中国特产雉类—褐马鸡,藏马鸡和蓝马鸡卵壳的电镜观察

迄今为止,在国内有关野生鸟类卵壳的超微结构报道尚少。我们对中国特产鸡类——三种马鸡卵壳的表皮、气孔、木栅层、锥体层、乳头结、壳膜和基帽进行了扫描巨镜观察,并对结果进行了比较、讨论。认为三种马鸡不同结构的形态,对研究它们的亲缘关系提供了新的价值。     

白额鹱卵壳的扫描电镜观察

本文报道白额鹱卵壳的壳膜、孔锥层、海绵层、表层等的超微结构,并对卵壳元素进行ＴＮ－５５００能谱分析。     

八种鸡形目鸟类卵壳及壳膜超微结构观察

８种鸡中,高原山鹑卵壳仅由乳突层和栅栏层构成,缺少护膜层,表面无裂纹,外气孔开放。其它种类由乳突层、栅栏层和护膜层构成,表面有裂纹、外气孔有覆盖。栅栏层都有与飞翔相适应的气泡,飞翔能力强,速度快的种类产卵壳气泡密度高的卵。     

哈曼马鸡卵壳的超微结构和元素成分

用扫描电子显微镜观察了中国特有鸟类哈曼马鸡（Ｃｒｏｓｓｏｐｔｉｌｏｎ ｈａｒｍａｎｉ）卵壳的超微结构,采用电感偶合等离子体光谱仪测定了卵壳中的化学元素的含量。首次报道哈曼马鸡卵壳结构与元素成分。哈曼马鸡卵壳表面晶体层、栅栏锥体层和卵壳膜层的厚度分别为９．３、３０７．１和６４．６μｍ,分别占卵壳总矿厚度的２．４％、８０．６％和１７％。在栅栏层有很多蜂窝小孔,测量了其直径。卵壳表面的蛋孔形状有圆形、椭     

藏马鸡的卵,孵卵与出壳

藏马鸡(Crossoptilon crossoptilon)为我国特产珍稀雉类,被列为世界濒危物种(King,1981)和国家二类保护动物,仅分布于四川西部、云南西北部和西藏东部。郑作新等(1978)、江智华(1979)和卢汰春(1986)等曾先后对藏马鸡的分布、生物学等作过报道,但未见有关卵、孵卵和     

卵壳的超微结构特征

本文运用扫描电镜研究了美洲鸵鸟,鹂鹋,非洲鸵鸟,普通家鸡,环颈雉,绿头鸭,王企鹅等七种现生鸟蛋壳和更新世安氏鸵鸟蛋壳以及六种白垩纪恐龙蛋壳（长形长形蛋Ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｏｏｌｉｔｈｕｓｅｌｏｎｇａｔｕｓ,安氏长形蛋Ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｏｏｌｉｔｈｕｓａｎｄｒｅｗｓｉ,瑶屯巨形蛋Ｍａｃｒｏｏｌｉｔｈｕｓｙａｏｔｕｎｅｎｓｉｓ粗皮巨形蛋Ｍａｃｒｏｏｌｉｔｈｕｓｒｕｇｕｓｔｕｓ,将军顶圆形蛋Ｓｐｈｅｒｏｏｌｉｔｈ     

藏马鸡分类地位和马鸡属系统进化问题的探讨

藏马鸡的分类地位问题以及马鸡属内各物种的系统进化关系,一直存在着较大的争议。本文以线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因的部分序列作为遗传标记,对藏马鸡的分类地位和马鸡属的系统进化问题做了进一步探讨。结果表明：藏马鸡更适合作为白马鸡的一个亚种;蓝马鸡与褐马鸡亲缘关系相对较近,而与白马鸡较远;白马鸡是马鸡属内较为原始的类型。     

