。种群的生存率单调下降,积累死亡率单调上升,种群从第Ⅷ龄级开始逐渐进入生理衰退期。种群的死亡密度和危险率曲线变化趋势与种群死亡率和消失率曲线基本一致,前期和中期震荡,后期趋于稳定。对种群未来2、5和8年的时间序列预测表明:中华楠种群呈增长趋势。     

安徽皇藏峪自然保护区青檀种群数量动态

根据野外调查资料编制皇藏峪自然保护区不同生境青檀种群的静态生命表,绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线以及4个生存函数曲线,分析种群数量特征。同时,结合种群动态量化方法和时间序列预测模型,分析种群数量动态变化。结果表明:1)不同生境青檀种群径级结构大体呈金字塔型,中、幼龄阶段个体数量丰富,老龄阶段个体数量相对较少,种群在发育过程中存在一定波动性,但种群数量变化动态指数Vpi和Vpi’(考虑外部干扰时)均大于零。种群属稳定增长型。2)不同生境青檀种群在幼龄阶段死亡率较高,随着龄级的增加,死亡率逐渐降低。进入生理衰老阶段时,阳坡、阴坡种群死亡率再次上升,而坡谷种群由于老龄个体受到较好保护,死亡率略有下降。3)不同生境存活曲线存在差异,阳坡、阴坡种群趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型,坡谷种群趋于Deevey-Ⅲ型。4)生存分析表明,阳坡、阴坡种群具有前期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点;坡谷种群表现为前期锐减、中后期稳定的特点。5)在未来2年、5年中,不同生境青檀种群呈增长趋势。     

川西地区岷江柏种群生命表与生存分析

岷江柏 (CupressuschengianaS .Y .Hu)是国家II级保护植物 ,处于渐危状态 ,由于缺乏种群结构的研究限制了对该种的全面认识和有效保护。本文调查分析了岷江柏种群的年龄结构 ,编制了岷江柏种群的特定时间生命表 ,绘制了种群的存活曲线、死亡率曲线和消失率曲线 ,并用 4个生存函数对该种群进行了生存分析。结果表明 ,川西地区岷江柏种群处于中龄林阶段 ,种群存活曲线属Deevey III型 ,年龄结构呈增长型 ,死亡率曲线与消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致。在这一发育过程中有两个死亡高峰 ,一个出现在幼苗向幼树的过渡期(5～ 15a) ,环境胁迫是幼苗高死亡率的关键 ,另一个出现在从中龄向老龄过渡的阶段 (130～ 2 30a) ,环境制约以及人为砍伐是高死亡率的根本原因。种群生存分析表明 ,岷江柏种群累计死亡率单调增加 ,生存率单调下降 ,130年以后种群的累计死亡率均超过 95 % ,生存率都不足 5 % ,危险率超过了生存率 ;种群发育过程总体表现为前期增长 ,中期稳定 ,后期衰退。对大小结构与年龄结构的对比分析表明 ,目前广泛采用的大小结构代替年龄结构的分析方法对岷江柏这样的长寿慢生树种误差较大。     

桂林岩溶石山青冈种群数量动态

青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)是桂林岩溶石山常绿落叶阔叶混交林的优势种。以种群生命表和生存分析理论为基础,采用胸径大小分级法,编制了静态生命表,绘制了存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线和生存函数曲线,分析了青冈种群数量特征,同时结合种群动态量化方法和时间序列预测模型,进一步解析了青冈的种群数量动态变化特征。结果表明:青冈种群的年龄结构近似于倒"J"型,主要集中在Ⅰ龄级(个体数量比例占69.49%),但成功定植于下一龄级的个体比例较低;种群趋于DeeveyⅡ型,即稳定型;死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,在第Ⅰ、Ⅵ龄级出现高峰期;生存率单调下降,累计死亡率单调上升,死亡密度曲线与危险率曲线变化规律一致;青冈种群具有前期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点;种群数量变化动态指数Vpi和Vpi'均大于0,种群稳定且略微增长,易受环境影响;在未来2、4、6个龄级时间后,老龄个体逐渐增多,若不及时抚育幼苗,种群将难以保持稳定。     

