吉林省下盾螨属三新种（蜱螨亚纲：厉螨科）

吉林省已发现的下盾螨有溜下盾螨Ｈｙｐｏａｓｐｉｓ ｌｕｂｒｉｃａ Ｖｏｉｇｔｓ ｅｔ Ｏｕｄｅｍａｎｓ,力下盾螨Ｈｙｐｏａｓｐｉｓ ｈｒｄｙｉ Ｓａｍｓｉｎａｋ和尖狭下盾螨Ｈｙｐｏａｓｐｉｓ ａｃｕｌｅｉｆｅｒ（Ｃａｎｅｓｔｒｉｎｉ）。另外采到三新种,命名为松江下盾螨Ｈｙｐｏａｓｐｉｓ ｓｕｎｇａｒｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,柔弱下盾螨Ｈｙｐｏａｓｐｉｓ ｄｅｂｉｌｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和长毛下质螨Ｈｙｐ     

命名建议书——以Lopadaspis代替Discaspis Wang et al.,2001

最近 ,Ｃ .Ｆ .Ｋａｍｍｅｒｅｒ教授来信告知 ,Ｄｉｓｃａｓｐｉｓ这一属名已被ＬｉｎＫ .Ｓ .教授于 1 988年在记述中国台湾的昆虫时首先使用了。因此 ,作者建议以新的属名Ｌｏｐａｄａｓｐｉｓ代替Ｄｉｓ ｃａｓｐｉｓ。Ｌｏｐａｄ (Ｇｒ.)义为平盘。在此 ,对Ｋａｍｍｅｒｅｒ教授的提示和建议表示感谢。Ｌｏｐａｄａｓｐｉｓ,ｎｅｗｎａｍｅｆｏｒＤｉｓｃａｓｐｉｓＷａｎｇｅｔａｌ.,2 0 0 1ＷｅｈａｖｅｒｅｃｅｎｔｌｙｂｅｅｎｉｎｆｏｒｍｅｄｂｙＰｒｏｆ.Ｃ .Ｆ .ＫａｍｍｅｒｅｒｔｈａｔｔｈｅｇｅｎｅｒｉｃｎａｍｅＤｉｓｃ…     

河南白云山菌蚊四新种：双翅目：菌蚊科

本文报道了河南嵩县白云山菌蚊４新种；黑腹菌蚊Ｍｙｃｅｔｏｐｈｉｌａ ｏｒａｔｏｒｉｌａ ｓｐ．ｎ．ｖ，申氏菌蚊Ｍｙｃｅｔｏｐｈｉｌａ ｓｈｅｎｉ ｓｐ．ｎ，林栖菌蚊Ｍｙｃｅｔｏｐｈｉｌａ ｓｙｌｖａｔｉｃａ ｓｐ．ｎ。，白云埃菌蚊Ｅｐｉｃｙｐｔａ ｂａｉｙｕｎｓｈａｎａ ｓｐ．ｎ．及１中国新记录种；黑缝埃菌蚊Ｅｐｉｃｙｐｔａ ｆｕｍｉｇａｔａ Ｄｚｉｅｄｚｉｃｋｉ，模式标本保存在中国农业大学昆虫博     

拟楔下盾螨后若螨和尖背广厉螨前若螨描述（蜱螨亚钢：厉螨科）

本文报道拟楔下盾螨ＨｙｐｏａｓｐｉｓｐａｒａｕｎｅｉｆｅｒＧｕｅｔＢａｉ后若螨和尖背广厉螨ＣｏｓｍｏｌａｅｌａｐｓａｃｕｔｉｓｃｕｔｕｓＴｅｎｇ前若螨,标本均采自吉林省白城的腐烂鼠巢。     

论奥陶纪三叶虫属Reedocalymene Kobayashi, 1951

由于建立Ｒｅｅｄｏｃａｌｙｍｅｎｅ一属的模式种标本保存甚差,长期以来,这一属的概念一直不甚明了,研究了峡东地区庙坡组新发现的丰富日保存完好的Ｒｅｅｄｏｃａｌｙｍｅｎｅ ｅｘｐａｎｓａ Ｙｉ材料,其中完整背过 首次发现。新材料揭示了以往Ｒｅｅｄｏｃａｌｙｍｅｎｅ的一些鲜为人知的背面和腹面形态,从而有可能对该属进行全面的修订,讨论了Ｒ．ｅｘ－ｐａｎｓａ的某些重要特征,如面线、前坑、腹边缘板、前舌以及壳     

四索跳小蜂属二新种(膜翅目:跳小蜂科)

