刺果藤炭角菌新种湖南土壤中的暗色丝孢菌Ⅰ(英文)

报道了采自云南的刺果藤炭角菌新种Xylaria byttneriae,该种主要特点是生在掉落的粗毛刺果藤Byttneria pilosa和全缘刺果藤Byttneria integrifolia(梧桐科Sterculiaceae)果实上。子座圆柱形,顶端有不育尖,表面可见子囊壳外观突起,柄部光滑。     

木质藤本刺果藤灾变的产生机理及管控

本地大型木质藤本刺果藤Byttneria grandifolia Candolle 在深圳市羊台山森林公园灾变性生长。为揭示这一现象产生的机理并探索对其管控的措施, 开展了习性观测及割除试验。结果表明: 刺果藤茎能匍匐状生长、疏松交织多年堆积形成常绿茎叶覆盖层; 刺果藤能适应较宽广的土层厚度与水分含量变异, 但灾变生长仅出现于高光照生境; 刺果藤的扩展主要靠藤茎向丛外生长, 割除后恢复较慢。刺果藤终年常绿茎叶覆盖层是危害产生的结构基础; 刺果藤适应性较强, 但光照充足的生境是产生灾变性生长的必要条件; 割除藤茎能有效地为乔灌木嬴得较长的、不受覆盖的生长时间; 在受控条件下可利用刺果藤作为常绿地表覆盖物。     

中国木生革菌研究4.刺囊革菌属，二叉韧革菌属和叉丝革菌属中的三个中国新记录种

报道中国木生革菌3个新记录种：艾氏刺囊革菌采自河南省,褐伏二叉韧革菌采自安徽省,柳叉丝革菌采自贵州省。根据所采集的标本对这3种真菌进行了详细描述。     

中国伊菌蚊属五新种记棕（双翅目：菌蚊科）

报道了中国伊菌蚊属5新种和1新纪录种,绘制了雄性外生殖器特征图。模式标本保存在浙江林学院昆虫标本室。该属为中国新纪录属。缺凹伊菌坟,新种Exechia accisa sp.nov.（图1－2） 雄翅长2.3mm。新种与广布于欧洲的E.maculipennis(Stannius,1831）相似,但后者的尾须和生殖刺腹突的构造明显不同,正模♂,甘肃宕昌,1980－08－11,杨昆采。长白伊菌蚊,新种Exechia changbaiensis sp.nov.（图3－4）雄翅长3.2mm。新种与欧洲广布的E.cincta Winnertz,1863相近似,但后者的生殖刺突构造不同。正模♂,吉林长白山岳桦林,1985－08－24,杨集昆采。国后伊菌蚊Exechia kunashirensis Zaitzev,1996中国新记录。标本记录：1♂,山西文水关帝山,1981－08－02,杨集昆采;1♂,贵州贵阳贵州省林业科学研究所,1987－08－29,杨集昆采。分布：山西,贵州;千岛群岛。黑色伊菌蚊,。新种Exechia melasa sp.nov.(图5－6）雄翅长2.6mm。新种与广布于欧洲的E.pseudocincat Strobl,1910相似,但后翥 的生殖刺突末端无黑褐色粗具,正模♂,浙江德清莫干山,1992－04－18,吴鸿采。四枝伊菌蚊,新种Exechia quadriclema sp.nov.（图7－9）雄翅长1.9-2.5mm。新种与分布于加那利群岛的E.fulva Santos Abreu,1920相似,但后者个体较大（翅长2.9mm以上）,触角鞭节长为宽的1.5倍,生殖刺突各分支末端无粗黑鬃或刺。正模♂,浙江开化古田山,1992－07－17,陈学新采。副模5♂♂：4♂♂,浙江开化古田山,1992－07－17－25,吴鸿采;1♂,浙江庆元百山祖,1993－10－23,吴鸿采。薄片伊菌蚊,新种Exechia tomosa sp.nov.（图10－11）雄翅长3.9mm。新种与分布于美国的E.pollex Shaw,1935相似,但后者的生殖刺背突端部渐尖,末端双尖形,正模♂,浙江安吉龙王山,1996－05－13,吴鸿采。     

中国伊菌蚊属五新种记述(双翅目：菌蚊科)

