运动对细胞凋亡的影响

细胞凋亡是一种由基因控制的细胞自主性死亡过程,其性质为生理性细胞死亡。细胞凋亡的研究已成为生物医学领域中最热门的课题之一。运动可以诱导细胞凋亡,细胞凋亡发生的比率和程度与运动形式、运动强度和运动持续时间有关,其机制可能主要包括以下方面：影响凋亡相关基因、自由基的介导使氧化与抗氧化系统失衡,损伤线粒体的结构和功能以及机械损伤。为此就运动对细胞凋亡影响的一些新的研究进展进行了综述。     

人乳头瘤病毒E6蛋白在细胞凋亡中的作用

细胞凋亡是细胞体在内、外特定的生理或病理因素诱导下发生的程序性死亡.目前认为,细胞内的基因直接调控细胞凋亡的发生与发展,细胞外部因素通过信号转导而影响这些基因的表达或其表达产物的活化,间接控制细胞凋亡.病毒也可以通过影响凋亡信号转导通路中相关蛋白的活性及相关基因的表达而干扰正常的细胞周期和细胞凋亡.     

凋亡调控基因BCL2家族研究的新进展

凋亡的调控是细胞生理死亡和肿瘤发生的重要机制. 对各种刺激诱导下细胞凋亡机制的分析有助于深入了解肿瘤细胞生物学及发现新的治疗对策.凋亡调控基因BCL2家族成员可分为凋亡阻遏基因和凋亡促进基因.这些基因编码的蛋白质分子通过组成和/或影响同二聚体与异二聚体的不同比例而介导其对细胞存活的生物学效应.     

氧死亡:一种新型调节性细胞死亡

氧死亡(oxeiptosis)是2018年提出的一种新的调节性细胞死亡方式(regulated cell death, RCD)。其特点是活性氧诱导的Caspase非依赖性的凋亡样细胞死亡。它有自身独特的损伤诱因(活性氧)、关键基因与通路(KEAP1-PGAM5-AIFM1),不同于坏死、细胞凋亡、坏死性凋亡、焦亡、铁死亡等其他的细胞死亡方式。本文就从氧死亡的历史、特点、主要通路、鉴别等方面作一综述。     

对细胞的凋亡研究分析

研究表明细胞的凋亡目前所知方式至少有两种:一种是细胞坏死,一种是细胞凋亡。本文主要对后者进行分析和研究。细胞坏死与细胞凋亡的本质区别主要在于:细胞坏死是细胞在剧烈病理性损伤下的表现,即细胞因为外部创伤或剧烈生理病变而被动死亡;细胞凋亡则是由基因操控的细胞自身有序死亡,是细胞的主动死亡。因为细胞凋亡与临床病毒的研究有着十分密切的关系,医学界有望通过对凋亡的研究在艾滋病肿瘤等领域的治疗上取得进展,所以,对细胞凋亡的研究正逐渐地成为热点。     

天然药物活性成分诱导白血病细胞凋亡研究进展

细胞凋亡是由基因控制的细胞主动死亡过程。现代研究表明,白血病与细胞凋亡密切相关。本文综述了天然药物活性成分对白血病细胞凋亡的影响。     

bcl-2在视网膜发育及病变治疗中的机制研究

在视网膜的正常发育与视网膜多种疾病中,细胞凋亡与视网膜细胞的死亡、疾病的发生发展有密切关系,是维持眼发育或视功能损伤的重要因素之一,而Bcl-2家族是主要的细胞凋亡调控蛋白,其中的抗凋亡蛋白又以Bcl-2基因最具有代表性,本文就视网膜发育及一些视网膜疾病中细胞凋亡与Bcl-2基因表达的变化与相关机制作一综述.     

离心运动对大鼠骨骼肌细胞凋亡和增殖的影响

目的:探讨离心运动对骨骼肌细胞凋亡和增殖的时序性影响。方法:50只8周龄SD大鼠随机分为对照组(C)和运动组(B1,B2,B3,B4)(n=10),运动组进行重复3 d的力竭性离心运动,TUNNEL法检测大鼠肱三头肌内侧头不同恢复时相细胞凋亡情况和免疫组化检测其细胞增殖核抗原(PCNA)的表达。结果:①骨骼肌细胞凋亡出现时序性变化,并与运动性骨骼肌微损伤出现了一致性,运动组凋亡指数明显高于对照组(P<0.05),运动后即刻凋亡指数升高,运动后24 h达到峰值,运动后48 h凋亡指数有所下降。②骨骼肌细胞增殖出现时序性,运动组增殖指数明显高于对照组(P<0.05),运动后即刻增殖指数较高,运动后3 h增殖指数有所下降,运动后24 h增殖指数达到峰值,到运动后48 h下降,但还未恢复到对照组。并与细胞凋亡呈中度相关(P<0.05)。结论:①细胞凋亡是诱发骨骼肌再发性损伤的一个因素。②细胞凋亡可能是骨骼肌细胞再生的一个启动因素。     