本文记述跳小蜂科四索跳小蜂属二新种,白轮蚧四索跳小蜂Ｐｌａｇｉｏｍｅｒｕｓ ａｕｌａｃａｓｐｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和大棒四索跳小蜂Ｐｌａｇｉｏｍｅｒｕｓ ｍａｇｎｉｃｌａｖｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．标本采自云南省,从柑桔上的盾蚧育得。     

湘中锡矿山邵东组和孟公坳组孢子组合——兼论泥盆—石炭系界线

湘中锡矿山邵东组和孟公坳组共产小孢子４５属８３种（含１０个新种,３个新联合）可划分为４个孢子组合,即：Ｒｅｔｓｉｐｏｒａｌｅｐｉｄｏｐｈｙｔａ－Ａｐｉｃｕｌｉｒｅｔｕｓｉｓｐｏｒａｆｒｕｃｔｉｃｏｓａ（ＬＦ）组合,Ｒｕｇｏｓｐｏｒａｃｆ．ｆｌｅｘｕｏｓａ－Ｒｅｔｉｓｐｏｒａｌｅｐｉｄｏｐｈｙｔａ（ＦＬ）组合,Ｌｏｐｈｏｚｏｎｏｔｒｉｌｅｔｅｓｅｘｃｉｓｕｓ－Ｒｅｔｉｓｐｏｒａｌｅｐｉｄｏｐｈｙｔａ     

吉林省下盾螨属一新种(蜱螨亚纲:革螨股)

记述下盾螨属一新种：白城下盾螨Ｈｙｐｏａｓｐｉｓ ｂａｉｃｈｅｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ Ｍａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

湘中锡矿山邵东组和孟公坳组孢子组合──兼论泥盆－石炭系界线

湘中锡矿山邵东组和孟公坳组共产小孢子４５属８３种（含１０个新种,３个新联合）,可划分为４个孢子组合,即：Ｒｅｔｉｓｐｏｒａｌｅｐｉｄｏｐｈｙｔａ－Ａｐｉｃｕｌｉｒｅｔｕｓｉｓｐｏｒａｆｒｕｃｔｉｃｏｓａ（ＬＦ）组合,Ｒｕｇｏｓｐｏｒａｃｆ．ｆｌｅｘｕｏｓａ－Ｒｅｔｉｓｐｏｒａｌｅｐｉｄｏｐｈｙｔａ（ＦＬ）组合,ＬｏｐｈｏｚｏｎｏｔｒｉＩｅｔｅｓｅｘｃｉｓｕｓ－Ｒｅｔｉｓｐｏｒａｌｅｐｉｄｏｐｈｙｔａ（ＥＬ）组合和Ｃｒａｓｓｉｓｐｏｒａｃｆ．ｋｏｓａｎｋｅｉ－Ｌｙｃｏｓｐｏｒａｄｅｎｔｉｃｕｌａｔａ（ＫＤ）组合。根据孢子组合的特征,泥盆－石炭系界线置于ＥＬ与ＫＤ组合之间,即相当于孟公坳组中下部与上部之间。     

长岭下盾螨新种记录（蜱螨亚纲：厉螨科）

记述下盾螨属Ｈｙｐｏａｓｐｉｓ１新种，长岭下盾螨Ｈｙｐｏａｓｐｉｓ ｃｈａｎｇｌｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ，ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本存全疫布氏菌病防治基地（吉林省白城市）。     

辽东寒武纪三叶虫Redlichia (Pteroredlichia) murakamii Resser et Endo的蜕壳

华北辽东本溪寒武纪三叶虫Redlichia(Pteroredlichia)murakamii蜕壳标本完好地保存了头盖向下翻转的蜕壳状态,为寒武纪Redlichia的蜕壳模式提供了新的视角。此标本自由颊未保留,胸尾相连,头盖与胸部分离,头盖向下翻转,基本保持原位,为原地埋藏的蜕壳标本。蜕壳过程如下:面线裂开,头盖耸起卷曲并翻转,与胸部分离,胸部扭动,虫体摆脱老壳向前爬出。此蜕壳方式在McNamara(1986)报道的澳大利亚寒武纪Redlichia的蜕壳类型中并未出现。     

