抑制剂耐受性酵母底盘细胞的设计与构建

纤维素乙醇是一种低碳清洁的绿色能源,可与传统石油基液体燃料混合使用,具备广阔的应用前景.纤维素乙醇的生产历经木质纤维素预处理、糖化和酿酒酵母发酵等工艺,而预处理过程会产生多种副产物,显著抑制酵母细胞的生长速率和发酵性能.因此,构建抑制剂耐受性酵母底盘细胞,有助于提高纤维素乙醇的生产效率,降低生产成本.针对抑制剂耐受性酵...     

纤维素乙醇生物加工过程中的抑制物对酿酒酵母的影响及应对措施

以木质纤维素为原料生产乙醇,预处理是必需的环节,这一过程中不可避免产生了多种对微生物有抑制作用的化合物,这些抑制物主要有3大类:弱酸、呋喃醛类和酚类化合物。这些化合物影响后续乙醇发酵微生物酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)的生长及发酵性能,降低了乙醇的得率和产量,是木质纤维素原料大规模生产乙醇的一个主要障碍。以下介绍了3类抑制物的形成及作用机制,并介绍了应对抑制物作用、提高酵母发酵能力的措施及研究进展,包括发酵前预处理原料脱毒、通过进化工程驯化菌种或通过对抑制物耐受性相关基因的代谢工程操作提高酿酒酵母耐受性,及通过发酵过程控制减少抑制物影响等。     

酿酒酵母乙醇耐受性的研究进展

生物乙醇作为一种可再生的清洁能源,正在引起人们的广泛关注.酿酒酵母是乙醇生产中最常用的发酵菌株,但是乙醇耐受性往往成为限制酿酒酵母菌乙醇产量的重要因素.选育耐受高浓度乙醇的酵母菌株对于提高乙醇产率具有重要意义.然而传统的菌株改良方法具有育种周期长,突变方向不定等缺点.主要综述了近年来国内外对酿酒酵母菌耐受乙醇的分子生物学机理方面的研究成果,进而总结了提高酿酒酵母乙醇耐受性的基因工程、代谢工程.     

选育耐受复合抑制剂酿酒酵母提高乙醇产量

能够耐受纤维素预处理中抑制剂的酿酒酵母对高效、经济生产纤维素乙醇至关重要。利用诱变结合驯化工程选育了一株可耐受复合抑制剂(1.3g/L糠醛、5.3g/L乙酸及1.0g/L苯酚)的工业酿酒酵母YYJ003。在pH 4.0的含有抑制剂的培养基中,耐受菌株乙醇产率是原始菌株的7.8倍,糠醛转化速率提高了5倍。在pH 5.5的复合抑制剂条件下,YYJ003发酵时间(16h)比野生菌株发酵时间(22h)缩短6h。在pH 4.0的未脱毒的玉米秸秆水热法预处理水解液中YYJ003的乙醇产率达到0.50g/g(乙醇/葡萄糖),乙醇产速达到4.16g/(L·h),而对照菌株无乙醇产出。     

过表达tRNA基因tL(CAA)K提高酿酒酵母乙酸耐受性

乙酸是木质纤维素类生物质水解液中的常见毒性抑制物,选育乙酸耐受性好的酿酒酵母菌株,有利于高效利用木质纤维素类生物质,发酵生产生物燃料和生物基化学品。目前对酿酒酵母抗逆性的研究多集中在转录水平,但对转运RNA (Transfer RNA,tRNA) 在耐受性中的作用研究较少。在对酿酒酵母抗逆性研究过程中发现,一些转运RNA基因在耐受性好的酿酒酵母菌株中转录明显上调。本文深入分析了精氨酸tRNA基因tR(ACG)D和亮氨酸tRNA基因tL(CAA)K过表达对酿酒酵母耐受木质纤维素水解液的影响。结果表明,在4.2 g/L乙酸胁迫条件下进行乙醇发酵时,过表达tL(CAA)K的菌株生长和发酵性能均优于对照酵母菌株,乙醇生产强度比对照菌株提高了29.41%,但过表达tR(ACG)D基因的菌株生长和代谢能力较对照菌株明显降低,体现了不同tRNA的不同调控作用。进一步分析发现,过表达tL(CAA)K的重组酵母菌株乙酸耐受性调控相关基因HAA1、MSN2和MSN4等胁迫耐受性相关转录因子编码基因的转录水平上调。本文的研究为选育高效利用木质纤维素资源进行生物炼制的酵母菌株提供了新的改造策略,也为进一步揭示酿酒酵母tRNA基因表达调控对抗逆性的影响提供了基础。     

乙醇耐受性酿酒酵母菌株选育的研究进展

酿酒酵母是工业发酵生产乙醇的重要菌种,但是其发酵产物乙醇对酿酒酵母有明显的抑制作用.选育乙醇耐受性酿酒酵母是克服高浓度乙醇的抑制作用,提高乙醇产量的一条重要途径.本文对近年来国内外选育乙醇耐受性酵母的研究作一综述,旨在为乙醇耐受性酵母的选育提供参考.     