细胞凋亡在肝脏衰老中的作用

细胞凋亡是细胞的一种程序性死亡过程,存在死亡受体主导的外源性凋亡途径和细胞器触发的内源性凋亡途径。细胞凋亡主要清除异常细胞以保证机体的正常生理功能,其作用与凋亡程度有关。肝脏衰老是一种随年龄增长的自然进程,通常伴随着肝脏合成与分解代谢等功能的降低。肝脏的高强度代谢活动使其容易受到外源性和内源性的应激刺激,进而激活肝脏细胞p53等基因,通过相关的信号通路发生自噬、细胞周期阻滞和DNA修复等,最终细胞可能清除应激,也可能因DNA损伤导致衰老、凋亡甚至癌变。细胞凋亡和衰老在肝脏中有保护与损害双重作用。一方面,凋亡和衰老可使细胞避免癌变;另一方面,凋亡可加剧因衰老造成的肝脏功能减退,而且凋亡失衡时可能导致非酒精性脂肪肝疾病、肝纤维化、肝硬化、肝癌等肝脏衰老相关的疾病。本文就近年来有关细胞凋亡在肝脏衰老期间可能存在的保护、损害作用以及在老年性肝病发生机制中的作用进行了分析和总结。     

FADD基因的结构与功能

FADD是新近克隆出的一种能与Fas相互作用而诱导细胞凋亡的蛋白,其基因位于人11号染色体长臂上,由死亡效应结构域（DED）和死亡结构域（DD）两部分组成,FADD基因介导着多种死亡受体诱导的细胞凋亡信号传导通路。FADD基因在T细胞增殖及胚胎发育中也发挥着重要的作用。在基因治疗领域,FADD基因可促进胶质瘤细胞和类风湿性关节炎滑膜细胞的凋亡。有必要在FADD的基因治疗方面加大研究力度,为疾病的基因治疗开辟新的途径。     

Mitochondrial Function in Apoptotic Neuronal Cell Death

Apoptosis can be defined as the regulated death of a cell and is conducted by conserved pathways. Apoptosis of neurons after injury or disease differs from programed cell death, in the sense that neurons in an adult brain are not "meant" to die and results in a loss of function. Thus apoptosis is an honorable process by a neuron, a cell with limited potential to replace itself, choosing instead to commit suicide to save neighboring cells from release of cellular components that cause injury directly or trigger secondary injury resulting from inflammatory reactions. The excess of apoptosis of neuronal cells underlies the progressive loss of neuronal populations in neurodegenerative disorders and thus is harmful. Mitochondria are the primary source for energy in neurons but are also poised, through the "mitochondrial apoptosis pathway," to signal the demise of cells. This duplicity of mitochondria is discussed, with particular attention given to the specialized case of pathological neuronal cell death.     

细胞凋亡（Apoptosis）与癌基因

细胞凋亡是细胞衰老、死亡过程的主要形式.最近研究发现有多种癌基因与抑癌基因参与细胞凋亡过程.因此目前认为癌基因与抑癌基因不仅控制细胞增殖、分化,而且调节细胞凋亡.细胞凋亡受阻或缺陷可能是肿瘤发生的基础之一.     

Acute lung injury and cell death: how many ways can cells die?

Apoptosis has been considered as an underlying mechanism in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. Recently, several alternative pathways for cell death (such as caspase-independent cell death, oncosis, and autophagy) have been discovered. Evidence of these pathways in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury has also come into light. In this article, we briefly introduce cell death pathways and then focus on studies related to lung injury. The different types of cell death that occur and the underlying mechanisms utilized depend on both experimental and clinical conditions. Lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury is associated with apoptosis via Fas/Fas ligand mechanisms. Hyperoxia and ischemia-reperfusion injury generate reactive oxidative species, which induce complex cell death patterns composed of apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis. Prolonged overexpression of inflammatory mediators results in increased production and activation of proteases, especially cathepsins. Activation and resistance to death of neutrophils also plays an important role in promoting parenchymal cell death. Knowledge of the coexisting multiple cell death pathways and awareness of the pharmacological inhibitors targeting different proteases critical to cell death may lead to the development of novel therapies for acute lung injury.     

