桂东南地区普通野生稻遗传多样性研究

利用25个微卫星位点对广西壮族自治区贺州、崇左、防城港3市8个居群301份普通野生稻材料的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行研究,结果表明桂东南地区普通野生稻遗传多样性丰富,平均等位基因数A=10.2400,有效等位基因数Ae=5.0221,平均期望杂合度He=0.7641,实际观察杂合度Ho=0.4840.根据固定指数(F=0.5653)计算出的异交率(t=0.2777)表明,普通野生稻的繁育系统是典型的混合繁育系统.对其遗传结构分析表明,总的遗传变异中有34.59%存在于居群间(Fst=0.3459).进一步研究发现大多数居群偏离了Hardy-Weinberg平衡且杂合体不足(Fis=0.2680,Fit=0.4817).最后根据各居群的遗传变异特点和遗传多样性比较,建议居群QT、YJ和TJ需要优先保护.     

利用SSR标记分析海南普通野生稻的遗传多样性

选用平均分布于水稻基因组的28对SSR引物,对海南不同纬度5个普通野生稻居群的163份材料进行遗传多样性和遗传结构研究。结果表明:(1)海南普通野生稻具有较高的遗传多样性,28个位点共检测到227个等位变异,平均等位变异数A=8.1071,有效等位变异数Ae=4.4190,平均期望杂合度He=0.4004,实际观察杂合度Ho=0.7062,香农指数I=1.6048;(2)居群的遗传分化系数较大,总的遗传变异中有46.40%存在于居群间(Fst=0.4640);(3)居群内杂合体较高(F is=-0.7069),根据固定指数(F=0.0588)计算出的异交率t=0.8889,说明海南普通野生稻的繁育系统属于一种较高的异交混合交配类型。     

广西武宣濠江流域普通野生稻居群遗传多样性及保护研究

选用平均分布于水稻基因组的24对SSR引物,对沿河分布最长的广西武宣濠江流域的12个普通野生稻居群343份材料的遗传结构进行研究.结果表明:(1)该地普通野生稻遗传多样性丰富.24个位点共检测到206个等位变异,平均等位变异数A＝8.7083,有效等位变异数Ae＝3.7117;(2)该地普通野生稻居群具有较高的遗传分化和一定频率的基因流.群体遗传分化系数Gst＝0.2659,基因流Nm＝0.6901,表明26.59%的遗传变异存在于居群间;(3)SSR标记使普通野生稻居群中一些稀有等位变异得以显现.206个等位变异中,65个等位变异仅出现在1个或2个居群中,且频率较低,其中12个等位变异只出现在居群B中;(4)通过聚类分析和主坐标分析(PCO),下游居群A和B遗传关系较近,中游居群C比较独特,单独成为一类,中游居群D、E、F和G遗传关系较近,中游居群H、I和J及上游居群K和L遗传关系较近.根据上述分析结果,建议对濠江下游和中游具有代表性的居群(即居群B、D和H)的普通野生稻进行重点保护.     

福建武夷山甜槠不同世代种群遗传多样性的SSR分析

按胸径将福建武夷山大安源样地的甜槠(Castanopsis eyrei)群体划分为成体、小树、幼苗3个世代,利用SSR分子标记对不同世代的甜槠遗传多样性及遗传分化进行分析,旨在揭示其不同世代间的遗传变异规律,为甜槠资源的保护与利用提供科学依据。14对SSR引物共检测到92个等位基因,平均每位点的等位基因数A=6.571 4,居群的平均有效等位基因数Ae=3.905 4,平均期望杂合度He=0.722 9,表明甜槠群体具有丰富的遗传变异。SSR分析显示3个世代的Ae、He、Nei指数(h)、Shannon信息指数(I)均以幼苗最高,小树次之,成体最低,幼苗的遗传多样性指数高于成体及小树,且幼苗中出现最多的稀有等位基因数,表明甜槠种群世代间的遗传多样性呈稳定上升趋势。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明甜槠群体不同世代内、世代间均存在遗传变异,但遗传变异主要存在于世代内。SSR分析显示,甜槠不同世代间的遗传分化系数Fst=0.074 3,基因流Nm=3.115 4。甜槠不同世代间的遗传相似度以成体与幼苗最小,遗传距离以成体与幼苗间最大。基于甜槠群体SSR的研究结果,认为自然保护区的建立对物种遗传多样性的保护具有重要作用,并提出在遗传多样性保护中应注重保护成体和幼苗中稀有的等位变异。     

云南元江普通野生稻(Oryza urfipogon Griff)遗传多样性分析及保护策略研究

用SSR方法对云南元江普通野生稻3个自然居群进行30个位点的遗传多样性分析.结果表明,元江普通野生稻具有较高的遗传变异水平(Ap＝2.6,Hs=0.77),且群体遗传分化系数较大,GST为41.08%,即在遗传变异总量中41.08%存在于居群间.本文还通过对云南元江普通野生稻遗传多样性特点的分析,提出了保护策略.     

