白额鹱卵壳的扫描电镜观察

本文报道白额鹱卵壳的壳膜、孔锥层、海绵层、表层等的超微结构,并对卵壳元素进行ＴＮ－５５００能谱分析。     

波斑鸨与大鸨卵壳的超微结构比较

利用扫描电镜对波斑鸨（Ｏｔｉｓ ｕｎｄｕｌａｔａ ｍａｃｑｕｅｅｎｉｉ）和大鸨（Ｏｔｉｓ ｔａｒｄａ ｔａｒｄａ）卵壳的壳膜层、锥体层、海绵层和表层的超微结构进行了比较研究。结果显示,作为同属鸟类,它们的外壳表面具有相似性,即均具有突起及大小不等的气孔,壳膜纤维交错成网状、海绵层分布有较多蜂窝小孔等。但作为不同的种,二者又具有显著差异,这种结构上的差异与种的特异性、成鸟的本重、卵的大小及生存环境密     

中国特产雉类—褐马鸡,藏马鸡和蓝马鸡卵壳的电镜观察

迄今为止,在国内有关野生鸟类卵壳的超微结构报道尚少。我们对中国特产鸡类——三种马鸡卵壳的表皮、气孔、木栅层、锥体层、乳头结、壳膜和基帽进行了扫描巨镜观察,并对结果进行了比较、讨论。认为三种马鸡不同结构的形态,对研究它们的亲缘关系提供了新的价值。     

略谈鸟卵壳

每种鸟所产的卵的卵壳在形态、结构和组成成分等方面都有较稳定的特异性。卵壳能为研究鸟的系统分类、演化和地理分布等提供有价值的科学资料。本文扼要地介绍了卵壳的超微结构——壳膜、乳头层、海绵层、护膜和气孔道等结构和功能。     

弄岗穗鹛卵壳的超微结构及部分元素组成的初步研究

为了解鸟类新种弄岗穗鹛卵壳的特征,利用扫描电镜对其卵壳进行了观察,并利用火焰原子吸收法和分光光度法对卵壳的部分元素成分进行了测量。结果显示弄岗穗鹛的卵壳厚约为(81.50±3.04)μm(n=30),从外向内依次分为4层:表面晶体层、栅栏层、锥体层和壳膜层。其中表面晶体层较为粗糙,有开放气孔分布;栅栏层结构紧密,是卵壳的主要构成部分,并遍布蜂窝状小孔;锥体层由锥体基层和乳锥层组成;壳膜层由多层直径约为(1.28±0.50)μm(n=30)蛋白质纤维组成。Ca是弄岗穗鹛卵壳的主要构成元素,含量达507.26mg/g,而Fe、Sr、Mn和Al为微量元素。弄岗穗鹛卵壳的特殊结构及元素组成可能是其对石灰岩生境及不擅长飞行的适应。     

哈曼马鸡卵壳的超微结构和元素成分

用扫描电子显微镜观察了中国特有鸟类哈曼马鸡（Ｃｒｏｓｓｏｐｔｉｌｏｎ ｈａｒｍａｎｉ）卵壳的超微结构,采用电感偶合等离子体光谱仪测定了卵壳中的化学元素的含量。首次报道哈曼马鸡卵壳结构与元素成分。哈曼马鸡卵壳表面晶体层、栅栏锥体层和卵壳膜层的厚度分别为９．３、３０７．１和６４．６μｍ,分别占卵壳总矿厚度的２．４％、８０．６％和１７％。在栅栏层有很多蜂窝小孔,测量了其直径。卵壳表面的蛋孔形状有圆形、椭     

红腹锦鸡和白腹锦鸡卵壳的超微结构

本文报道了锦鸡属——白腹锦鸡和红腹锦鸡卵壳的气孔、外壳膜、锥体层、木栅层的超微结构。并对两者的卵壳进行了比较。     

纵纹腹小、鵰及长耳的卵壳超微结构研究（形目：鸱科）

本文首次报道纵纹腹小、、长耳卵壳的气孔、木栅层、锥体层、乳锥体、壳膜、基底帽等结构的扫描电镜观察,并对不同种类进行分析,初步探讨了它们的分类价值和生态意义。     

三种海鸟卵壳的超微结构和无机成分的研究

应用扫描电镜和ＴＮ－５５００能谱仪对三种海鸟卵壳的超微结构和基本无机元素进行研究分析,结果表明,基本结构相似,但表层突起和裂纹,乳锥和锥本形态,以及气孔在单位面积内的数量,壳膜与卵壳的锚连方式,壳膜元素组成等都存在着不同,这既反映其遗传,繁殖生理功能上的差异,也显示了不同种鸟卵壳之间的相似和相异性,因而对研究严分类和地理分布具有一定差异价值。     

