查尔酮异构酶基因的分子特征及其在基因工程中的应用

介绍了查尔酮异构酶（CHI）的结构与作用机制、CHI基因的结构特征、系统进化、时空表达特性以及在基因工程中的应用研究进展。     

花青素生物合成关键酶的研究进展

花青素是植物花呈现不同色彩的物质基础,其生物合成途径主要受到查尔酮合成酶(CHS)、查尔酮异构酶(CHI)、黄烷酮3-羟化酶(F3H)、类黄酮3'-羟化酶(F3'H)、类黄酮3’,5’-羟化酶(F3'5'H)、二羟基黄酮醇还原酶(DFR)、花色素苷合成酶(ANS)以及类黄酮3-O-糖基转移酶(UFGT)等关键酶的控制.主要介绍花青苷生物合成途径、关键酶晶体结构及利用基因工程改造花色的研究进展,讨论目前花色改造存在的问题,并对今后的研究前景进行展望.     

芸蔓属查尔酮异构酶基因家族RNA干扰载体的构建

作为类黄酮途径的第二步关键酶,查尔酮异构酶(chalcone isomerase,CHI)催化四轻基查尔酮成为抽皮素,用于合成各种类黄酮物质,影响多种性状.芸蔓属含有多种重要的油料、蔬菜和观赏植物.本研究从甘蓝型油菜克隆了芸蔓属CHI基因家族的干扰片段BCHII(761 bp),采用NcoI+AatII和BarnHI+XbaI双酶切方案分别将其反义片段和正义片段亚克隆到植物RNA干扰(RNAi)平台载体pFGC5941M的启动子与间隔区、间隔区与终止子之间,形成了11674by的RNAi载体pFGC5941M-BCHII(简称pBCHID,多种PCR检测表明2个片段的插入方向正确,重组载体完整,将其转化根癌农杆菌菌株LBA4404以后获得了工程菌株LBA4404-pBCHII-.本研究结果将促进研究CHI与芸蔓属异花授粉、植株色彩、黄籽和抗逆性等性状的关系和开展相关分子育种.     

大花美人蕉查尔酮异构酶基因的cDNA克隆和序列分析

以高等植物查尔酮异构酶（CHI）基因的保守区域CKFVKFT、KFTAIGV、AVKWKGK及GPFEKFT、IIGKI-IGV设计简并引物和采用逆转录．聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）以及温度非对称交互PCR（TAIL．PCR）方法,从大花美人蕉花瓣组织中扩增查尔酮异构酶基因（倒）的全长cDNA（678bp）,编码226个氨基酸,其氨基酸组成与其它已知的高等植物CHI基因具有很高的同源性,与葡萄、草莓、丁香、柑桔、矮牵牛、洋葱及玉米的同源性分别为82％、79％、80％、80％、79％、81％和76％。     

芸薹属查尔酮异构酶基因家族RNA干扰载体的构建

作为类黄酮途径的第二步关键酶,查尔酮异构酶(chalcone isomerase,CHI)催化四羟基查尔酮成为柚皮素,用于合成各种类黄酮物质,影响多种性状。芸薹属含有多种重要的油料、蔬菜和观赏植物。本研究从甘蓝型油菜克隆了芸薹属CHI基因家族的干扰片段BCHII(761bp),采用NcoⅠ+AatⅡ和BamHⅠ+XbaⅠ双酶切方案分别将其反义片段和正义片段亚克隆到植物RNA干扰(RNAi)平台载体pFGC5941M的启动子与间隔区、间隔区与终止子之间,形成了11674bp的RNAi载体pFGC5941M-BCHII(简称pBCHII),多种PCR检测表明2个片段的插入方向正确,重组载体完整,将其转化根癌农杆菌菌株LBA4404以后获得了工程菌株LBA4404-pBCHII-①。本研究结果将促进研究CHI与芸薹属异花授粉、植株色彩、黄籽和抗逆性等性状的关系和开展相关分子育种。     

大豆异黄酮生物合成关键酶及其代谢工程研究进展

异黄酮是一类具有C-6/C-3/C-6骨架的二次代谢产物,具有抗氧化和抗肿瘤活性。异黄酮与黄酮类物质具有相似的苯丙烷生物合成途径。天然的绝大部分异黄酮分布在豆科植物中,目前在大豆中已经发现了超过12个异黄酮(苷)。大豆异黄酮的生物合成主要涉及三个关键的酶查尔酮合酶(CHS)、查尔酮异构酶(CHI)和异黄酮合酶(IFS)。总结了大豆异黄酮的提取分离方法和生物合成途径,着重综述了CHI、CHS、IFS生物学特征和功能及异黄酮的代谢工程研究。     