画稿溪国家级自然保护区珍稀植物桫椤种群结构与更新

根据四川画稿溪国家级自然保护区桫椤(Alsophila spinulosa)种群分布特点,设立4个样地1个样带共44个样方(20 m×20 m),从种群密度、生命表和生境关联(草本层郁闭度和林分受干扰强度)等方面研究了保护区桫椤种群的结构特征。结果表明,每个桫椤种群样方的平均密度为0.088株/m2,幼苗密度为0.049株/m2;桫椤种群的死亡率和消失率曲线变化基本一致,发育过程中出现3个死亡高峰值,分别在第1龄级(H0.01 m)、第7龄级(3.90 m≤H4.80 m)和第10龄级(H≥6.60 m)阶段;种群生存率单调下降,累计死亡率单调上升,第7龄级以后,种群生存率小于1%;根据种群生存率函数Si、累计死亡率函数Fti、死亡密度函数fti和危险率函数λti4个生存函数曲线表明,画稿溪桫椤种群具有前期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点。桫椤各龄级阶段密度与草本层郁闭度均无显著相关(p≥0.18),然而桫椤幼苗(第1龄级)以上的个体密度、第7龄级密度与干扰度之间呈显著负相关(p0.05)。综合分析表明,画稿溪桫椤种群具有一定的自然更新能力,但人为活动的干扰可能是限制桫椤种群的因素之一。     

Decomposing variation in population growth into contributions from environment and phenotypes in an age-structured population

Evaluating the relative importance of ecological drivers responsible for natural population fluctuations in size is challenging. Longitudinal studies where most individuals are monitored from birth to death and where environmental conditions are known provide a valuable resource to characterize complex ecological interactions. We used a recently developed approach to decompose the observed fluctuation in population growth of the red deer population on the Isle of Rum into contributions from climate, density and their interaction and to quantify their relative importance. We also quantified the contribution of individual covariates, including phenotypic and life-history traits, to population growth. Fluctuations in composition in age and sex classes ((st)age structure) of the population contributed substantially to the population dynamics. Density, climate, birth weight and reproductive status contributed less and approximately equally to the population growth. Our results support the contention that fluctuations in the population's (st)age structure have important consequences for population dynamics and underline the importance of including information on population composition to understand the effect of human-driven changes on population performance of long-lived species.     

Survival costs of reproduction vary with age in North American red squirrels

The costs of reproduction are expected to be higher under unfavourable conditions, so that breeding in years of low food supply should have important costs. In addition, the costs of reproduction may be contingent on the age of individuals, and young growing and old senescent individuals should suffer higher costs than the prime-age ones. We tested these predictions by investigating the costs of reproduction as a function of food availability and age in female North American red squirrels using the long-term data on survival and reproduction. We found that the costs of reproduction were independent of food supply, and we did not detect any trade-off between the current and future reproduction. We also did not detect any survival cost of reproduction for the prime-age females, but found evidence for survival costs in yearlings and old (6 years or above) females with successfully breeding individuals having a lower chance of survival compared with unsuccessful or non-breeding ones. These results supported our prediction that the costs of reproduction depended on the age of female red squirrels and were higher in young growing and old senescent individuals. Our study also indicated that, in contrast to large herbivores, heterogeneity in individual quality and viability selection in red squirrels do not affect the study of trade-offs and of the age variation in life-history traits.     

荒漠绿洲过渡带沙拐枣种群结构及动态特征

沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)作为黑河中游荒漠绿洲过渡带的一种主要固沙植物种,它对于维护荒漠绿洲过渡带生态系统的稳定性起到了至关重要的作用。通过样地调查和数据统计,绘制了沙拐枣种群的径级结构图,在此基础上编制了种群的特定时间生命表,分析了存活曲线、死亡率曲线等重要参数,并运用时间序列模型预测种群数量动态,以揭示荒漠绿洲过渡带沙拐枣种群的结构及动态特征。结果表明:沙拐枣种群属于增长型,Vpi'=0.0233,表明该种群趋近于稳定型,但沙拐枣种群Ⅰ、Ⅱ龄级个体数目少于Ⅲ龄级的个体数目;存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ,各龄级种群有相近的死亡率;时间序列预测分析表明,在未来2、4、6、8个龄级时间后沙拐枣老龄个体逐渐增多,幼龄株数则有所降低,种群稳定性长期维持困难,因此,适当的人工辅助恢复和现有植株及生境的保护是保持沙拐枣种群自然更新和种群恢复的关键。     

Influence of Temperature and Soybean Phenology on Dormancy Induction of Heterodera glycines

Growth room and field experiments were conducted to determine the influence of soil temperature and soybean phenology on dormancy induction of a North Carolina population of Heterodera glycines race 1. Three temperature regimes and two photoperiods to regulate plant phenology were investigated in growth rooms. H. glycines hatch was greatest from the 26 and 22 C (day and night) temperature treatment, intermediate at 22 and 18 C, and least from the decreasing regime (26 and 22 C, 22 and 18 C, and 18 and 14 C). More eggs hatched and greater nematode reproduction occurred on pod-producing soybeans than on those that remained vegetative. In the field study, hatching patterns were not different between depodded and naturally senescing soybeans nor between the different maturity groups of soybean cultivars (groups V through VIII). Egg hatch (9-16%) was greatest in August and September when mean soil temperatures were between 25 and 29 C. Hatch declined to 1% in vitro and was not detectable in the bioassay in November. Greatest nematode numbers were observed on the latest maturing cultivar (group VIII) and fewest on the cultivar which matured earliest (group V). Decreasing temperature appears to be more important than soybean phenology in dormancy induction of H. glycines.     

