生态系统的能值分析

论述了国际生态学最新发展的能值(Emergy)分析方法与原理,并与能量分析作比较研究.任何产品或劳务形成过程中所需投入的直接和间接的一种有效能之量称为其具有的能值;单位能量相当的能值称为该能量的能值转换率.能值和能值转换率揭示了能量的能质、等级及其真实价值;以能值尺度可衡量比较不同类别的能量,综合分析各种生态系统的生态流,定量研究生态与经济效率及其关联.     

农业生态经济系统的能值分析

农业生态经济系统的能值分析蓝盛芳,陈飞鹏,刘新茂（华南农业大学生物系,广州５１０６４２）本文探讨能值（Ｅｍｅｒｇｙ）分析理论和方法在农业生态经济系统研究中的应用,同以往的农业能量分析加以比较,说明其特点和重大进步意义。能值是美国著名生态学家Ｈ．Ｔ．Ｏ...     

生态经济系统的能值分析与可持续发展--以吉林省延边地区为例

能值分析法用于衡量人和环境对经济发展的贡献 ,是一种衡量区域可持续发展的重要指标。本文运用能值分析这种定量化分析技术 ,对吉林省延边朝鲜族自治州的生态经济系统中主要资源的能值指标进行了系统分析 ,并将之与其他国家或地区进行比较。结果表明 ,延边地区的电力利用占总能值使用量的 7 84 7% ,分别为美国和日本的 39%和 33 19% ;能值可持续发展指数为 19 4 5 ,表明该地区处于不发达状态。与此同时延边自治州的环境负荷率仅为0 6 2 7,丰富的资源与较小的环境压力有利于发展当地经济。在此分析基础之上 ,对延边的可持续发展提出了有效的政策建议。     

农业生态系统能量分析

农业生态系统的能量分析从能流着手进行农业生态系统的功能量化分析,是农业生态系统重要的研究方法之一。本文简要回顾讨论了农业生态系统能量分析研究的历史和进展。着重讨论了能值分析方法对传统能量分析方法的新发展,分析了农业生态系统能量分析目前存在的问题,并就其进一步发展方向进行了探讨能值分析方法用生产某种能量或物质所直接或间接耗用的太阳能值量来衡量该能量或物质的价值,不仅在概念上而且在算法上都是原有能量分析方法的新发展．发展到能值分析阶段的农业生态系统的能量分析方法亦存有自身的不足之处,如能值转换率的计算过于繁复,能值指标体系缺乏统一性及系统可持续发展的能值综合评价指标缺乏等。这些问题的解决与能值最大功率的明晰化、能值分析与能量及耗散分析的结合、与物质分析及景观结构分析的结合等研究等共同构成了农业生态系统能量分析的几大发展方向。     

甘肃省生态经济系统的能值分析

能值理论是研究生态经济系统结构和功能的新理论,它以太阳能值为统一尺度,解决了不同类型能量之间无法进行核算的问题,为我们提供了一种新的能量分析理论方法。应用能值理论,对甘肃省生态经济系统进行了能值分析,并对甘肃省总的能值用量、能值货币比率、能值自给率、人均能值用量、能值密度等一系列能值指标进行了定量研究,为甘肃可持续发展提供科学依据与建议。     

中国农业生态的能流能值分析

应用最新能值分析理论和方法,以能值为共同尺度,定量分析中国农业生态系统的能物流,包括自然环境资源、石化补助能和可更新有机能的能值投入,以及农牧渔业的产出能值;计算得出一系列反映生态与经济的能值综合指标体系,绘制了中国农业总体生产系统能流能值模型图;评估了国家农业环境资源基础、能投结构和能值产出,并与一些发达国家比较分析,评价了中国农业的生态经济效益,分析了农业总体结构、能投结构,为农业生产的持续、     

四川省汶川县生态经济系统能值分析

基于能值理论和分析方法,应用统计和实地调查数据,对四川省汶川县1982-2002年的生态经济系统进行了分析.结果表明:汶川县的经济水平较低,规模较小;主要能值投入为可再生资源;能值产出中不可再生资源能值占大部分,主要来自矿产资源和水泥生产;研究区输出大量能值,项目包括矿产资源和木材资源,大量的能值输出,特别是木材能值输出已使得研究区脆弱的生态环境出现生态问题;汶川县的人均能值消费水平较低,生活水平不高;研究区应注意经济与生态的协调发展.     

基于能值分析的洞庭湖区退田还湖生态补偿标准

基于能值分析理论,对1999-2010年洞庭湖区退田还湖的各项主要生态服务价值的能值及其货币价值进行计算,确立了根据每年生态服务功能能值总量相对于退田还湖生态恢复起始年份的增量来确定生态补偿标准的计算方法,分析了1999-2010年的生态补偿标准和补偿范围.结果表明： 1999-2010年,洞庭湖区退田还湖年补偿标准在40.31～86.48元·m^-2,均值为57.33元·m^-2;生态补偿标准呈逐年增加趋势,这反映了退田还湖生态恢复工程的成效逐渐显现.研究区生态补偿标准2005年以后呈现出稳步快速增长的态势,这主要是湖南省集约型经济发展的结果,进一步说明随着经济社会的发展,自然生态资源价值将日益凸显.能值分析应用于生态补偿标准能反映补偿标准的动态变化,解决了物质流、能量流与经济流对接困难的问题,克服了以往环境经济学方法主观随意性较大的弊端,研究表明了能值分析的可行性与先进性.     

