小油桐籽提取液对作物种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

研究不同浓度的小油桐籽水提取液及酒精提取液对‘贵杂110号’油菜、‘卓越’黑麦草及‘早麦10号’小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,小油桐籽水提取液对3种作物种子发芽率、幼苗的芽长及根长有抑制作用,且随浓度提高抑制作用增强;酒精提取液对黑麦草与小麦的种子发芽、幼苗芽和根的生长有抑制作用,但特定浓度可促进油菜幼苗芽的生长。     

~(60)Co-γ射线辐照对豇豆M1代生长发育的影响

用~(60)Co-γ射线对3个豇豆品种(天畅9号、詹豇215、早生王)干种子进行200 Gy、400 Gy、~(60)0 Gy、800 Gy和1 000 Gy辐照处理,研究不同剂量对豇豆M1代生长发育的影响。结果表明:低剂量下效应不明显,高剂量对生育进程有延后和抑制作用,发芽势、发芽率、出苗率、生长速率及叶绿素含量下降,叶片变小,分枝数、有效花梗数、结荚数减少;豇豆不同品种对γ射线敏感性不同,天畅9号、詹豇215、早生王的半致死剂量分别为234 Gy、490 Gy、553 Gy。     

^60Co-γ辐照油茶种子对其幼苗生长的影响

本试验探讨3个油茶品种（‘岑软2号’、‘岑软3号’、‘岑软11号’）种子经不同剂量（1000、2000、3000rad）^60Co-γ辐照后,测量其一年半生幼苗的苗高及地径生长情况。结果表明：1000rad辐射剂量对‘岑软3号’的苗高生长起促进作用;1000rad和2000rad辐射剂量对‘岑软2号’的地径生长有促进作用,1000、3000rad辐射剂量对‘岑软11号’的地径生长起抑制作用。     

光质对水稻幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

以荧光灯为对照,采用发光二极管（light emitting diode,LED）精确调制不同光谱能量分布,研究了光质对‘武运粳7号’和‘抗优63’两种水稻幼苗生长及生理特性的影响.结果表明：光质对两个品种水稻幼苗生长有显著影响且存在差异.蓝光显著抑制幼苗株高,提高‘武运粳7号’叶片的可溶性蛋白含量及两个品种水稻五叶期幼苗的壮苗指数;红光显著提高三叶期幼苗的茎基直径、壮苗指数以及五叶期叶片的可溶性糖和淀粉含量;红蓝组合光显著提高三叶期幼苗的根数、茎基直径、壮苗指数、根系活力和可溶性糖含量,以及五叶期幼苗的鲜、干质量、壮苗指数、叶片可溶性糖和蔗糖含量;黄光可在幼苗生长初期明显增加株高,提高叶片色素含量.总体上,红蓝组合光有利于培育水稻壮苗.     

黄瓜砧用白籽南瓜对不同盐胁迫的耐性评价

采用营养液栽培,研究Ca(NO₃)₂和NaCl胁迫对黄瓜嫁接用砧木南瓜幼苗生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响,并用隶属函数法综合评价其耐盐性.结果表明： 低浓度盐30 mmol·L^-1Ca(NO₃)₂和等渗的45 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理促进砧木幼苗生长;高浓度盐60、120 mmol·L^-1Ca(NO₃)₂和等渗的90、180 mmol·L^-1NaCl胁迫下,各砧木幼苗的生长和抗氧化酶系统均受到不同程度的抑制,其中,‘青砧1号’的盐害指数最小,生物量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的下降幅度以及相对电导率的上升幅度均小于其他砧木.高盐Ca(NO₃)₂胁迫下,各砧木SOD、POD和CAT酶活性均高于等渗的NaCl,而盐害指数和相对电导率低于NaCl,表明Ca(NO₃)₂对砧木南瓜幼苗生长的危害小于NaCl.4个砧木品种的耐盐性顺序为‘青砧1号’>‘佐木南瓜’>‘丰源铁甲’>‘超霸南瓜’.     

UV-B辐射对拟南芥种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以哥伦比亚生态型(Columbia-0)拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)为实验材料, 人工模拟UV-B辐照处理拟南芥种子, 统计其发芽势和发芽率, 测定根长、株高、叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白以及丙二醛(MDA)含量, 研究UV-B辐照处理对拟南芥种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。研究结果表明, 低剂量的UV-B辐照可以促进拟南芥种子萌发和幼苗生长, 并且最佳辐照剂量为1.0 kJ·m^–2(P<0.05), 此时的发芽势、发芽率、根长、株高、叶绿素、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白的含量均达到最大, 而丙二醛的含量变化则不明显(P>0.05)。当辐照剂量大于1.0 kJ·m^–2时, 促进作用逐渐变小, 并且随着辐照剂量的增加, 表现出了抑制作用。实验结果表明, 适当剂量的UV-B辐照在一定程度上可以促进拟南芥种子萌发和幼苗生长, 而过高剂量的辐照则对其产生抑制或损伤作用。     