运动对线粒体介导骨骼肌细胞凋亡信号通路的影响

细胞凋亡是一种程序化的细胞死亡方式,其信号传导通路分为外源性和内源性两条主要途径,线粒体在内源性细胞凋亡途径中扮演着重要的角色。研究表明,运动可通过调节线粒体介导骨骼肌细胞凋亡的进程,而运动调节线粒体介导骨骼肌细胞凋亡信号通路影响机体细胞生物进程的机制仍有待研究。该文主要阐述了线粒体介导细胞凋亡信号传导通路及运动对其的调控作用机制,旨在为线粒体相关代谢性疾病的防治提供运动干预理论基础。     

Death by association: BH3 domain-only proteins and liver injury

Apoptosis, a prominent form of cell death, is a prime feature of many acute and chronic liver diseases. Apoptosis requires mitochondrial dysfunction, which is regulated by proteins of the Bcl-2 family. Whether or not a cell should live or die is controlled by the interaction of multidomain Bcl-2 proteins with proapoptotic BH3 domain-only proteins of this family. Current models suggest multidomain, antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins prevent mitochondrial dysfunction by sequestering and/or preventing activation of its proapoptotic relatives. BH3-only proteins initiate cell death by neutralizing and or ligating multidomain prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins. Thus BH3 domain-only proteins are paramount in the apoptotic process as exemplified by the role of the BH3 domain-only protein Bid in liver injury. In this concise review, we will focus on how these BH3 domain-only proteins are regulated in the cell, their association with the Bcl-2 family of proteins, and finally, current information regarding their involvement in liver cell apoptosis and injury.     

Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 is involved not only in apoptosis but also in non-apoptotic cardiomyocyte death

The molecular basis of myocardial cell death in the ischemia-reperfused heart still remains to be clarified. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase that plays an important role in stress-induced apoptosis. We studied ASK1(-/-) mice to examine the role of ASK1 in ischemia-reperfusion injury. In the wild-type heart, ischemia-reperfusion resulted in necrotic injury, whereas infarct size was drastically reduced in the ASK1(-/-) heart. The necrotic injury was not accompanied with any evidence of apoptosis such as an increase in TUNEL-positive cells, DNA fragmentation or the activation of caspase-3. ASK1(-/-) cardiomyocytes were more resistant to H(2)O(2)- or Ca(2+)-induced apoptotic and non-apoptotic cell death compared with wild-type cells. These data suggest that ASK1 is involved in necrosis as well as apoptosis and that ASK1-dependent necrosis is likely to contribute to myocardial cell death in the ischemia-reperfused heart.     

Caspase-2: What do we know today?

Apoptosis (programmed cell death) is essential process in multicellular organisms. Apoptosis plays an important role in cell differentiation, damaged cell elimination, and immune system homeostasis. The review focuses on various mechanisms of signal transduction through caspase-2, which is thought to be one of the most enigmatic proteases involved in apoptosis. Caspase-2 is activated upon stimulation by various factors, including genotoxic stress, death receptor ligation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, metabolic changes, and a number of others. In addition, caspase-2 can act as a tumor suppressor and has been implicated in the cell response to oxidative stress and neurodegenerative progression during ischemic brain injury. Thus, the variety of pathways triggered by caspase-2 sets the enzyme apart from other members of the family and suggests a prominent role in apoptosis. The review analyzes the various functions of this unique caspase and discusses the possible applications of the available knowledge about it in modern oncology and medicine.     

Ischemic preconditioning attenuates apoptotic cell death associated with ischemia/reperfusion

Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a genetically controlled response for cells to commit suicide and is associated with DNA fragmentation or laddering. The common inducers of apoptosis include oxygen free radicals/oxidative stress and Ca2+ which are also implicated in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury. To examine whether ischemic reperfusion injury is mediated by apoptotic cell death, isolated perfused rat hearts were subjected to 15, 30 or 60 min of ischemia as well as 15 min of ischemia followed by 30, 60, 90 or 120 min of reperfusion. At the end of each experiment, the heart was processed for the evaluation of apoptosis and DNA laddering. Apoptosis was studied by visualizing the apoptotic cardiomyocytes by direct fluorescence detection of digoxigenin-labeled genomic DNA using APOPTAG® in situ apoptosis detection kit. DNA laddering was evaluated by subjecting the DNA obtained from the hearts to 1.8% agarose gel electrophoresis and photographed under UV illumination. The results of our study revealed apoptotic cells only in the 90 and 120 min reperfused hearts as demonstrated by the intense fluorescence of the immunostained digoxigenin-labeled genomic DNA when observed under fluorescence microscopy. None of the ischemic hearts showed any evidence of apoptosis. These results were corroborated with the findings of DNA fragmentation which showed increased ladders of DNA bands in the same reperfused hearts representing integer multiples of the internucleosomal DNA length (about 180 bp). The presence of apoptotic cells and DNA fragmentation in the myocardium were completely abolished by subjecting the myocardium to repeated short-term ischemia and reperfusion which also reduced the ischemic reperfusion injury as evidenced by better recovery of left ventricular performance in the preconditioned myocardium. The results of this study indicate that reperfusion of ischemic heart, but not ischemia, induces apoptotic cell death and DNA fragmentation which can be inhibited by myocardial adaptation to ischemia.