报道了中国伊菌蚊属5新种和1新纪录种,绘制了雄性外生殖器特征图。模式标本保存在浙江林学院昆虫标本室。该属为中国新纪录属。 缺凹伊菌蚊,新种Exechia accisa sp. nov.　(图1～2) 　　雄　翅长2.3?mm。新种与广布于欧洲的E. maculipennis (Stannius, 1831)相似,但后者的尾须和生殖刺腹突的构造明显不同。正模♂,甘肃宕昌,1980-08-11, 杨集昆采。 长白伊菌蚊,新种Exechia changbaiensis sp. nov.　(图3～4) 　　雄　翅长3.2?mm。新种与欧洲广布的E.cincta Winnertz, 1863相近似,但后者的生殖刺突构造不同。正模♂,吉林长白山岳桦林,1985-08-24,杨集昆采。 国后伊菌蚊Exechia kunashirensis Zaitzev, 1996 　　中国新纪录。 　　标本记录：1♂,山西文水关帝山,1981-08-02,杨集昆采;1♂,贵州贵阳贵州省林业科学研究所,1987-08-29,杨集昆采。分布：山西,贵州;千岛群岛。 黑色伊菌蚊,新种Exechia melasa sp. nov.　(图5～6) 　　雄　翅长2.6?mm。新种与广布于欧洲的E.pseudocincta Strobl, 1910相似,但后者的生殖刺突末端无黑褐色粗齿。正模♂,浙江德清莫干山,1992-04-18,吴鸿采。 四枝伊菌蚊,新种Exechia quadriclema sp. nov.　(图7～9) 　　雄　翅长1.9～2.5?mm。新种与分布于加那利群岛的E.fulva Santos Abreu, 1920 相似,但后者个体较大(翅长2.9?mm以上),触角鞭节长为宽的1.5倍,生殖刺突各分支末端无粗黑鬃或刺。正模♂,浙江开化古田山,1992-07-17, 陈学新采。副模5♂♂：4♂♂, 浙江开化古田山,1992-07-17～25,吴鸿采; 1♂,浙江庆元百山祖,1993-10-23, 吴鸿采。 薄片伊菌蚊,新种Exechia tomosa sp. nov.　(图10～11) 　　雄　翅长3.9?mm。新种与分布于美国的E. pollex Shaw, 1935相似,但后者的生殖刺背突端部渐尖,末端双尖形。正模♂,浙江安吉龙王山,1996-05-13,吴鸿采。     

中国隆菌蚊属三新种记述(双翅目:菌蚊科)

本文记述中国隆菌蚊属Rondaniella Johannsen3新种,模式标本保存在浙江林学院昆虫标本室。1.古田山隆菌蚊Rondaniella gutianshanana Yu et Wu,新种(图1~2)雄:翅长2.0mm。新种与盾形隆菌蚊R.aspidoida Yu et Wu,2004相似,但新种生殖刺腹突上支近棱柱形,生殖突基肢节叶突具叶状附属物。正模:♂,浙江开化古田山,1992-Ⅶ-25,吴鸿采,编号931984。2.简单隆菌蚊Rondaniella simplex Yu et Wu,新种(图3~4)雄:翅长2.2~2.5mm。新种与盾形隆菌蚊R.aspidoida Yu et Wu,2004相似,但新种生殖刺腹突结构简单,少分支,生殖刺腹突上支具柱状棘,且其下方多粗长毛。正模:♂,浙江庆元百山祖,1994-Ⅳ-21,吴鸿采,编号940348。副模:1♂,浙江庆元百山祖,1994-Ⅳ-22,吴鸿采,编号940296。3.爪突隆菌蚊Rondaniella unguiculata Yu et Wu,新种(图5~6)雄:翅长1.99~2.21mm。新种与欧洲种R.dimidiata Meigen,1804相似,但新种的生殖刺腹突具爪状分支。正模:♂,浙江临安天目山,500m,1998-Ⅶ-14,吴鸿采,编号981977。副模:1♂,浙江开化古田山,1992-Ⅹ-29,吴鸿采,编号931545;1♂,浙江开化古田山,1992-Ⅹ-29,邓一飞采,编号931785;1♂,浙江庆元百山祖,1994-Ⅴ-10,吴鸿采,编号940790;1♂,福建武夷山,1989-Ⅷ,汪家社采,编号910298。     