红腹锦鸡和白腹锦鸡卵壳的超微结构

本文报道了锦鸡属——白腹锦鸡和红腹锦鸡卵壳的气孔、外壳膜、锥体层、木栅层的超微结构。并对两者的卵壳进行了比较。     

扬子鳄卵孵化过程中卵壳和卵壳膜超微结构的变化

本研究通过扫描电子显微镜观察了表面附着及未附着黏液、受精及未受精和不同孵化时间下扬子鳄(Alligator sinensis)卵的卵壳及卵壳膜超微结构.结果发现,表面附着和未附着黏液、受精或未受精扬子鳄卵的卵壳外表面均具有贯通的不规则孔隙通道,近似同心圆排列,并呈阶梯状分层下陷,部分孔隙中可见堵塞物,可能是由于表面黏液覆盖.表面黏液可减少卵内水分蒸发及腐蚀坑和凹陷的产生.不同孵化时间的扬子鳄受精卵卵壳外表面也具有分布不均的不规则孔隙和阶梯状的腐蚀坑,随着孵化时间的延长,受精卵卵壳外表面可膨胀并在孵化第30天观察到大量裂纹,卵壳外表面的孔隙和裂纹可提高卵壳的气体通透性,促进胚胎发育.受精及未受精的扬子鳄卵壳内表面可见较多排列不规则的乳突,乳突间存在孔隙,在孵化0～30d内,受精卵内表面孔隙度随时间延长逐渐增加,而内表面乳突面积逐渐减小.表面附着或未附着黏液、受精或未受精的扬子鳄卵卵壳膜结构中均可见排列随机且稀疏的网格状角蛋白纤维,纤维上有较多芽状突起.表面附着或未附着黏液卵、受精或未受精卵的卵壳膜纤维直径和孔隙度总体差异均不显著.在孵化0～30d内,受精卵卵壳膜纤维直径随时间延长的变化不大,纤维间孔隙度略有增大.纤维结构可使卵壳膜具有良好的延展性和拉伸性,在扬子鳄卵孵化过程中起保护作用.     

蜱类染色体的分带研究和扫描电镜观察

在蜱螨亚纲（Ａｃａｒｉ）中,首先开展染色体分带研究及组型分析,发现了３种蜱的内多倍体,Ｃ分带证明,森林革蜱,草原革蜱,微小牛蜱的全套染色体国端丝粒,用扫描电镜观察了日本血蜱,微小牛蜱染色体的亚微结构,发现日本血蜱的染色体呈凹凸相同弹簧样螺旋结构,螺旋凹陷处相当于光镜下Ｇ带深带,螺旋隆起部相当于Ｇ带浅带,凹凸程度似乎不加入人类染色体的明显,还报告了草原革蜱,银盾革蜱,缺角血蜱及雌性森林革蜱,雌性日本     

五种线虫头端顶面的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜观察了弗氏旷口线虫、似血矛线虫、辐射食道口线虫、粗纹食道口线虫、哥伦比亚食道口线虫的头端顶面。对弗氏旷口线虫和似血矛线虫口囊内齿或口矛的形态,三种食道口线虫的叶冠、化感器和感觉乳突进行了描述。     

贡嘎蝠蛾卵的扫描电镜和生物学观察

贡嘎蝠蛾卵呈椭圆形,在扫描电镜下卵壳表面分为一般卵壳区和受精孔区：一般卵壳区密布颗粒状突起;受精孔区位于卵端部,呈不规则梨形垫状,精孔开口于突起内侧凹陷上部。贡嘎蝠蛾在6月下旬—7月产卵,散产。在平均温度8－10℃、相对湿度80％－90％,卵的发育历期为50天左右,孵化率75％以上。卵常遭受霉菌和寄生蜂天敌危害。     

CELL FORM AND SURFACE PATTERNS IN CHROOMONAS and CRYPTOMONAS CELLS (CRYPTOPHYTA) AS REVEALED BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY1

Fifteen freshwater cryptomonad species were freeze-dried and examined with the scanning electron microscope. Surveys of cell surfaces revealed four general cell types. Chroomonas type cells lack a furrow but possess a shallow vestibular depression where the flagella are inserted. The presence of a gullet could not be detected. Cryptomonas spp. displayed three morphological types, all lacking gullets. The first type of Cryptomonas has a simple, shallow furrow with ridges that apparently can close to form a raphe but an oval opening or stoma remains at the posterior end and an opening from the vestibulum is formed at the anterior end. The second Cryptomonas type consists of a complex furrow with furrow ridges and folds that extend almost two-thirds of the cell length. A sloma is present in the central region of the closed furrow. The folds apparently can separate thereby exposing the underlying furrow. The third type of Cryptomonas possesses a simple, non-closing furrow. At the anterior end there is a vestibular ligule which extends from the dorsalleft side of the cell and covers the region of the vestibulum where the contractile vacuole discharges.     