Techniques of trilobite exuviation

Examples of the trilobites Toxochasmops extensus (Boeck, 1838), Asaphiscus wheeleri Meek, 1874, Encrinurus mitchelli Foerste, 1888, Ogygopsis klotzi (Rominger, 1887), Paradoxides davidis Salter, 1863 and Oryctocephalus spp. which are interpreted as exuvial configurations, are described. Four specimens of Toxochasmops extensus arc known in which the pygidium rests either directly behind the eephalon, or with only three intervening thoracic segments. It is considered that during exuviation the old pygidium became wedged behind the cephalon. This facilitated its removal. An ecdysial configuration of Asaphiscus wheeleri is described which possesses inverted and partially rotated free cheeks. In addition, part of the thorax of the specimen is wedged obliquely behind the cephalon. This is considered to have aided withdrawal of the trilobite from its old exoskeleton. Two specimens of Encrinurus mitchelli are described which possess free cheeks inverted beneath the cranidium by lateral rotation, in a manner similar to that of A. wheeleri. Three examples of Ogygopsis klotzi are described, one a failed exuvia and two in which the free cheeks were inverted and rotated through 180° with respect to their original position and came to rest beneath the thorax. An identical exuvia of Paradoxides davidis trapezopyge is also described. Two specimens of Oryctocephalus exhibiting two different arrangements of inverted free cheeks are recorded. Possible mechanisms for each of these free cheek inversions are proposed.     

Structure, ontogeny, and moulting of the olenid trilobite Ctenopyge (Eoctenopyge) angusta Westergård, 1922 from the upper Cambrian of Västergötland, Sweden

The genus Ctenopyge is known mainly from disarticulated sclerites and from rare complete specimens flattened in shales. Hitherto, very few specimens have been found preserved intact and in three dimensions. In a recently discovered fauna, however, in the Peltura minor Subzone in Västergötland, central Sweden, there occur several species of Ctenopyge , of which many are complete and superbly preserved; moreover they occur at all stages of growth. Of these the abundant Ctenopyge ( Eoctenopyge ) angusta Westergård, 1922 is described and reconstructed here as an adult, and the entire ontogeny is documented for all post–protaspid growth stages. Many characters typical of the adult, such as the long genal spines and the caudal spine, develop very early in ontogeny, and the relative dimensions of the cranidium do not greatly change during growth. Macropleural spines, however, develop later. The transitory pygidium, relatively large and shield–shaped in the early meraspid, later becomes very small as the ten thoracic segments are liberated; a median spine develops on the last thoracic segment only at the holaspid stage. Instar groupings can be clearly distinguished for the early stages. Recurrent associations of sclerites are interpreted as moulting configurations. As reconstructed, the genal spines are horizontal and parallel with the extended thorax; an adaptation which presumably allowed the trilobite to rest on the sea floor.     

An exceptional record of Cambrian trilobite moulting behaviour preserved in the Emu Bay Shale,South Australia

Trilobites dominate the Emu Bay Shale (EBS) assemblage (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4, South Australia) in terms of numbers, with Estaingia bilobata Pocock 1964 being extremely abundant, and the larger Redlichia takooensis Lu 1950 , being common. Many specimens within the EBS represent complete moulted exoskeletons, which is unusual for Cambrian fossil deposits. The abundance of complete moults provides an excellent record that has allowed the recognition of various recurrent moult configurations for both species, enabling the inference of movement sequences required to produce such arrangements. Moult configurations of E. bilobata are characterized by slight displacement of the joined rostral plate and librigenae, often accompanied by detachment of the cranidium, suggesting ecdysis was achieved by anterior withdrawal via opening of the cephalic sutures. Moulting in R. takooensis often followed the same method, but configurations show greater displacement of cephalic sclerites, suggesting more vigorous movement by the animal during moulting. Both species also show rare examples of Salter's configuration, with the entire cephalon anteriorly inverted, and several other unusual configurations. These results indicate that moulting in trilobites was a more variable process than originally thought. In contrast, other Cambrian Konservat‐Lagerstätten with an abundance of trilobites (e.g. Wheeler Shale, USA, and Mount Stephen Trilobite Beds, Canada) show larger numbers of ‘axial shields’ and isolated sclerites, often interpreted as disarticulated exuviae. This points to a higher level of disturbance from factors, such as animal activity, depositional processes or water movement, compared to that of the EBS, where quiescent conditions and intermittent seafloor anoxia contributed to an unparalleled trilobite moulting record.     