中国珊瑚菌一新记录属——扁枝瑚菌属

报道了中国热带珊瑚菌类的一新纪录属——扁枝瑚菌属Scytinopogon。目前该属在我国仅在云南的西双版纳采到两种,即扁枝瑚菌S.pallescen和刺孢扁枝瑚菌S.echinosporus。文中对这两个种进行了描述,并附有插图。研究标本保存于中国科学院昆明植物研究所隐花植物标本室(HKAS)。     

中国珊瑚菌一新记录属——扁枝瑚菌属

报道了中国热带珊瑚菌类的一新纪录属--扁枝瑚菌属Scytinopogon.目前该属在我国仅在云南的西双版纳采到两种,即扁枝瑚菌S.pallescen和刺孢扁枝瑚菌S.echinosporus.文中对这两个种进行了描述,并附有插图.研究标本保存于中国科学院昆明植物研究所隐花植物标本室(HKAS).     

大孢卧孔菌一新组合

本文将刺孢孔菌Pachykytospora中的P. major G. Y. Zheng & Z. S. Bi组合为Megasporoporia major (G.Y. Zheng & Z. S. Bi) Y. C. Dai & T. H. Li,并根据模式标本对该种进行了详细描述。     

中国珊瑚菌一新记录属——扁枝瑚菌属

报道了中国热带珊瑚菌类的一新纪录属——扁枝瑚菌属Scytinopogon。目前该属在我国仅在云南的西双版纳采到两种,即扁枝瑚菌S. pallescen和刺孢扁枝瑚菌S. echinosporus。文中对这两个种进行了描述,并附有插图。研究标本保存于中国科学院昆明植物研究所隐花植物标本室(HKAS)。     

Insect visitors to extrafloral nectaries of Byttneria aculeata (Sterculiaceae): relative importance and roles

Abstract. 1. Ants, parasitoids and flies are about equally frequent at foliar nectaries of Byttneria aculeata (Sterculiaceae) in lowland Costa Rica during the dry season, a pattern previously unreported but also observed at other plants in the area.
2. Species of Ectatomma, Crematogaster and Camponotus were the most frequent of twenty-four ant species on Byttneria, eight of which nested in the hollow stems. Ants spent most time at nectaries and little in patrolling.
3. Collections at nectaries yielded large numbers of species of parasitoid Hymenoptera with few individuals of each. Rearing studies of leaf-feeding herbivores yielded several species of parasitoids, including one species taken at a nectary and two others congeneric or closely related.
4. Flies appear to be nectar thieves, in the same sense as non-pollinating floral visitors, despite close association with Byttneria.
5. Ant-plants may be poor models for the larger number of species of less specialized plants with extrafloral nectaries. Plants which have only extrafloral nectaries may better suit the needs of parasitoids than ants, and plants such as Byttneria may benefit as much from parasitoids as from ants.     

A new,arborescent species of Byttneria (Sterculiaceae) from French Guiana

Byttneria morii L. Barnett & Dorr from French Guiana is described and illustrated, and its taxonomic affinities are discussed. Also, a key to the species ofByttneria, that occur in the Guianas is provided.     

New Mexican species of Byttneria (Sterculiaceae), Bakeridesia (Malvaceae), and Triumfetta (Tiliaceae)

Recent collections have brought to light the following new species from the states of Tabasco and Oaxaca, Mexico:Byttneria fluvialis (Sterculiaceae) from Tabasco;Bakeridesia amoena (Malvaceae), andTriumfetta calzadae (Tiliaceae) from Oaxaca.     

Ontogeny,anatomical structure and function of lobed stems in the evolution of the climbing growth form in Malvaceae (Byttneria Loefl.)