Energy Flow and Emergy Analysis of the Agroecosystems of China

应用最新能值（ｅｍｅｒｇｙ）分析理论和方法,以能值为共同尺度,定量分析中国农业生态系统的能物流,包括自然环境资源、石化补助能和可更新有机能的能值投入,以及农牧渔业的产出能值;计算得出一系列反映生态与经济的能值综合指标体系,绘制了中国农业总体生产系统能流能值模型图;评估了国家农业环境资源基础、能投结构和能值产出,并与一些发达国家比较分析,评价了中国农业的生态经济效益,分析了农业总体结构、能投结构,为农业生产的持续、稳定发展提供科学依据     

基于能值分析的深圳市三个小型农业生态经济系统研究

应用能值分析方法,通过能值转换率,把深圳市3个农场生态经济系统的能量流、物质流、货币流和信息流转化为统一量纲———能值。在绘制能值系统概图和编制能值分析表的基础上,建立能值评价指标体系对3个系统的能值输入结构、生产效率、环境负载和可持续发展状况等进行分析和比较。此外,比较经济指标与能值分析结果,并采用情景分析对农场未来发展做出预测。能值分析方法不仅考虑环境及其服务功能对经济生产的贡献,同时能值交换率和能值产出率把系统经济流入和产出纳入分析过程,结合环境和经济评价,可用于综合分析农场生态效益和经济效益。研究结果表明:西丽果场是可持续发展能力最高的农场,碧岭现代农业科技园次之,而山海农场的可持续发展能力最低。都市农场应该大比例利用可更新资源,努力发展农业生产,并且积极提升农业的技术含量。在此基础上,控制规模合理地发展旅游经济,走高科技农业生态旅游之路。     

鄱阳湖湿地生态能值分析研究

应用奥德姆 (H.T.Odum)创立的生态经济系统能值分析理论 ,定量分析鄱阳湖湿地生态系统内的物流和能流。研究认为分析湿地生态效益主要有 4个步骤 ,即 :(1 )建立概念性的能值分析系统 ,全面反映能值分析方法 ;(2 )能值指标系统分析表制作与能值计算 ;(3)能值指标估算 ;(4 )依能值指标系统分析表和能值图解阐述湿地生态效益。通过整理实地考察所获数据和历史资料 ,运用所提的方法进行分析研究 ,其湿地生态系统能值图解和能值指标分析表的分析结果表明 :鄱阳湖湿地的投入量太阳能值为 3.36× 1 0 1 9sej,产出量太阳能值为 3.0 7× 1 0 2 0 sej,初级生产力为 5 .0 4× 1 0 1 9sej,不可再生能源或资源为 6 .35× 1 0 1 9sej,资本投入 /产出中的生态服务、生态旅游和科研工作太阳能值分别有 8.79× 1 0 1 9sej,4 .80× 1 0 1 9sej,1 .0 5× 1 0 1 9sej,总计 1 .4 6× 1 0 2 0sej,进而得出鄱阳湖湿地生态系统整体投入 /产出的效益良好。湿地水禽的太阳能值为 1 .6 1× 1 0 2 0 sej,说明鄱阳湖湿地在保护水禽方面的地位不可替代 ,在长江流域内有着非常重要的生态功能     

采煤沉陷区复垦前后农业生态系统能值变化特征分析

采用能值理论分析方法,比较采煤沉陷区复垦前后农业生态系统能值投入和输出,结果显示,复垦后的能值总投入是复垦前的2.7倍,能值总输出是复垦前的3.1倍,能值投入率是复垦前的7.4倍,说明复垦后的农、业生态系统经济发展水平有所提高;人均能值用量是复垦前的2.7倍,表明复垦后人民的生活水平得到改善;由于复垦后农业产业结构的多元化,各产业结构正处于发展中阶段,因此,净能值产出率由复垦前的0.28降低到复垦后的0.14,但环境负荷率由复垦前的0.5上升到复垦后的3.7,系统稳定性指数由复垦前的0.10上升到复垦后的0.36,从而说明,复垦后的农业生态系统相对复垦前循环利用率和持续发展程度较高。     

Emergy-based indices and ratios to evaluate the sustainable use of resources

By means of a systemic analysis of the relationships among components of an ecosystem's web, the flows of energy and other resources converging to produce the output (biomass, biodiversity, assets, etc.) can be evaluated on a common basis, i.e. the content of solar equivalent energy (emergy). Indices and ratios based on the emergy flows can be calculated and used to evaluate the behaviour of the whole system. In this paper, one of these indices, the emergy yield ratio η (total yield emergy per unit of emergy invested) is evaluated and suggestions made to modify it to account for present and future environmental damages due to the use of a given resource. The meaning of this index, with and without the proposed modification, is stressed illustrating the long-term effects of environmental pollution as well as some key uncertainty factors that are very often not taken into account. Odum, 1993     