云南长尖叶蔷薇自然居群遗传多样性分析北大核心CSCD

采用SSR标记对云南地区的8个长尖叶蔷薇天然居群进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示:所选用的14对SSR引物,共检测到77个等位位点;在物种水平上,总居群的Nei's基因多样性指数(He)和香农指数(I)分别为0.3139和0.4747;该居群内遗传变异(65.47%)大于居群间遗传变异(34.53%),说明居群内变异是其居群的主要变异来源;利用Popgene计算出两两居群间的Nei's遗传一致度(I)和遗传距离(D),其范围分别为0.7879～0.8986和0.1070～0.2384,依据遗传距离可将8个居群分为3组,8个居群并没有严格依据地理距离的远近而聚类;海拔与Nei's基因多样性的相关系数为0.8771,呈显著正相关。研究结果表明,云南地区的长尖叶蔷薇居群遗传多样性较高,居群间遗传变异存在中度的遗传分化。基于得到的居群遗传信息,建议采取就地保护为主的保护策略,但当个别居群野外的生存环境被自然或者人为因素破坏时,建议采取迁地保护的保护策略。     

云南长尖叶蔷薇自然居群遗传多样性分析

采用SSR标记对云南地区的8个长尖叶蔷薇天然居群进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示:所选用的14对SSR引物,共检测到77个等位位点;在物种水平上,总居群的Nei’s基因多样性指数(He)和香农指数(I)分别为0.3139和0.4747;该居群内遗传变异(65.47%)大于居群间遗传变异(34.53%),说明居群内变异是其居群的主要变异来源;利用Popgene计算出两两居群间的Nei’s遗传一致度(I)和遗传距离(D),其范围分别为0.7879～0.8986和0.1070～0.2384,依据遗传距离可将8个居群分为3组,8个居群并没有严格依据地理距离的远近而聚类;海拔与Nei’s基因多样性的相关系数为0.8771,呈显著正相关。研究结果表明,云南地区的长尖叶蔷薇居群遗传多样性较高,居群间遗传变异存在中度的遗传分化。基于得到的居群遗传信息,建议采取就地保护为主的保护策略,但当个别居群野外的生存环境被自然或者人为因素破坏时,建议采取迁地保护的保护策略。     

利用SRAP标记研究海南野生稻的遗传多样性与遗传分化

利用8对多态性较好的SRAP引物对海南120份普通野生稻、55份疣粒野生稻和26份药用野生稻进行扩增,在检测到的219个位点中,普通野生稻的多态性位点率为74.89％,疣粒野生稻为42.47％,药用野生稻25.11%。香农指数以普通野生稻最高0.3277,疣粒野生稻为0.2044,药用野生稻最低0.1113。UPGMA聚类分析结果显示供试材料与地理来源相一致,相关性强,各居群个体间没有出现任何交叉。根据居群间的遗传分化系数,普通野生稻群体的基因多样性为0.2135,群体内的平均基因多样性大于居群间的基因漂变,说明普通野生稻居群遗传分化不显著,遗传多样性主要来自于居群内,基于群体杂合度和居群遗传多样性指数特点,认为实施保护策略时,优先保护遗传多样性最丰富的WDL和WDA居群。疣粒野生稻居群存在中等程度的遗传分化,建议原生境保护;药用野生稻居群数量较少,建议原生境保护。     

大麻品种遗传多样性的AFLP分析

利用POPGENE 3.2软件对13个不同来源的大麻群体进行遗传多样性分析。结果显示:云南地区的大麻群体具有最高的遗传多样性水平(PPB=88.82%,He=0.3000,I=0.4571),其次为黑龙江群体(PPB=75.66%,He=0.2572,I=0.3897)。13个大麻群体的多态位点百分率(PPB)为92.11%,Nei’s总遗传多样性(Ht)为0.3837,Shannon’s信息指数I=0.5374。群体内遗传多样性(Hs)为0.1640,群体间的遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.5725,总的遗传变异中有57.25%发生在群体间,42.75%发生在群体内。根据Nei’s(1978)的方法计算了13个大麻群体间的遗传距离和遗传一致度。结果显示:各群体间的遗传一致度在0.6556～0.9258之间,其中四川群体和广西群体间具有最高的遗传一致度(0.9258);云南群体与贵州群体和四川群体间遗传一致度分别为0.9196、0.9173。所有群体中甘肃群体和山西群体遗传一致度最低为0.6556,说明大麻种内具有较大的遗传变异。     