Background and Aims Byttneria is one of the few climbing genera in Malvaceae. Some Byttneria are known for their lobed stems. We explore the development of these stems, how they have evolved within the group and their relevance in the evolution of the climbing growth form in Malvaceae.MethodsWe combine developmental anatomical work with phylogenetic comparative methods. We use Byttneria divaricata and B. filipes as models in the anatomical work, a review of herbarium vouchers, and the most recent phylogeny of Byttneria and allies to elucidate how these stems evolved within the clade under maximum-likelihood and Bayesian approaches. We use Pagel94 tests to analyse the correlated evolution of lobed stems and prickles.Key ResultsEach lobe coincides with one of the five vascular bundles. By augmented activity of the fascicular cambium in the lobes coupled with reduced activity of the interfascicular cambium in the interlobes, secondary growth increases the lobulation already present during primary growth. Within Byttneria and allies, lobed young stems appeared at least three times, once in Ayenia and twice in the paraphyletic Byttneria. Lobed adult stems were conserved in Byttneria s.s., where lobed adult stems in combination with prickles were shown to have evolved as a climbing mechanism within the group; prickles were lost once within Byttneria s.s., in a shrubby subclade. Byttneria Clade 2 comprises climbers with twining cylindrical adult stems and no prickles, which constitutes a different climbing mechanism in the group.ConclusionsWe provide evidence of one of the few cambial variants known whose secondary body reflects the primary body vasculature and show that lobed adult stems and prickles in Byttneria could be used in the new delimitation of genera in the group. Lobed stems independently appeared in climbing Grewia, suggesting a convergence favouring the climbing growth form.     

Proximate factors influencing egg cannibalism in the land snail Arianta arbustorum (Pulmonata,Helicidae)

Summary Byttneria aculeata (Sterculiaceae), a subcanopy liane with a shrubby juvenile form has two distinct leaf color morphs in juvenile plants- a given juvenile has plain green leaves or leaves with whitish variegation. Both forms occur together in the forest and in clearings; however, the variegated morph is more common in open sites, and the plain morph predominates in the forest. Percent variegation per leaf for variegated plants increased from closed to open sites. Measurements of growth support the idea that variegation is favored in open habitats. Within a given habitat, rate of herbivory by leaf miners on a given morph increases with increasing relative frequency of that morph; however, at a given relative frequency, the variegated morph is less heavily attacked than is the plain morph when it occurs elsewhere at that same frequency.     

两种热带木质藤本幼苗形态、生长和光合能力对光强和养分的响应

比较了两种不同攀援习性,卷须缠绕种薄叶羊蹄甲（Bauhinia tenuiflora）和茎缠绕种刺果藤（Byttneria aspera）,木质藤本植物的形态、生长及光合特性对不同光强（4％、35％和全光照）和土壤养分（高和低）的响应。两种藤本植物大部分表型特征主要受光照的影响,而受土壤养分的影响较小。弱光促进地上部分生长,弱光下两种植物均具有较大的比叶面积（specific leaf area,SLA）、茎生物量比（stem mass ratio,SMR）和平均叶面积比（mean leaf area ratio,LARm）。高光强下,两种植物的总生物量和投入到地下部分的比重增加,具有更大的根生物量比（root mass ratio,RMR）、更多的分枝数、更高的光合能力（maximum photosynthetic rate,Pmax）和净同化速率（net assimilation rate,NAR）,综合表现为相对生长速率（relative growth rate,RGR）增加。两种藤本植物的Pmax与叶片含氮量的相关性均未达显著水平,但刺果藤的Pmax与SU志间呈显著的正相关,而薄叶羊蹄甲的Pmax与SLA之间相关性不显著。在相同光照强度和土壤养分条件下,卷须缠绕种薄叶羊蹄甲的RGR显著高于茎缠绕种刺果藤。薄叶羊蹄甲的RGR与NAR呈显著正相关,其RGR与SLA、平均叶面积比（EARm）及Pmax之间相关性不显著。刺果藤的RGR与NAR呈显著的正相关,而与SLA存在显著的负相关。上述结果表明,与土壤养分相比,光照强度可能是决定木质藤本分布更为重要的生态因子。卷须缠绕种薄叶羊蹄甲由于具有特化的攀援器官,在形态上和生理上具有更大的可塑性,这使得卷须缠绕种木质藤本在与其它植物的竞争中更具优势。     