酿酒酵母纤维素乙醇统合加工(CBP)的策略及研究进展

木质纤维素乙醇的统合生物加工过程(Consolidated bioprocessing,CBP)是将纤维素酶和半纤维素酶生产、纤维素水解和乙醇发酵过程组合或部分组合,通过一种微生物完成。统合生物加工过程有利于降低生物转化过程的成本,越来越受到研究者的普遍关注。酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae是传统的乙醇发酵菌株。介绍了影响外源基因在酿酒酵母中表达水平的因素,纤维素酶和半纤维素酶在酿酒酵母中表达研究进展及利用酿酒酵母统合加工纤维素乙醇的策略。     

分别利用产甘油假丝酵母抗逆转录因子CgSTB5和CgSEF1对酿酒酵母菌株糠醛耐受改造

【背景】纤维素是生物转化解决能源问题的主要原料之一,其水解物中存在严重影响抑制菌株生长的糠醛,需脱毒才可应用于发酵,提高菌株耐受性是解决纤维素水解液实际生产应用的关键。【目的】酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)是主要的纤维素水解液发酵工业菌株,但糠醛耐受性较低,通过分子改造获得具有高糠醛耐受性的菌株。【方法】利用新获得的产甘油假丝酵母(Candidaglycerinogenes)的相关抗逆转录因子CgSTB5、CgSEF1和CgCAS5,通过分子技术进行S.cerevisiae改造,考察其对酿酒酵母糠醛耐受性的影响,并尝试应用于未脱毒纤维素乙醇发酵。【结果】单个表达CgSTB5和CgSEF1的酿酒酵母,通过菌株点板实验表明菌株的糠醛耐受性提高25%以上,并且摇瓶发酵结果显示糠醛降解性能明显提高,生长延滞期明显缩短,S.cerevisiae W303/p414-CgSTB5的未脱毒纤维素乙醇发酵生产效率提高12.5%左右。【结论】转录因子CgSTB5和CgSEF1均能对提高酿酒酵母糠醛耐受性起到重要作用,并且有助于提高酿酒酵母菌株未脱毒纤维素乙醇发酵性能。     

诺维信公司开发出乙醇生产用新型酵母

正诺维信公司于2018年3月17日宣布,开发出乙醇生产用新型酵母——Innova Drive,该酵母所需发酵时间仅为2h,可将乙醇产量提高2%,生产速率提高5%。在传统发酵中,酿酒酵母一直是乙醇发酵的动力工厂。但对酿酒酵母来讲,影响发酵环境的因素非常复杂,包括乙醇浓度、温度、渗透压和细菌污染等,因而酿酒酵母需要靠减慢新陈代谢来抵抗这些压力。     

宿主遗传背景对重组酿酒酵母木糖共发酵影响的研究进展

木糖是纤维素原料水解液中最主要的五碳糖成分,由于野生的酿酒酵母缺乏有效的木糖利用途径,将外源木糖代谢途径整合至酿酒酵母中使其具有发酵木糖生产乙醇的能力是构建纤维素乙醇发酵菌株的关键。国内外学者的研究表明,同一木糖代谢途径导入不同酿酒酵母菌株中,所得到的重组菌发酵性能存在明显差异,表明宿主的遗传背景对菌株利用木糖能力和发酵性能具有重要的影响。就酿酒酵母宿主对重组菌株的木糖发酵性能的影响进行了综述,分析了产生宿主差异的内在机理,为进一步选育高效木糖共发酵菌种提供借鉴。     

Molecular mechanisms of yeast tolerance and in situ detoxification of lignocellulose hydrolysates

