蝴蝶兰叶片蛋白质提取及双向电泳体系优化

通过对蛋白质提取、IPG胶条选择、上样量、水化方式、聚焦条件等方面的优化,建立蝴蝶兰叶片蛋白质的双向电泳体系。结果表明,采用酚抽提法提取蝴蝶兰叶片蛋白质的纯度较高,复溶较完全;双向电泳优化体系选用24 cm pH 3～10 NL的IPG胶条,被动水化,上样量为1.35 mg,B1程序进行等电聚焦,12%分离胶进行第二向电泳,考马斯亮蓝G-250染色。该方法获得分辨率较高、重复性较好的蝴蝶兰叶片双向电泳图谱,蛋白数点多达1163个,可以满足蝴蝶兰蛋白质组学研究和分析。     

适用于黄瓜叶片、根系和果实总蛋白的双向电泳体系的建立

通过对上样量、分离胶浓度、等电聚焦参数三方面条件的优化,采用三氯乙酸/丙酮法提取黄瓜叶片总蛋白,初步建立了适用于黄瓜叶片总蛋白的双向电泳体系。进一步发现此优化条件结合蛋白的酚提取法,也适用于黄瓜根系和果实总蛋白的双向电泳。具体优化条件为:选用24 cm pH 4~7线性固相化pH梯度(immobilized pH gradient,IPG)胶条,上样量为800μg,分离胶浓度为12.5%,按聚焦程序Ⅱ聚焦,采用胶体考马斯亮蓝方法染色。采用该优化的体系可以同时进行黄瓜叶片、根系和果实总蛋白的双向电泳,并获得分辨率高、重复性好的双向电泳图谱。。     

四倍体刺槐枝条韧皮部总蛋白质双向电泳体系建立及应用

采用TCA/丙酮法对四倍体刺槐枝段韧皮部全蛋白质进行提取,通过对IPG胶条pH梯度、分离胶浓度的选择,上样量、等电聚焦条件的优化,建立起四倍体刺槐枝段韧皮部蛋白质双向电泳体系。研究结果表明:采用TCA/丙酮法提取四倍体刺槐枝段韧皮部全蛋白质,选用pH4-7的17 cm IPG胶条,考马斯亮蓝染色上样量550μg,等电聚焦IEF聚焦总伏小时数从60 000 Vh提高到80 000 Vh,并采用12%的分离胶对四倍体刺槐枝段韧皮部全蛋白进行双向电泳,能得到背景清晰、蛋白质点数相对较多,分离度高且重复性好的电泳图谱。利用建立的体系进行双向电泳分离蛋白质,能直接挖点送质谱分析。采用该体系分析四倍体刺槐硬枝扦插生根愈伤组织阶段蛋白质表达差异,共筛选出83个差异蛋白质点,其中上调蛋白15个,新产生蛋白22个,下调蛋白22个,缺失表达24个。     

利用双向电泳技术分离大豆矮秆突变体相关蛋白

矮秆是大豆育种的重要目标性状之一。本实验以大豆野生型东农42和矮秆突变体东泽11为材料,利用近年来发展起来的双向电泳技术,在蛋白质水平对两个材料的差异蛋白质进行筛选,目的是鉴定与矮秆突变体相关的蛋白,为基因克隆提供依据。通过对酚(Phenol)法与TCA／丙酮沉淀法二种提取方法、100μg和200μg两种加样量、考马斯亮蓝染色和银染两种染色方法的比较,发现用丙酮沉淀法提取叶片可溶性总蛋白、加样量为200μg进行电泳,用考马斯亮蓝染色的效果较好,从而建立了大豆叶片总蛋白双向电泳技术优化体系。用该体系对野生型与突变体叶片全蛋白的差异分析,鉴定出９个蛋白差异点,其中６个上调表达,３个下调表达。     