两种热带木质藤本幼苗形态、生长和光合能力对光强和养分的响应

比较了两种不同攀援习性, 卷须缠绕种薄叶羊蹄甲(Bauhinia tenuiflora)和茎缠绕种刺果藤(Byttneria aspera), 木质藤本植物的形态、生长及光合特性对不同光强(4%、35%和全光照)和土壤养分(高和低)的响应。两种藤本植物大部分表型特征主要受光照的影响, 而受土壤养分的影响较小。弱光促进地上部分生长, 弱光下两种植物均具有较大的比叶面积(specific leaf area, SLA)、茎生物量比(stem mass ratio, SMR)和平均叶面积比(mean leaf area ratio, LARm)。高光强下, 两种植物的总生物量和投入到地下部分的比重增加, 具有更大的根生物量比(root mass ratio, RMR)、更多的分枝数、更高的光合能力( maximum photosynthetic rate, Pmax)和净同化速率(net assimilation rate, NAR), 综合表现为相对生长速率(relative growth rate, RGR)增加。两种藤本植物的Pmax与叶片含氮量的相关性均未达显著水平, 但刺果藤的Pmax与SLA之间呈显著的正相关, 而薄叶羊蹄甲的Pmax与SLA之间相关性不显著。在相同光照强度和土壤养分条件下, 卷须缠绕种薄叶羊蹄甲的RGR显著高于茎缠绕种刺果藤。薄叶羊蹄甲的RGR与NAR呈显著正相关, 其RGR与SLA、平均叶面积比(LARm)及Pmax之间相关性不显著。刺果藤的RGR与NAR呈显著的正相关, 而与SLA存在显著的负相关。上述结果表明, 与土壤养分相比, 光照强度可能是决定木质藤本分布更为重要的生态因子。卷须缠绕种薄叶羊蹄甲由于具有特化的攀援器官, 在形态上和生理上具有更大的可塑性, 这使得卷须缠绕种木质藤本在与其它植物的竞争中更具优势。     

两种光强下木质藤本与树木幼苗的竞争关系

 为了探讨木质藤本和树木幼苗的相互作用关系,对两种光强(4%和35%的光强)、4种竞争处理下(全竞争、地上竞争、地下竞争和无竞争),一种 需光木质藤本(刺果藤(Byttneria grandifolia))和3个树种(耐荫种：五桠果木姜子(Litsea dilleniifolia)和绒毛番龙眼(Pometia tomentosa);需光种：羊蹄甲(Bauhinia variegata))幼苗的地上部分和地下部分的竞争关系进行了研究。结果表明：木质藤本的竞争显著影响 着3种树木幼苗的光合能力、形态特征和生长,但生长环境的不同光强影响地上部分竞争和地下部分竞争的相对强度。在低光下,地上部分竞争 比地下部分竞争对3种树木幼苗的相对生长速率(Relative growth rate,RGR)和光合能力造成更大的影响;而高光下,地下竞争对树木幼苗的 生长有更强的抑制作用。不同的竞争处理和光强对树木幼苗的生物量积累造成显著的影响。光强对3种树种的比叶面积(Specific leaf area, SLA)和叶面积比(Leaf area ratio,LAR)有显著的抑制作用,但竞争只对需光的羊蹄甲的SLA和LAR有显著影响。不同的光照和竞争处理之间, 同种植物表现出不同的表型特征。由于竞争的影响,苗木在形态上较为矮小、叶片数目较少、叶面积减小,但是长细比改变较少 。     

Brachyptera Group. Sp.32. C. Brachyptera. Sp.33. C.c RUFA. Sp.34. C. Troglodytes. Sp.35. C. Fulvicapilla.

A part from considerations as to where it is best wedged into the linear sequence, the brachyptera group is defined in general terms as a compact group of four small or very small species which resemble one another in many important specific characters and the other thirty-six species classified here as Cisticola in so many ways of form, coloration and behaviour as to make them best understood by classifying them also under that generic name.     

Species 29. Cisticola Carruthersi. Pl. XIV. fig. 59. Cisticola carruthersi O.-Grant, Bull. B. O. C. xxiii. 1909, p. 94: typ. loc. Mokia, L. George, Uganda.

The B. O. C. Ruwenzori expedition of 1906 brought home a single immature female of this species, obtained in a papyrus swamp near Lake George, and to Ogilvie-Grant's discrimination we owe the recognition of its specific distinction from galactotes , the species it so closely resembles in coloration, and which is certainly carruthersi s nearest ally.