Pretreatment of lignocellulose biomass for biofuel production generates inhibitory compounds that interfere with microbial growth and subsequent fermentation. Remediation of the inhibitors by current physical, chemical, and biological abatement means is economically impractical, and overcoming the inhibitory effects of lignocellulose hydrolysate poses a significant technical challenge for lower-cost cellulosic ethanol production. Development of tolerant ethanologenic yeast strains has demonstrated the potential of in situ detoxification for numerous aldehyde inhibitors derived from lignocellulose biomass pretreatment and conversion. In the last decade, significant progress has been made in understanding mechanisms of yeast tolerance for tolerant strain development. Enriched genetic backgrounds, enhanced expression, interplays, and global integration of many key genes enable yeast tolerance. Reprogrammed pathways support yeast functions to withstand the inhibitor stress, detoxify the toxic compounds, maintain energy and redox balance, and complete active metabolism for ethanol fermentation. Complex gene interactions and regulatory networks as well as co-regulation are well recognized as involved in yeast adaptation and tolerance. This review presents our current knowledge on mechanisms of the inhibitor detoxification based on molecular studies and genomic-based approaches. Our improved understanding of yeast tolerance and in situ detoxification provide insight into phenotype-genotype relationships, dissection of tolerance mechanisms, and strategies for more tolerant strain development for biofuels applications.     

酿酒酵母乙醇耐受性机理研究进展

酿酒酵母(Sacchromyces cerevisiae)一直是主要的生物乙醇和酿酒业发酵菌株, 具有发酵速度快、乙醇产量高特性。然而, 产物乙醇积累造成的毒性效应是限制乙醇产量的主要因素之一, 研究酿酒酵母乙醇耐受性为解决这一工业难题奠定了理论基础。本文从乙醇对酵母细胞生理、细胞结构和组分的影响, 以及酿酒酵母乙醇耐受性的遗传基础方面综述了酿酒酵母乙醇耐受性机理的研究进展。     

液泡蛋白酶B对酿酒酵母高温乙醇发酵效率的影响

【目的】提高酿酒酵母的高耐温性,从而提高菌株在高温下的乙醇发酵性能。【方法】利用染色体整合过表达酿酒酵母液泡蛋白酶B编码基因PRB1。【结果】在41 °C高温条件下进行乙醇发酵,过表达PRB1基因的重组酿酒酵母菌株可在31 h内消耗全部的葡萄糖,而对照菌株在相同时间内仅消耗不到一半的葡萄糖。【结论】利用蛋白酶B基因过表达可构建耐高温酿酒酵母菌株,提高在高温条件下乙醇的发酵效率。     

Improved ethanol production by a xylose-fermenting recombinant yeast strain constructed through a modified genome shuffling method

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Xylose is the second most abundant carbohydrate in the lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate. The fermentation of xylose is essential for the bioconversion of lignocelluloses to fuels and chemicals. However the wild-type strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are unable to utilize xylose. Many efforts have been made to construct recombinant yeast strains to enhance xylose fermentation over the past few decades. Xylose fermentation remains challenging due to the complexity of lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate. In this study, a modified genome shuffling method was developed to improve xylose fermentation by S. cerevisiae. Recombinant yeast strains were constructed by recursive DNA shuffling with the recombination of entire genome of P. stipitis with that of S. cerevisiae. RESULTS: After two rounds of genome shuffling and screening, one potential recombinant yeast strain ScF2 was obtained. It was able to utilize high concentration of xylose (100 g/L to 250 g/L xylose) and produced ethanol. The recombinant yeast ScF2 produced ethanol more rapidly than the naturally occurring xylose-fermenting yeast, P. stipitis, with improved ethanol titre and much more enhanced xylose tolerance. CONCLUSION: The modified genome shuffling method developed in this study was more effective and easier to operate than the traditional protoplast fusion based method. Recombinant yeast strain ScF2 obtained in this was a promising candidate for industrial cellulosic ethanol production. In order to further enhance its xylose fermentation performance, ScF2 needs to be additionally improved by metabolic engineering and directed evolution.     

A distinct type of alcohol dehydrogenase, adh4+, complements ethanol fermentation in an adh1-deficient strain of Schizosaccharomyces pombe

In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, only one alcohol dehydrogenase gene, adh1(+), has been identified. To elucidate the influence of adh1(+) on ethanol fermentation, we constructed the adh1 null strain (delta adh1). The delta adh1 cells still produced ethanol and grew fermentatively as the wild-type cells. Both DNA microarray and RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that this ethanol production is caused by the enhanced expression of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae ADH4-like gene product (SPAC5H10.06C named adh4(+)). Since the strain lacking both adh1 and adh4 genes (delta adh1 delta adh4) showed non-fermentative retarded growth, only these two ADHs produce ethanol for fermentative growth. This is the first observation that a S. cerevisiae ADH4-like alcohol dehydrogenase functions in yeast ethanol fermentation.     