Specific emergy of cement and concrete: An energy-based appraisal of building materials and their transport

Use and production of building materials, such as cement and concrete, is a major cause of global ecological problems with special reference to the overexploitation of non-renewable natural resources due to high temperature production processes, fossil fuels combustion, extraction of raw materials and non-recycling. In this paper, an environmental accounting method was applied to the production of cement and concrete in order to evaluate its dependence on natural resources even non-renewable and heavily relied on external inflows. The main steps of the production process (1) cement production, (2) transport of materials and (3) concrete mixing, were assessed by the emergy analysis (spelled with an “m”). This was performed to measure the amount of environmental resource use in terms of equivalent solar energy, extending the energy hierarchy principle to building materials. The resulting unit emergy values of cement and concrete were compared with previous emergy assessments in order to highlight how emergy analysis is sensitive to local context and reference system's boundaries. An Emergy Investment Ratio (EIR) was assessed and presented as a synthetic indicator of sustainability. Results showed a high dependence of cement and concrete production on external resource flows. Furthermore, the high value of EIR suggested a weak competitive capacity due to a high sensitivity to external instabilities.     

H. T. 奥德姆与中国的能值研究

简要论述了由霍华德.汤姆.奥德姆创立的能值理论与方法在中国的传播并综述了多年以来中国的能值研究进展。能值理论与方法在中国的传播始于1990年霍华德·汤姆·奥德姆第二次访华.在此期间,即1990年8月1日至1990年8月21日他访问了台北、广州、北京和沈阳,并作了多个学术报告,如“自组织与系统生态学”和“能值分析与环境评价”等。从此以后,我国的广州、北京、南京和沈阳、佛山等多座城市的大学和科研机构先后开展了10多年的能值研究,能值理论应用于多个领域,包括国家、省、市、自然保护区等生态经济系统的能值评估、农业生态系统、城市生态系统、环境与资源、废水处理、生态工程和工业的能值评价。用中文或英文发表关于能值的学术论文60多篇,由霍华德.汤姆.奥德姆所著的3本关于能值的书被翻译为中文,能值概念、理论和方法被10多部中文书刊引用,2本关于能值的中文专著已发表。能值分析的研究工作已得到国家自然科学基金资助,其中有些课题已结题,有些课题正在进行中。能值理论与方法已被许多中国生态学家所接受,但在应用过程中仍存在许多问题。     

Emergy and economic evaluations of four fruit production systems on reclaimed wetlands surrounding the Pearl River Estuary,China

Emergy and economic methods were used to evaluate and compare a traditional tropical fruit cultivation system, for bananas, and three newly introduced fruit cultivation systems, for papaya, guava and wampee, on reclaimed wetlands of the Pearl River Estuary, China. The goal of this study was to apply ecological engineering principles to fruit production system designs to maximize total emergy benefits and sustainability. The evaluations considered input structure, production efficiency, environmental impacts, economic viability and sustainability. The market effects on emergy exchange were assessed both for purchasing the inputs to production and for selling the fruit. These market effects were also considered in the evaluation of sustainability by using the Emergy Index for Sustainable Development (EISD), which was evaluated with and without taking the change in natural capital (i.e., soil organic matter) into consideration. The results showed that all three of the newly introduced systems are much more sustainable than the traditional banana production system. The guava production system had the highest value of the Emergy Sustainability Index (ESI = 0.40). The high price of wampee gave it the highest economic yield/cost ratio (4.87) and EISD (0.73). Emergy and economic evaluations are complementary methods, with emergy analysis shedding more light on environmental support and impacts of the production systems not considered in the market value, and economic analysis focusing on the effects of markets on fruit production. The Emergy Exchange Ratio (EER) was proposed as a bridge between emergy and economic evaluations for specific systems and/or processes.     

An environmental sustainability assessment of China’s cement industry based on emergy

As one of important building materials, the sustainability of cement production is widely concerned in the world. This research evaluated the sustainability of China’s cement industry in 2010 using emergy analysis. Several emergy based indicators were adopted to describe the comprehensive performance of this system from different angles, including Percentage of renewability (%R), Unit emergy value (UEV), Emergy yield ratio (EYR), Emergy exchange ratio (EER), Environmental load ratio (ELR) and Emergy sustainable index (ESI). The research results show that (1) Mineral resources have absolute contribution to China’s cement production; (2) Coal is the main energy source for China’s cement industry; (3) China’s cement industry has relatively weak competition ability due to relatively high ratio of purchased inputs; (4) China’s other industries have benefited greatly from this industry by exchanges; (5) China’s cement industry cannot keep sustainable in the long run due to its high environmental load; (6) the UEV of Chinese cement in 2010 is 3.64E15 sej/t (based on the emergy baseline 15.83E24 sej/yr). Finally, the related policy implications are proposed from four aspects, including (1) Accelerating the adjustment of process structure and technical innovation; (2) Promoting the substitution of raw materials or fuels; (3) Raising the price of cement products; (4) Decreasing the export of cement products.