红花查尔酮异构酶基因的克隆及表达分析

实验通过下载已报道查尔酮异构酶基因序列,设计简并引物,利用RACE克隆红花查尔酮异构酶基因全长,克隆了两个红花查尔酮异构酶基因,分别命名为CtCHI1和CtCHI2,NCBI登录号分别为MF996507和MF996508。用在线软件对序列进行分析,并用MEGA进行进化树分析,CtCHI1全长967 bp,CtCHI2全长997bp,属查尔酮异构酶家族基因。定量PCR分析红花查尔酮异构酶基因表达得出,CtCHI1在花中且在时期2表达量较高,而在叶、茎及根中不表达,CtCHI2仅在茎中有少量表达。实验还发现,MeJA显著促进CtCHI1基因的表达,而对CtCHI2无调控作用,推测CtCHI1参与红花花中类黄酮的生物合成。实验成功克隆了两个查尔酮异构酶基因并对其进行表达分析,为红花类黄酮的生物合成及调控机理研究奠定基础。     

不同色彩珙桐苞片与叶片的生理特性研究

以生长在同一生境下的粉红珙桐和普通珙桐植株为试材,比较两种珙桐苞片/叶片的色素、基础代谢物含量和酶活性,探讨粉红珙桐苞片与叶片的呈色机理。结果显示：粉红珙桐叶片的类黄酮含量是普通珙桐的1.52倍,两种珙桐苞片中的类黄酮含量都较低,且无显著差异（P>0.05）;粉红珙桐苞片和叶片的花色苷含量极显著高于普通珙桐（P<0.01）,分别是普通珙桐的1.68倍和3.67倍;粉红叶片的光合色素略低于绿色叶片,但无显著差异（P>0.05）。粉红珙桐苞片和叶片的可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量显著高于普通珙桐（P<0.05）,可溶性蛋白含量则相反;苞片的可溶性糖含量极显著低于叶片（P<0.01）,而可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量更高（P<0.01）。粉红珙桐苞片和叶片的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、查尔酮异构酶（CHI）活性极显著高于普通珙桐（P<0.01）,过氧化物酶（POD）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性无显著差异（P>0.05）;苞片中的酶活性大多都显著高于叶片（P<0.05）,尤其是CHI活性。类黄酮、花色苷含量与可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量、PAL、CHI活性呈显著正相关,而与可溶性蛋白含量显著负相关。研究表明,花色苷是珙桐苞片转粉红的直接因素,而叶片转粉红受类黄酮和花色苷的共同影响,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸、PAL、CHI影响花色苷的合成。     

二乔玉兰开花过程中花色变化的生理生化机制

以4年生二乔玉兰不同花期外层花瓣为试材,测定其在开花过程中花瓣色度值、花色苷、类黄酮、可溶性糖含量、细胞pH值以及相关酶活性的变化,以探讨二乔玉兰花色呈色机理。结果显示:(1)随着花期的推移,苯丙氨酸解胺酶(PAL)和查尔酮异构酶(CHI)活性逐渐减弱,细胞pH值逐渐变大,可溶性糖、花色苷、类黄酮含量不断降低,而花瓣明亮度增强,红色度以及彩色度减弱,且不同花期各参数值之间差异显著。(2)花瓣可溶性糖含量、PAL和CHI的活性与其花色素苷、类黄酮含量变化之间呈显著正相关关系,花瓣pH值的变化、明亮度L*值与花色素苷、类黄酮含量之间呈显著负相关,色相值a*与花色苷含量的变化呈显著正相关。研究表明,二乔玉兰花瓣花色苷和类黄酮含量的高低可以影响其花色的深浅,可溶性糖含量、PAL和CHI活性、细胞pH通过参与一定的生理代谢来调节花色素的形成,进而引起二乔玉兰花色色调的改变。     

二氢黄酮醇 4 还原酶在花青素合成中的功能及调控研究进展

植物色素主要有花青素、类胡萝卜素和生物碱类色素三大类,其中花青素是决定大部分被子植物组织或器官颜色的重要色素。花青素通过类黄酮途径合成,该途径是生物学上研究较多且较为清楚的代谢途径之一。近年来的研究表明,在该途径中除了查尔酮合成酶(chalcone synthase,CHS)、查尔酮异构酶(chalcone isomerase,CHI)和黄烷酮-3-羟化酶(flavanone-3-hydrolase,F3H)起着关键作用外,二氢黄酮醇-4-还原酶(dihydroflavonol 4-reductase,DFR)对花青素的合成也至关重要。DFR可催化3种二氢黄酮醇和2种黄烷酮生成5种不同的花青素前体,且DFR基因家族不同成员对各个底物的催化效率不同,因此它在一定程度上决定着植物中花青素的种类和含量,从而影响植物组织或器官的颜色。该文对近年来国内外有关DFR在花青素合成过程中的生物学功能与调控,包括DFR的特征、作用机制和系统进化以及环境、转录因子和一些结构基因与DFR的关系等方面的研究进展进行了综述,以期为DFR今后的研究和利用基因工程改变植物组织或器官的颜色提供理论依据。     