纵纹腹小Xiao,雕Xiao及长耳Xiao的卵壳超微结构研究（Xiao形目：…

本文首次报道纵纹腹小Ｘｉａｏ，雕Ｘｉａｏ，长耳Ｘｉａｏ卵壳的气孔、木册层、锥体层、乳锥体、壳膜，基底帽等结构的扫描电镜观察，并对不同种类进行分析，初步探讨了它们的分类价值和生态意义。     

朱鹮卵壳的微观结构和成分研究

本文首次对世界珍禽——朱鹮的卵壳在电子显微镜下的微观结构进行了研究;对卵壳中的26种无机元素进行了定量分析。根据两巢卵壳所含有害元素的对比,以及两巢区土壤中有害元素含量对照情况,指出保护朱鹮自然种群、研究其环境因子,刻不容缓。     

八种鸡形目鸟类卵壳及壳膜超微结构观察

８种鸡中,高原山鹑卵壳仅由乳突层和栅栏层构成,缺少护膜层,表面无裂纹,外气孔开放。其它种类由乳突层、栅栏层和护膜层构成,表面有裂纹、外气孔有覆盖。栅栏层都有与飞翔相适应的气泡,飞翔能力强,速度快的种类产卵壳气泡密度高的卵。     

卵壳的超微结构特征

本文运用扫描电镜研究了美洲鸵鸟,鹂鹋,非洲鸵鸟,普通家鸡,环颈雉,绿头鸭,王企鹅等七种现生鸟蛋壳和更新世安氏鸵鸟蛋壳以及六种白垩纪恐龙蛋壳（长形长形蛋Ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｏｏｌｉｔｈｕｓｅｌｏｎｇａｔｕｓ,安氏长形蛋Ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｏｏｌｉｔｈｕｓａｎｄｒｅｗｓｉ,瑶屯巨形蛋Ｍａｃｒｏｏｌｉｔｈｕｓｙａｏｔｕｎｅｎｓｉｓ粗皮巨形蛋Ｍａｃｒｏｏｌｉｔｈｕｓｒｕｇｕｓｔｕｓ,将军顶圆形蛋Ｓｐｈｅｒｏｏｌｉｔｈ     

Evolution of avian eggshell structure

Data are presented suggesting that birds have evolved eggs with shells containing different structures (numbers of mammillae per unit of inner eggshell surface area, i.e., mammillary densities) to cope up with different calcium requirements imposed by different growth rates and modes of development. Precocial bird species grow slowly, but have high mammillary density, while altricial bird species grow rapidly, but have low mammillary density. These results suggest an adaptation associated with growth rate and mode of development and show, moreover, that the mammillary layer is indicative of the breeding biology of the bird. J. Morphol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Structure of the shell and tertiary membranes of eggs of softshell turtles (Trionyx spiniferus)

Eggs of the turtle Trionyx spiniferus are rigid, calcareous spheres averaging 2.5 cm in diameter. The eggshell is morphologically very similar to avian eggshells. The outer crystalline layer is composed of roughly columnar aggregates, or shell units, of calcium carbonate in the aragonite form. Each shell unit tapers to a somewhat conical tip at its base. Interior to the crystalline layer are two tertiary egg membranes: the outer shell membrane and the inner shell membrane. The outer shell membrane is firmly attached to the inner surface of the shell, and the two membranes are in contact except at the air cell, where the inner shell membrane separates from the outer shell membrane. Both membranes are multi-layered, with the inner shell membrane exhibiting a more fibrous structure than the outer shell membrane. Numerous pores are found in the eggshell, and these generally occur at the intersection of four or more shell units.     

Eggshell structure, mode of development and growth rate in birds

The shell of an egg contributes to successful embryogenesis in many ways, such as through protection, respiration and water exchange. The shell is also the major source of calcium for the development of high-calcium consuming organs, e.g. the skeleton, muscles and brain. Some studies show, moreover, that growth rate may play a fundamental role in the pattern of skeletal development in birds: the faster the growth the less ossified the skeleton is at hatching. We predicted, therefore, that slow (precocial) and fast (altricial) growing bird species should lay eggs encased in shells with different structures adapted to support different rates of calcium removal by developing embryos. We tested this prediction by comparing the fine structure of the inner eggshell surface (mammillary layer) from 36 bird species belonging to 18 orders ranging from Struthioniformes to Passeriformes. Using scanning electron microscopy, we compared the mammillary layer of both non-incubated eggs and eggs at the time of hatching, i.e., before and after embryonic development and the accompanying calcium removal. The results were consistent with the prediction, i.e., the number of mammillary tips per unit of surface area was associated with mode of development and growth rate. The number was higher, and calcium removal was also more extensive, in shells from precocial bird species than in shells from altricial bird species.