人体病理组织中细菌L型的电镜观察

对9例细菌L型感染的人体病理组织进行透射电镜观察。结果显示:(1)L型可分布于组织间质或进入吞噬细胞、上皮细胞和癌细胞等细胞胞质;(2)L型具有多形态、大小不等、胞壁缺陷、电子密度低等特点,细胞胞质内的细菌L型尚有A、B两种形态区别;(3)L型在组织中形成了不完全箍缩分裂;(4)宿主细胞超微结构仅出现轻微改变。本结果与文献报道基本一致,提出了透射电镜下病理组织中细菌L型的形态特征及分布;并对L型感染与慢性炎症的关系等问题进行了讨论。     

土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫的扫描电镜观察

血吸虫类中如血居科(sanguinicolidae)的Aporocotyle simplex Odhner,1900、裂体科(Schistosomatidae)的日本血吸虫(Schistosoma japonicum)曼氏血吸虫(S.mansoni)及埃及血吸虫(S.haematobium)等多种血吸虫均经扫描电镜观察(Johnson and Moriearts,1969;Silk et al., 1969;Robson and Erasmus, 1970; Miller et al., 1972; Kuntz et al.,1976、1977;Voge et al., 1978; Thulin, 1980;及何毅勋和马金鑫,1980等)。关于土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫[Orientobitharzia lurkestanica(skrjabin,1913)Dut et Srivastava,1955]的体表扫描电镜尚无报告,而只见有此虫种体壁及肠管的透射电镜观察的资料(Lavrov and Fedoseenke,1978)。本文部分作者最近在内蒙东部兴安岭以南部分地区进行牛羊土     

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF CORALLINA AND HALIPTILON (CORALLINACEAE,RHODOPHYTA): SURFACE FEATURES AND THEIR TAXONOMIC IMPLICATIONS1

Scanning electron microscopy of intergenicula in members of the subfamily Corallinoideae reveals two distinctive surface morphologies: a Corallina-type (C-type) with round to irregular cell outlines and round trichocyte bases, and a Jania-type (J-type) with elongate, polygonal cell outlines and elongate trichocyte bases with excentric pores. The surface results from the calcified lateral walls of the epithallial cells projecting up from around collapsed protoplasts. Since J-type surfaces and trichocytes only occur in unequivocal members of the tribe Janieae—especially the genera Jania and Haliptilon, the presence of J-type surfaces in questionable members of Corallina reveals that they in fact belong to Haliptilon. Thus the two surface types clarify previously difficult taxonomic distinctions between Haliptilon and Corallina and allow identification to genus from purely vegetative material. Seventeen new combinations in Haliptilon are proposed. These results have considerable biogeographic implications with tropical species found to belong to Haliptilon, and Corallina sensu stricto being recognized primarily as a temperate and cold water genus.     

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF NANOPLANKTON FROM THE NORTH PACIFIC CENTRAL GYRE1

Nanoplankton was collected from the North Pacific Central Gyre during a cruise of R/V “Melville” in August 1985. Water samples from the surface and the deep chlorophyll maximum layer were fixed with glutaraldehyde and prepared for electron microscopy observation using formvar coated grids. The grids were examined first by epifluoresence microscopy under blue light to differentiate chloroplast and non-chloroplast containing cells. The surface and deep samples were dominated strongly by members of the Prymnesiophyceae, accounting for 55% of the total number of organisms identified. Prymnesiales and Coccosphaerales were equally abundant although coccoliths-bearing cells tended to dominate in the deep chlorophyll maximum layer. Heterotrophic choanoflagellates were also abundant at depth and were characterized by a high species diversity. Micromonas pusilla (Butcher) Manton & Parke was the major representative of the Prasinophyceae and was observed commonly within the deep chlorophyll maximum. Our observations reveal several new species, including autotrophic and heterotrophic specimens, and demonstrate the importance of knowing the structure of the planktonic community for ecological purposes. Indeed, the presence of a large number of heterotrophic organisms in the deep water suggests an active microbial food chain which may play an important role in regulating plankton processes in oligotrophic waters.     

鲤鳃表面结构扫描电镜研究

鲤的鳃丝表面显示了由三边形一六边形不等的表皮细胞,呈现出各种图案式的结构。