蒙古沙冬青叶蛋白质双向电泳体系的建立和优化

开展蒙古沙冬青叶组织的蛋白质组学研究,需要建立和优化叶的蛋白质组双向电泳体系。本研究以蒙古沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)叶片为材料,比较了不同总蛋白提取方法(TCA-丙酮法和Tris-饱和酚法)、不同染色方法(考马斯亮蓝染色和硝酸银染色)和不同蛋白质上样量对双向凝胶电泳蛋白质得率和等电聚焦效果的影响。结果显示,采用TCA-丙酮法提取蒙古沙冬青叶片总蛋白,蛋白质上样量500μg,以硝酸银染色SDS-PAGE胶,双向电泳的分辨率最高,图谱清晰。该方法的建立为开展蒙古沙冬青叶片蛋白质组定量和定性分析奠定了基础。     

茶树叶片蛋白双向电泳体系建立与应用

为开展茶树Camellia sinensis 低温和干旱胁迫下差异蛋白的分离和鉴定,以抗逆性较强的茶树品种‘迎霜’为试材,通过对提取方法、IPG 胶条pH 范围、上样量、分离胶浓度、染色方法的比较,筛选适用于茶树叶片的蛋白质双向电泳体系。结果表明,采用TCA-丙酮法或Tris-HCl 法提取叶片总蛋白,选用17 cm pH 4~7IPG 胶条用于等电聚焦,选择1.6~2.2 mg 上样量、13.5%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶进行分离,随后通过高敏考马斯亮蓝R-250 法染色;最终,叶片各分子量的蛋白充分分离,获得的双向电泳图谱分辨率高、背景清晰、重复性好,适用于‘迎霜’低温和干旱胁迫下叶片差异蛋白分析。     

沙漠小球藻的蛋白双向电泳分析

为建立适用于小球藻(Chlorellasp.TLD6B)蛋白质组分析的双向电泳体系,该研究比较了TCA/丙酮沉淀法和Trisol提取法对小球藻蛋白的提取效果,不同pH梯度IPG胶条(pH3~10和pH4~7)、不同蛋白质上样量、不同聚焦程序对小球藻蛋白的分离效果。结果表明:(1)采用Trisol提取法可获得较高纯度蛋白,当选择24cm pH 3~10的线性IPG胶条时,上样量为500μg,聚焦80 000Vh效果最佳,可分辨蛋白点达726个;当选择24cm pH 4~7的线性IPG胶条时,上样量为1 000μg,聚焦80 000Vh效果最佳,可分辨蛋白点达1 230个。(2)该实验随机挑选了10个胶内蛋白点进行MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS鉴定分析表明,其中8个蛋白点鉴定成功,进一步说明Trisol提取法可适用于小球藻双向电泳分析。     

桔小实蝇幼虫总蛋白双向电泳技术体系的建立和优化

【目的】建立和优化桔小实蝇幼虫Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)总蛋白的双向电泳条件。【方法】使用BPP法和3种TCA-丙酮法(TCA-丙酮-A法:直接加入裂解液磨样;TCA-丙酮-B法:样品提取液中加入40 mmol/L DTT;TCA-丙酮-C法:样品提取液中加入0.07%β-巯基乙醇)提取桔小实蝇幼虫总蛋白;使用13 cm和24 cm p H 4~7的IPG胶条分离桔小实蝇幼虫总蛋白;使用考马斯亮蓝法及硝酸银染色法对双向电泳凝胶进行染色;使用5800 MALDI-TOF-TOF MS/MS质谱分析仪对BPP法获得的特异蛋白进行质谱鉴定,并将检索数据库物种分别设为Metazoa(Animals)与Drosophila(Fruit flies)进行数据库检索。【结果】TCA-丙酮法中,TCA-丙酮-C法提取效果最好,BPP法优于所有TCA-丙酮法;使用考马斯亮蓝染色与硝酸银染色效果相当;使用24 cm胶条的蛋白分辨率明显高于13 cm胶条;检索数据库物种设为Metazoa(Animals)可获得比Drosophila(Fruit flies)更加全面的信息。【结论】使用24 cm p H 4~7的IPG胶条对BPP法提取的桔小实蝇幼虫总蛋白进行双向电泳,采用考马斯亮蓝法对双向电泳凝胶进行染色,可得到更好的双向电泳图谱,检索数据库时检索物种可优先设为Metazoa(Animals)。     