灯盏花 chi 的克隆及其生物信息学分析

查尔酮异构酶（CHI）是调控黄酮生物合成的关键酶,分离和克隆这一酶的功能基因,对利用转基因技术进行灯盏花黄酮生物合成的调控具有重要意义。本研究采用RT-PCR和RACE技术,获得了chi cDNA全序列,GenBank登录号为GU208823.1,序列全长996 bp,开放阅读框为594 bp,编码197个氨基酸,3-Race有一个多聚腺苷酸加尾信号。应用软件预测该基因编码蛋白分子量约为21.6 kD,理论等电点为4.78。该基因编码的蛋白无跨膜结构域,其二级结构的主要构件为α-螺旋和随机卷曲。对其三级结构进行了建模,表明其结构与苜蓿chi的三级结构相似。同时根据灯盏花chi N端序列变化的特征,提出了灯盏乙素的合成可能与chi在细胞亚结构的定位及其与合成代谢相关酶形成复合酶的特异性有关。研究为利用基因工程定向改变灯盏花黄酮代谢产物奠定了基础。     

Tissue-specific accumulation and subcellular localization of chalcone isomerase (CHI) in grapevine

Flavonoids are widely distributed secondary metabolic products with many biological functions in plants. Further elucidation of the accumulation and localization patterns of its biosynthesis enzymes will broaden our understanding of flavonoids biosynthesis and regulation. Chalcone isomerase (CHI, EC 5.5.1.6) is an early-step enzyme in the flavonoids biosynthesis pathway. In this study, using an antibody specifically developed against grapevine CHI enzyme, we found that the accumulation of CHI protein exhibited temporal and spatial specificity. In grape berries, CHI was investigated mainly in the outer hypodermis cells of exocarp tissues, in the vascular bundles of mesocarp; and in the integument and the cells around the raphe of seeds. At the subcellular level, CHI was visualized in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and plastids (chloroplasts) of the exocarp cells, while only in the cytoplasm of mesocarp vascular bundle cells. In grapevine vegetable organs, the leaf mesophyll and phloem of leaf veins, the pith ray and primary phloem of stems, the primary phloem and endoderm of roots, and the young leaves, leaf primordium, and the growth point of leaf buds were CHI signal-positive. In these tissue cells, CHI was primarily observed in the cytoplasm, cell wall, and nucleus. The distinct localization patterns of CHI suggested the complexity of flavonoids biosynthesis in grapevine.

     

Cloning of a cDNA encoding the Saussurea medusa chalcone isomerase and its expression in transgenic tobacco.

Chalcone isomerase (CHI; EC 5.5.1.6) is a key enzyme in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. We isolated a CHI gene (SmCHI) from a cDNA library derived from Saussurea medusa (Asteraceae) cell cultures. The cDNA and genomic sequences of SmCHI are the same; in other words, this gene is intronless. The coding region of the gene is 699 bp long, and its deduced protein consists of 232 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 24 kDa and a pI of 4.7. The deduced amino acid sequence of SmCHI shares 79.3% identity with CHI from Callistephus chinensis, a familial relative to S. medusa; this homology is higher than those with CHI's from any other plant species. A functional bioassay for SmCHI was performed by transforming Nicotiana tabacum plants in the sense or antisense orientation under the regulation of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing sense SmCHI produced up to fivefold total flavonoids over wild-type tobacco plants, mainly due to an enhanced accumulation of rutin. Transgenic tobacco plants with antisense SmCHI accumulated smaller amounts of flavonoids; this is apparently brought about by suppressed expression of the endogenous CHI gene. CHI activities also positively correlated with the amounts of total flavonoids accumulated in the transgenic plants. It is concluded that overexpression of SmCHI can be used as a useful approach to increase flavonoid production in transgenic plants.     