云南南部不同种源地小桐子遗传多样性的ISSR分析

应用ISSR分子标记方法对采自云南的8个居群的小桐子(Jatropha curcas)共158个个体进行遗传多样性分析。8个ISSR引物共扩增到了67个位点,其中61个是多态性位点。分析结果表明:(1)云南小桐子的遗传多样性水平很高。在物种水平上,平均每个位点的多态位点百分率PPB=91.04%,有效等位基因数Ne=1.5244,Nei′s基因多样性指数He=0.3070,Shannon多样性信息指数Ho=0.4618;在居群水平上,PPB=55.04%,Ne=1.3826,He=0.2171,Shannon多样性信息指数Ho=0.3178。(2)居群间的遗传分化低于居群内的遗传分化。基于Nei′s遗传多样性分析得出的居群间遗传多样性分化系数Gst=0.2944。AMOVA分析显示:云南小桐子的遗传变异主要存在于居群内,占总变异的63.50%,居群间的遗传变异占36.50%。(3)居群间的地理距离及遗传一致度并不存在相关性。鉴于以上指标,我们推测云南小桐子可能来自不同的地区。     

Microsatellite analysis of genetic diversity and population genetic structure of a wild rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza rufipogon</Emphasis> Griff.) in China

Genetic diversity and population genetic structure of natural Oryza rufipogon populations in China were studied based on ten microsatellite loci. For a total of 237 individuals of 12 populations collected from four regions, a moderate to high level of genetic diversity was observed at population levels with the number of alleles per locus ( A) ranging from 2 to 18 (average 10.6), and polymorphic loci ( P) from 40.0% to 100% (average 83.3%). The observed heterozygosity ( H(O)) varied from 0.163 to 0.550 with the mean of 0.332, and the expected heterozygosity ( H(E)) from 0.164 to 0.648 with the mean of 0.413. The level of genetic diversity for Guangxi was the highest. These results are in good agreement with previous allozyme and RAPD studies. However, it was unexpected that high genetic differentiation among populations was found ( R(ST) = 0.5199, theta = 0.491), suggesting that about one-half of the genetic variation existed between the populations. Differentiation (pairwise theta) was positively correlated with geographical distance ( r = 0.464), as expected under the isolation by distance model. The habitat destruction and degradation throughout the geographic range of O. rufipogon may be the main factor attributed to high genetic differentiation among populations of O. rufipogon in China.     

Genetic Evaluation of in situ Conserved and Reintroduced Populations of Wild Rice (Oryza rufipogon: Poaceae) in China

We evaluated the genetic consequences and efficiency of conservation practices in Oryza rufipogon using microsatellite DNA markers. Spatial autocorrelation analysis from 12 microsatellite loci revealed that microsatellite alleles were exclusively distributed in patches within the population, indicating that large populations were unlikely to be homogeneous. An in situ conserved stand of O. rufipogon, which has been protected by a concrete wall from a large population, captured only 67.9% of the total genetic variation of the previous large population. The concrete wall was built to protect the wild rice, but it acted more as a physical barrier to gene exchanges between the two sides. An assignment test revealed only 11.1% putative seed exchanges across the wall. A reintroduced population was found to be genetically very diverse. About 76.3% of the total genetic variation detected in other populations was captured in this reintroduced population, and 24.8% of the total genetic variation in this population was not found in other populations. These results display two important findings for conservation of O. rufipogon. First, conserving one part of a large population of O. rufipogon will not preserve an adequate sample of the genetic variability, since populations are not homogeneous, and genotype distribution varies among localities. Second, a reintroduced population is not genetically depauperate, but it is too early to assess its long-term survival.     

A study of conservation genetics in Cupressus chengiana, an endangered endemic of China, using ISSR markers

ISSR markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity and genetic structure of eight natural populations of Cupressus chengiana in China. ISSR analysis using 10 primers was carried out on 92 different samples. At the species level, 136 polymorphic loci were detected. The percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) was 99%. Genetic diversity (He) was 0.3120, effective number of alleles (Ae) was 1.5236, and Shannon's information index (I) was 0.4740. At the population level, PPB = 48%, Ae = 1.2774, He = 0.1631, and I = 0.2452. Genetic differentiation (Gst) detected by Nei's genetic diversity analysis suggested 48% occurred among populations. The partitioning of molecular variance by AMOVA analysis indicated significant genetic differentiation within populations (54%) and among populations (46%; P < 0.0003). The average number of individuals exchanged between populations per generation (Nm) was 0.5436. Samples from the same population clustered in the same population-specific cluster, and two groups of Sichuan and Gansu populations were distinguishable. A significantly positive correlation between genetic and geographic distance was detected (r = 0.6701). Human impacts were considered one of the main factors to cause the rarity of C. chengiana, and conservation strategies are suggested based on the genetic characters and field investigation, e.g., protection of wild populations, reestablishment of germplasm bank, and reintroduction of more genetic diversity.     