油松雌性不育系球果蛋白质双向电泳技术的建立

本文建立了油松雌性不育系雌球果蛋白质组研究中的双向电泳技术.第一向采用固定pH值梯度(IPG)胶条在IPGphorTM等电聚焦仪上进行等电聚焦,第二向在恒功率且恒温条件下于Ettan-DALTTMⅡ高通量电泳仪上进行SDS-PAGE电泳,以银染和考马斯亮蓝两种方法染色.通过对全蛋白的提取、胶条pH值和胶条肿胀等技术环节的优化和比较,得到了重复性很高,分离效果良好的蛋白质双向图谱.     

油松雌性不育系球果蛋白质双向电泳技术的建立

本文建立了油松雌性不育系雌球果蛋白质组研究中的双向电泳技术。第一向采用固定pH值梯度（IPG）胶条在IPGphorTM等电聚焦仪上进行等电聚焦,第二向在恒功率且恒温条件下于Ettan-DALTTMⅡ高通量电泳仪上进行SDS-PAGE电泳,以银染和考马斯亮蓝两种方法染色。通过对全蛋白的提取、胶条pH值和胶条肿胀等技术环节的优化和比较,得到了重复性很高,分离效果良好的蛋白质双向图谱。     

三种花生幼胚蛋白质提取方法比较研究

植物组织(或细胞)的蛋白质提取效率与效果直接影响蛋白质双向凝胶电泳等实验的结果。为探索建立适用于花生幼胚蛋白质(双向凝胶电泳用)提取的最佳条件,尝试了磷酸缓冲液直接提取法、改良的荔枝胚胎蛋白提取法和Trizol(附加)提取法等3种提取方法,根据蛋白提取得率、试剂成本、双向电泳图谱的质量(蛋白质斑点的丰度、分布特点)进行初步评价。结果表明,磷酸缓冲液直接提取法简单但总体效果较差,改良的荔枝胚胎蛋白提取法综合评价最好,与双向凝胶电泳条件更兼容。     

Proteomic analyses of amniotic fluid: potential applications in health and diseases

Amniotic fluid (AF) is a potential source of biomarkers for many disorders which may occur during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the place of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) technologies to compare AF in both normal and pathological situations. Two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE; Ettan DIGE) as well as two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and silver staining followed by image analysis were used. Differentially expressed proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. This approach was used to study electrophoregrams of normal AF obtained at 17 weeks of gestation and at term, as well as AF from fetuses presenting with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Finally, the potential of two-dimensional electrophoresis was assessed by studying the protein profile of plasma containing AF proteins in a model of premature rupture of the membranes (PROM). Our results clearly show that two-dimensional electrophoresis technologies still have place for analyzing biological fluids such as AF.     

Lack of Genic Variation in the Abundant Proteins of Human Kidney

Abundant proteins of 25 human kidneys were surveyed for genic variation by means of two-dimensional electrophoresis. Eighty-three (83) proteins were scored, and no genic variation was detected. This reduction in genic heterozygosity corroborates results determined with two-dimensional electrophoresis in mice and flies. These results suggest that previous estimates of electrophoretic variation may have been in error because of biased selection of loci.     

Detection of dystrophin on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis

A protein with MW approximately 350 k daltons and pI approximately 5.5, which was deleted in the dystrophic mouse (C57BL/10ScSn-mdx), was detected on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with silver staining. Deletion of this protein was uniformly observed in the dystrophic mouse extensor digitus longus, soleus and cardiac muscle. This protein specifically reacted with the monoclonal antibody against the chemically synthesized N-terminal fragment of human dystrophin. The protein reacting with this monoclonal antibody was also detected in rabbit back-muscle, rat extensor digitus longus and human skeletal muscle at the same position as the mouse muscle protein, on the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Our results show that dystrophin is solubilized in 8M guanidine HCl and that the modified two-dimensional gel electrophoresis can be applied to separate dystrophin.     

Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the protease SP220K, a renal cell carcinoma marker

The present study analyses, by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the protease SP220K isolated from renal cell carcinoma. The pure molecule is separated using either immobilized pH gradient or isoelectric focusing in conventional carrier ampholyte in the first dimension. Some interactions with the acrylamide matrix in isoelectric focusing are discussed. The results demonstrate that two-dimensional gel electrophoresis performed with enriched media such as basolateral membranes, allows the detection of the protease. In addition, the non detection of the molecule up to now by this methodology can be explained by the high tendency of oligomerization of SP220K. Effectively the high molecular weight form of the molecule of 220 kDa is favoured in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis over monomeric forms which are better detected in SDS PAGE. This was confirmed by immunostaining performed with an antiserum to SP220K produced by nitrocellulose-bound antigen.     

Use of methods of 2-dimensional electrophoresis in population genetics

The review of literature on application of the methods of two-dimensional electrophoresis according to O'Farrel, in population genetics and in some adjacent fields of biology, is presented. Resolution capacities of both conventional and two-dimensional electrophoresis are briefly characterized. Data on application of two-dimensional electrophoresis methods for evaluation the degree of inter- and intraspecific variability, for detection and characterization of mutations, as well as for analysis of molecular mechanisms of inborn pathology are reviewed.     

Comparative immunochemical study of ribosomal proteins from various mammalian cells by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis

Summary Proteins isolated from ribosomal subunits of various mammalian cells were analysed comparatively by two different methods: a two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system and a recently described two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis technique. For this purpose, antisera were raised in rabbits against the total mixture of ribosomal proteins from murine cells. These sera were characterized by ring-test, double immunodiffusion and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. They were shown to contain antibodies to a large number of ribosomal proteins. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of 60S and 40S subunit proteins from rabbit, lamb, canine and human cells using anti-murine sera revealed a striking conservation of their antigenic properties. These results corroborated those obtained by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.     

酸胁迫下短乳杆菌NCL912蛋白质的差异表达及其作用

【目的】本文从蛋白质组水平,对本实验室分离的一株高产γ-氨基丁酸的短乳杆菌NCL912(Lactobacillus brevis)在酸胁迫下蛋白质的差异表达及其应激机理进行探讨。【方法】利用双向凝胶电泳技术对pH 5.0和pH 4.0条件下,不含L-谷氨酸钠的培养物的蛋白质组电泳图谱进行了分析,并对酸胁迫下差异表达的蛋白进行了比较。利用质谱检测技术和生物信息学技术对这些差异表达的蛋白进行了鉴定、功能分类和代谢途径分析等。【结果】通过双向凝胶电泳技术,可以得到均匀、背景清晰、分辨率高、重复性好的Lb.brevis NCL912的双向凝胶电泳图谱。对pH 5.0和pH 4.0条件下培养的该菌总蛋白质电泳图谱进行比较,发现有25个差异表达的蛋白点。对这25个差异表达的蛋白进行了质谱鉴定。由于缺乏短乳杆菌NCL912的全基因组,所以其中只有8个蛋白点被质谱鉴定和分析得到。它们分别参与了蛋白质的合成、核苷酸的合成、糖酵解代谢、细胞能量水平的调节等。【结论】酸应激下这些表达蛋白质可通过其相应的功能来保护细胞耐受酸胁迫,从而使菌能够在酸性环境下生存增值。这可能就是Lb.brevis NCL912的酸胁迫应激机理之一。     

Separation of allelic variants by two-dimensional electrophoresis.

The resolving power of two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis has been tested using 17 allele products at five loci. Standard O'Farrell gels could separate 13 of these isozymes. The addition of a second pH gradient made it possible to separate all but one of the variant proteins. These results indicate that 2-D gel electrophoresis can resolve more than 90% of variants originally detected by one-dimensional (1-D) electrophoresis. The implications of these results for the low estimates of average heterozygosity obtained in surveys using 2-D gel electrophoresis are discussed.