Winter Survival of Meloidogyne incognita in Six Soil Types

Winter survival of Meloidogyne incognita in six soil types (Fuquay sand, Norfolk loamy sand, Portsmouth loamy sand, muck, Cecil sandy clay loam, and Cecil sandy clay) was determined in microplots at one location from November 1981 to May 1982 and from November 1982 to March 1983. Survival, based on second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita, from November 1981 until May 1982 ranged from 1% in the muck soil to 6% in a Cecil sandy clay loam, but survival rates were much higher the next year following a winter with higher average temperatures. Survival rates of J2 from November to March ranged from 20 to 40% the first winter and from 38 to 87% the second. Soil type did not have a striking effect on the overwintering capabilities ofM. incognita. There were no differences between clay and sand soils, whereas survival of J2 in the muck tended to be lower than in the mineral soils.     

Relationship Between Egg Viability and Population Densities of Meloidogyne incognita on Cotton

Cotton seedlings were inoculated with a range of initial populations (Pi) of Meloidogyne incognita in greenhouse experiments to test the relationship between nematode population densities and egg viability. In two of three experiments, a significant (P < 0.05) negative linear relationship was detected between percentage of hatch of first generation eggs and log Pi. A similar relationship between hatch and root-gall index was observed. In two experiments numbers of eggs judged to be nonviable based on appearance were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the highest Pi (60,000 eggs/seedling) treatments than in treatments with lower Pi (600-6,000 eggs/seedling). It was concluded that Pi affects egg viability measured as percentage of hatch and that this relationship may play a role in the density-dependent winter survival rates of Meloidogyne species.     

长白山北坡岳桦种群结构及动态分析

以“空间代时间”的方法 ,以种群径级结构代替年龄结构 ,采用静态生命表、生存分析和空间格局分析方法 ,探讨了长白山北坡不同海拔分布的岳桦种群的结构和动态规律。结果表明 ,在海拔 180 0、190 0和 2 0 0 0m ,随海拔升高 ,岳桦种群密度增大 ,径级分布范围减小 ,种群存活曲线由DeeveyⅡ型过渡到DeeveyⅠ型 ,种群由稳定型过渡为增长型 ,说明岳桦种群由低海拔向高海拔 ,群落处于不同的演替和发展阶段。而且随着岳桦径级的增大 ,其分布格局由集群分布过渡到随机分布。     

Using the robust design framework and relative abundance to predict the population size of pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus in the lower Missouri River

Several population viability models were constructed to aid recovery in endangered Scaphirhynchus albus, but these models are dependent upon accurate and precise input parameters that are not provided with standard catch per unit effort (CPUE) indices. Nine years of sampling efforts, under the robust design framework, provided 1223 unique captures with an 18·3% recapture rate. The annual population estimates varied from 4·0–7·3 fish rkm^?1 for wild and 8·4–18·4 fish rkm^?1 for hatchery‐reared S. albus. The relationship between abundance (N) and annual trot‐line CPUE indices (x = 70.726y + 2·533, R² = 0·91, P < 0·001) was used to predict an abundance of 13 616 ± 7142 s.e. S. albus in the lower Missouri River. The use of small‐scale intensive sampling to develop a relationship with relative abundance indices reported here, may provide a framework for other fisheries management applications where large‐scale intensive sampling is not feasible, but catch data are available.     

极小种群植物猪血木的种群现状及保护对策

猪血木(Euryodendron excelsum)是特产于中国的山茶科极危种, 但目前对导致猪血木种群结构改变的原因缺少相关的调查及研究, 保护策略不完善。该研究依据野外调查方法、编制标准生命表、存活曲线、致死力和寿命期望曲线, 利用德氏多度分析方法分析了广东省阳春市八甲镇极小种群野生植物猪血木种群的年龄结构和动态, 并与2007年的研究结果进行对比, 分析该种群近10年的变化情况及其原因。结果表明: (1)研究区域内野生猪血木种群的数量变化动态指数(V_pi和V′_pi)均小于0, 存活曲线趋于Deevey-III型, 种群结构属于衰退型, 幼树数量丰富, 但由于向小树发展过程受阻, 种群无法及时更新补充。(2)存活曲线、致死力和寿命期待曲线一致显示在幼树、小树2级、中龄树2级这3个阶段, 出现阻碍因素, 影响种群的自然更新。(3)三甲镇猪血木幼苗减少了39.3%, 八甲镇猪血木幼苗锐减了71.9%, 三甲镇幼苗转化率较八甲镇低了近1/2。人为干扰是导致猪血木野生种群衰退的主要驱动因素, 已实施的保护策略并不适合当前情况下的野生猪血木种群。