广东高州7个普通野生稻居群遗传结构的SSR分析

利用32对SSR引物对来自全部7个自然居群的217份广东高州普通野生稻(简称“高野”)材料进行遗传结构、多样性和遗传聚类分析。结果表明, 高野各居群因遗传结构存在差异而相对独立, 但各居群之间由于存在基因渗透又具有一定的相似性。高野总体多样性指数(Ht)为0.65, 居群内的多样性(HS=0.431)略大于居群间的多样性(DS=0.392), 二者差异并不显著。居群间的遗传分化系数(GST)为0.611, 说明高野群体的遗传差异是由居群内和居群间的遗传分化共同作用的结果。其中A、B、E居群间, D、F、G居群间遗传相似性较高, C居群与其它居群之间存在较大差异。根据7个居群的遗传结构, 结合其地理分布状况, 认为遗传多样性最大的B和E居群以及遗传分化最小的C居群应作为重点对象进行保护。     

Conservation Genetics of an Endangered Herb, Hanabusaya asiatica (Campanulaceae)

Abstract: Hanabusaya asiatica (Nakai) Nakai (Campanulaceae), a bee- pollinated, perennial herb, is restricted to the mountainous regions of the eastern-central Korean peninsula. Allozyme analyses for 348 individuals assessed the levels of genetic diversity for five populations. Spatial autocorrelation statistics were also used to examine the spatial distribution of allozyme polymorphisms. The species maintains high levels of allozyme diversity ( H _eS = 0.217) and it exhibits low allozyme differentiation among populations ( G _ST = 0.132) compared with other endemics (mean H _e = 0.096, G _ST = 0.248). There is an apparent pattern of isolation by distance among populations. These results suggest that H. asiatica is at a genetic equilibrium. A considerable deficit in numbers of heterozygotes suggests mating among relatives in populations. At least three populations of H. asiatica should be sampled or conserved to capture or maintain > 99 % of the genetic diversity in the species as a whole. Within local populations, individuals are distributed in a structured, isolation by distance, manner. Approximate genetic patch width in the populations of H. asiatica examined is 5 - 8 m. For conservation purposes, it is suggested that, in general, the sampling of H. asiatica should be conducted at intervals in order to efficiently sample the genetic diversity across an entire population.     

Population structure and conservation genetics of wild rice Oryza rufipogon (Poaceae): a region-wide perspective from microsatellite variation

Oryza rufipogon Griff. is the most agriculturally important but seriously endangered wild rice species. To better estimate how genetic structure can be used to obtained a conservation perspective of the species, genetic variability at six polymorphic microsatellite DNA loci was examined. High levels of genetic variability were detected at six loci in 1245 individuals of 47 natural populations covering most of the species' range in China (overall RS = 3.0740, HO = 0.2290, HS = 0.6700). Partitioning of genetic variability (FST = 0.246) showed that most microsatellite variation was distributed within populations. Significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg expectations and very strong linkage disequilibrium indicate a high degree of inbreeding in the species and severe subdivision within populations. A mean Nm value of 0.7662 suggested a limited gene flow among the assayed populations. Our study suggests that conservation and restoration genetics should focus in particular on the maintenance of historically significant processes such as high levels of outbreeding and gene flow and large effective population size in the species.     

Assessment of population genetic structure in common wild rice Oryza rufipogon Griff. using microsatellite and allozyme markers

The genetic structure of five natural populations of common wild rice Oryza rufipogon Griff. from China, was investigated with 21 microsatellite loci and compared to estimates of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation detected by 22 allozyme loci. Microsatellite loci, as expected, have much higher levels of genetic diversity (mean values of A = 3.1, P = 73.3%, Ho = 0.358 and He = 0.345) than allozyme loci (mean values of A = 1.2, P = 12.7%, Ho = 0.020 and He = 0.030). Genetic differentiation detected by microsatellite loci ( FST = 0.468, mean I = 0.472) was higher than that for allozyme loci ( FST =0.388, mean I = 0.976). However, microsatellite markers showed less deviation from Hardy-Weinberg expectation (Wright's inbreeding coefficient FIS = -0.069) than do allozymes ( FIS = 0.337). These results suggest that microsatellite markers are powerful high-resolution tools for the accurate assessment of important parameters in population biology and conservation genetics of O. rufipogon, and offer advantages over allozyme markers.