外加肌醇和钙离子对酿酒酵母乙醇发酵的影响

酒精发酵是重要的发酵工业之一,在传统的酒精发酵过程中,菌种的酒精发酵浓度低,原料的利用率和酒精的转化率也低,能量消耗大,导致生产效率较差［１］。近年来国内外许多研究者致力于筛选和构建能产高浓度酒精和耐高浓度酒精的菌种,并把这些酿酒酵母应用于浓醪发酵生...     

A strategy to prevent the occurrence of Lactobacillus strains using lactate-tolerant yeast Candida glabrata in bioethanol production

Contamination of Lactobacillus sp. in the fermentation broth of bioethanol production decreases ethanol production efficiency. Although the addition of lactate to the broth can effectively inhibit the growth of Lactobacillus sp., it also greatly reduces the fermentation ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To overcome this conflict, lactate-tolerant yeast strains were screened. Candida glabrata strain NFRI 3164 was found to exhibit both higher levels of lactate tolerance and fermentation ability. Co-cultivation of C. glabrata was performed with Lactobacillus brevis and Lb. fermentum, which were reported as major contaminating bacteria during bioethanol production, in culture medium containing 2% lactate. Under these culture conditions, the growth of Lactobacillus strains was greatly inhibited, but the ethanol production of C. glabrata was not significantly affected. Our data show the possibility of designing an effective fuel ethanol production process that eliminates contamination by Lactobacillus strains through the combined use of lactate addition and C. glabrata.     

利用人工锌指文库选育高乙醇耐受性工业酵母菌株

选育高乙醇耐性的酿酒酵母菌株对提高燃料乙醇的发酵效率具有重要意义.锌指蛋白广泛存在于多种生物中,对基因的转录和翻译起重要的调节作用.利用人工设计的锌指蛋白可定向设计锌指序列及其排列顺序,实现对细胞内多个基因的全局调控.由于与环境胁迫反应相关的基因很多,因此可利用人工锌指蛋白技术获得耐受性提高的微生物重组菌.文中将人工锌指文库转入到酿酒酵母模式菌株S288c,选育了具有高乙醇耐受性的重组菌株M01,并分离了与乙醇耐受性提高相关的人工锌指蛋白表达载体pRS316ZFP-M01,转入工业酿酒酵母Sc4126,在含有不同浓度乙醇的平板上,工业酵母Sc4126的重组菌株表现出显著的耐受性提高.在高糖培养基(250 g/L)条件下进行乙醇发酵,发现重组菌的乙醇发酵效率明显快于野生型,发酵时间提前24 h,且发酵终点乙醇浓度提高6.3％.结果表明人工锌指文库能够提高酵母的乙醇耐受性,为构建发酵性能优良的酵母菌种奠定了基础.     

絮凝酵母海藻糖合成酶基因TPS1启动子区的克隆和乙醇胁迫下启动子活性的变化

提高生物能源生产菌株对各种胁迫因素的耐受性对于提高生产过程的经济性和高效生产生物能源具有重要的意义。对酿酒酵母乙醇耐性的分子机制的研究,可揭示影响其耐受性的关键基因,并通过代谢工程操作定向提高酵母菌的乙醇耐受性,从而提高燃料乙醇的生产效率。海藻糖对酵母菌在多种环境胁迫下的细胞活性具有保护作用,但其对乙醇耐性分子机制的研究还不够深入。克隆了自絮凝酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae flo的海藻糖-6-磷酸合成酶基因TPS1的启动子区域,利用pYES2.0载体骨架,构建了PTPS1启动绿色荧光蛋白EGFP标记基因的报告载体,并转化酿酒酵母ATCC4126。对酵母转化子在含有7%和10%乙醇的生长培养基中的EGFP的表达情况进行相对荧光定量分析,发现PTPS1活性在7%乙醇存在下受到强烈诱导。EGFP表达量对高温和高糖胁迫无明显差别,显示了TPS1启动子对乙醇浓度的特异响应。研究结果表明,絮凝酵母海藻糖的合成是对乙醇胁迫的保护性反应。