Stereoselectivity of chalcone isomerase with chalcone derivatives: a computational study

Chalcone isomerase (CHI) catalyzes the intramolecular cyclization of chalcones into flavonoids. The activity of CHI is essential for the biosynthesis of flavonoids precursors of floral pigments and phenylpropanoid plant defense compounds. In the present study, we explored the detailed binding structures and binding free energies for two different active site conformations of CHI with s-cis/s-trans conformers of three chalcone compounds by performing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and binding free energy calculations. The computational results indicate that s-cis/s-trans conformers of chalcone compounds are orientated in the similar binding position in the active site of CHI and stabilized by the different first hydrogen bond network and the same second hydrogen bond network. The first hydrogen bond network results in much lower binding affinity of s-trans conformer of chalcone compound with CHI than that of s-cis conformer. The conformational change of the active site residue T48 from indirectly interacting with the substrate via the second hydrogen bond network to directly forming the hydrogen bond with the substrates cannot affect the binding mode of both conformers of chalcone compounds, but remarkably improves the binding affinity. These results show that CHI has a strong stereoselectivity. The calculated binding free energies for three chalcone compounds with CHI are consistent with the experimental activity data. In addition, several valuable insights are suggested for future rational design and discovery of high-efficiency mutants of CHI.

植物查耳酮异构酶生物信息学分析

查耳酮异构酶（CHI）是黄酮类化合物合成途径中的关键酶之一。利用生物信息学方法对该酶基因及编码蛋白进行系统的分析,将为深入开展研究打下基础。本文利用NCBI数据库中注册的CHI基因的核酸及氨基酸序列,以葡萄CHI为主,对其组成成分、疏水性／亲水性、翻译后修饰、蛋白质二级及三级结构等进行预测和推断。结果表明：葡萄CHI不具有明显的亲水或疏水区域;二级结构主要由α-螺旋、不规则卷曲和β-折叠组成,β-转角散布于整个肽链中;β3a—β3f连同α1—α7构成了蛋白三级结构的核心;包含CHI结构域;在高级结构、活性位点等方面具有较高的保守性。     

Chalcone isomerase in grape vine: gene expression and localization in the developing fruit

Chalcone isomerase (CHI, EC 5.5.1.6) is an entrance enzyme in the flavonoid biosynthesis, which catalyzes the conversion of chalcones to flavanones. In this study, the full-length CHI cDNA from grape vine (Vitis vinifera L.) was cloned, the recombinant protein was purified and the polyclonal antibody was prepared. Using these tools, the expression and tissue localization of CHI in developing grape berry was analyzed by RT-PCR, gel blot hybridization and immunohistochemical techniques. The expression of CHI was dependent on developmental stage, and CHI protein was mainly distributed in vascular bundles throughout all the stages of berry development, which suggested that flavonoids in the berry might have been partially synthesized in situ.     

Overexpression of the Saussurea medusa chalcone isomerase gene in S. involucrata hairy root cultures enhances their biosynthesis of apigenin

Saussurea involucrata is a medicinal plant well known for its flavonoids, including apigenin, which has been shown to significantly inhibit tumorigenesis. Since naturally occurring apigenin is in very low abundance, we took a transgenic approach to increase apigenin production by engineering the flavonoid pathway. A construct was made to contain the complete cDNA sequence of the Saussurea medusa chalcone isomerase (CHI) gene under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. Using an Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation system, the chi overexpression cassette was incorporated into the genome of S. involucrata, and transgenic hairy root lines were established. CHI converts naringenin chalcone into naringenin that is the precursor of apigenin. We observed that transgenic hairy root lines grew faster and produced higher levels of apigenin and total flavonoids than wild-type hairy roots did. Over a culture period of 5 weeks, the best-performing line (C46) accumulated 32.1 mgL(-1) apigenin and 647.8 mgL(-1) total flavonoids, or 12 and 4 times, respectively, higher than wild-type hairy roots did. The enhanced productivity corresponded to elevated CHI activity, confirming the key role that CHI played for total flavonoids and apigenin synthesis and the efficiency of the current metabolic engineering strategy.     

不同采集时间芒萁各部位总黄酮含量的动态变化

芒萁〔Dicranopteris pedata（Houtt.）Nakai〕又称铁狼萁,为里白科（Gleicheniaceae）芒萁属（Dicranopteris Bernh.）多年生草本植物,广泛分布于中国长江以南各省区,是常用药用蕨类植物,也是林区酸性土的指示植物[1-2]。黄酮类成分是芒萁的主要药用成分,具有抗菌消炎、抗氧化、降压、清热解毒、防止血管增生和抑制脂肪氧化酶等多种活性[3-7],在治疗冠心病、抗癌防癌和消除自由基等方面[8-11]也有显著功效,