Wolf-Ernst Reif (1945–2009)

It has been claimed that olenellids, long regarded as trilobites, are more closely related to chelicerates than to the rest of the trilobite clade (Lauterbach 1980). This was based on an interpretation of the homologies of segmental arrangement in the thorax, and of the thoracic axial spine. It is shown that there are more synapomorphies uniting accepted trilobites with the olenellids, than there are uniting olenellids with chelicerates. At least seven characters serve to define Trilobita as a natural, monophyletic group. These include the presence of a pygidium, the unique optical system, the presence of eye ridges, circum‐ocular ecdysial sutures, and the construction of the hypostome. Olenelloids include the most primitive of the trilobites, retaining three (possibly four) primitive characters, including the permarginal suture, flange‐like thoracic articulation and highly expressed segmentation on the larval cranidia. If facial sutures are primitively absent in the Trilobita there is no obvious olenelloid autapomorphy, and they may constitute a paraphyletic group.     

Two middle Cambrian diceratocephalid trilobites, Cyclolorenzella convexa and Diceratocephalus cornutus, from Korea: development and functional morphology

Park, T.-Y. & Choi, D.K. 2010: Two middle Cambrian diceratocephalid trilobites, Cyclolorenzella convexa and Diceratocephalus cornutus , from Korea: development and functional morphology. Lethaia , Vol. 43, pp. 73–87.
Silicified sclerites of the latest middle Cambrian trilobites, Cyclolorenzella convexa and Diceratocephalus cornutus , have been recovered from the Sesong Formation, Korea. Their morphological similarity and stratigraphic occurrences suggest that D. cornutus is a descendant of C. convexa . The ontogenies of both trilobites demonstrate that a pair of long frontal horns in the cephalon of D. cornutus is an evolutionarily novel structure. It is inferred that redeployment of some pre-existing regulatory gene played a significant role in constructing the frontal horns of D. cornutus . The frontal horns may have been a defensive structure to deter predators. The facial suture of D. cornutus , which extends onto the frontal horns and splits them into the dorsal and ventral halves, was a solution to enable easier forward egression during ecdysis. □ Functional morphology, Korea, Middle Cambrian, ontogeny, trilobites .     

Leonaspis guangxiensis Zhou in Zhou and Liu,1977的蜕壳埋葬学研究

在广西南丹罗富的塘丁组上部,Ductina(Illaenula)vietnamica Maxi mova层之下采到一块Leonaspis guangxiensis Zhou in Zhou and Liu,1977较完好的蜕壳后的原地埋葬标本,标本上反映了它的面线起机能作用,在蜕壳时裂开,在蜕壳过程中,头盖、活动颊、胸节2、3节的裂开并错动,尾部掀开并被推移到左侧。     

Lower Cambrian trace fossil evidence for predation on trilobites

Predation upon trilobites previously has been inferred from large coprolites containing trilobite fragments, and from specimens of trilobites with healed wounds. The discovery of large burrows ( Dolopichnus gulosus , n. ichnogen., n. ichnosp.) in micritic quartz arenite of the Lower Cambrian Poleta Formation in Esmeralda County, Nevada, suggests that sea anemones preyed upon trilobites. Dolopichnus n. ichnogen., vertical cylindrical burrows with a central cylindrical core, is interpreted as dwelling burrows of sea anemones. In the specimens studied, the core contains coarser-grained material, and in one series of burrows, is composed of trilobitc fragments and micrite pellets. cemented with sparite. The central cylinder is interpreted to be a cast of the sea anemone's coelenteron, which in some specimens contains stomach contents.     

Trilobite tagmosis and body patterning from morphological and developmental perspectives

The Trilobita were characterized by a cephalic region in whichthe biomineralized exoskeleton showed relatively high morphologicaldifferentiation among a taxonomically stable set of well definedsegments, and an ontogenetically and taxonomically dynamic trunkregion in which both exoskeletal segments and ventral appendageswere similar in overall form. Ventral appendages were homonomousbiramous limbs throughout both the cephalon and trunk, exceptfor the most anterior appendage pair that was antenniform, preoral,and uniramous, and a posteriormost pair of antenniform cerci,known only in one species. In some clades trunk exoskeletalsegments were divided into two batches. In some, but not all,of these clades the boundary between batches coincided withthe boundary between the thorax and the adult pygidium. Therepeated differentiation of the trunk into two batches of segmentsfrom the homonomous trunk condition indicates an evolutionarytrend in aspects of body patterning regulation that was achievedindependently in several trilobite clades. The phylogeneticplacement of trilobites and congruence of broad patterns oftagmosis with those seen among extant arthropods suggest thatthe expression domains of trilobite cephalic Hox genes may haveoverlapped in a manner similar to that seen among extant arachnates.This, coupled with the fact that trilobites likely possessedten Hox genes, presents one alternative to a recent model inwhich Hox gene distribution in trilobites was equated to eightputative divisions of the trilobite body plan.