干旱胁迫下亚精胺对玉米幼苗抗旱性影响的生理生化机制

为探究外源亚精胺(Spd)在增强玉米干旱胁迫耐受性中的作用,以‘先玉335’(干旱不敏感型)和‘丰禾1’(干旱敏感型)为试验材料,采用营养液水培法,研究了15%聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫下,外源Spd (0.1 mmol·L^-1)对玉米幼苗生长、光合特性、叶绿素含量、渗透调节物质、活性氧生成、膜质过氧化及根系活力的影响.结果表明:干旱胁迫下,外源Spd处理可显著促进干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗的生长;提高叶绿素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和水分利用效率(WUE),减缓‘丰禾1’叶片中胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)的升高,有效减轻干旱胁迫对玉米幼苗叶片光合作用的气孔限制和非气孔限制;增加脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量;降低O₂^-·生成速率、H₂O₂和丙二醛(MDA)含量、细胞膜透性,有效缓解了胁迫对膜的伤害;增强幼苗根系活力;其中干旱敏感品种‘丰禾1’变化幅度大于耐旱品种‘先玉335’.表明在干旱胁迫下,外源Spd能促进玉米幼苗对光能的捕获与转换,增强光合作用,促进幼苗的生长,并能够通过减少玉米幼苗体内活性氧的产生,增加渗透调节物质的积累以稳定细胞膜系统,提高根系活力,从而增强幼苗对干旱逆境的适应性,且对干旱敏感品种‘丰禾1’的效果更显著.     

盐胁迫对不同品种小白菜种子萌发特性的影响

采用5个小白菜(Brassica chinensis)品种(‘七宝青’、‘夏冬青’、‘四月慢’、‘南京中杆’和‘605’),用100 mmol/L NaCl对种子发芽作盐胁迫处理,从发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、盐害指数、胚长和胚鲜重等指标比较了5个小白菜品种的抗盐性。结果表明,‘七宝青’种子的耐盐性优于其它品种。     

半导体激光辐照对花生种子活力的影响

采用３５０ｎｗ,８１０ｎｍ近红外光导体激光辐照花生干种子,经激光辐照后,种子胚根生长速度加快,胚根长度增加,侧根数目增加,种子出苗率提高。幼苗苗鲜重与根鲜重指标均高于对照组。实验证明,适当剂量的近红外半导体激光辐照可提高花生种子活力,促进幼苗生长。     

He-Ne 激光辐照与UV-B 辐射对小麦幼苗细胞器中Na+/K+-ATP 酶活性的影响

分别采用5 mJ.s^-1.mm^-2 He-Ne激光辐照、10.08 kJ.m^-2.d^-1增强UV-B辐射及二者组合对小麦(Triticum aestivum)晋麦8号(Triticum aestivum ‘Jinmai8’)幼苗进行处理。第5 天开始测定各处理小麦幼苗叶片中线粒体、叶绿体及细胞溶质中Na⁺/K⁺-ATP酶活性的变化。结果表明, 随着处理天数的增加, 小麦幼苗叶片线粒体、叶绿体及细胞溶质中Na⁺/K⁺-ATP酶活性均在第6天下降, 第7天升高, 而后又逐渐下降。在处理的第7天, 仅He-Ne激光辐照可使小麦幼苗叶片线粒体、叶绿体及细胞溶质中Na⁺/K⁺-ATP酶活性升高; 增强UV-B辐射使各细胞器中Na⁺/K⁺-ATP酶活性下降; 复合处理后小麦各细胞器中Na⁺/K⁺-ATP酶活性均高于UV-B单独辐射处理。实验结果表明 , 一定剂量的He-Ne激光辐照能够部分修复UV-B辐射对小麦幼苗细胞器中Na^+/K⁺-ATP酶造成的损伤。     

Radiosensitivity and Biological Effects of Gamma and X-Rays on Germination and Seedling Vigour of Three Coffea arabica Varieties

Effects of gamma and X-ray treatments were studied on three varieties of Coffea arabica (Kent, Mundo Novo and Geisha) to determine their radiosensitivity and relative biological effects. The coffee varieties seeds were subjected to 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 400 Gy of gamma and X-rays from Cobalt 60 (⁶⁰Co) source irradiation. The irradiated seeds were pre-germinated in Petri dishes placed in a germination chamber, whilst some were sown in the greenhouse for germination studies. Data were collected on germination date and rate, root and hypocotyl length to determine the relative biological effectiveness of treatments and the optimum dose. The results showed varieties responding differently to the irradiations and doses. There was a decrease in germination with increasing doses of the irradiation. The X-ray-treated seeds had less germination percentage and seedling vigour measured at 28 days after treatment compared to the gamma-irradiated seeds. The irradiation effects on germination suggest that lower doses of X-rays give the same Relative Biological Effects as higher gamma doses for both growth chamber and greenhouse germination for Geisha at LD₅₀, where the effects were similar for the two irradiations. Whereas 50–100 Gy stimulated germination and seedling vigour, 150 Gy adversely affected germination and no germination occurred at 200–400 Gy. The study concluded that all the coffee varieties evaluated are sensitive to gamma and X-ray irradiation in terms of germination, seedling vigour and biological effects with an optimum dose of 50–100 Gy. Therefore, both gamma and X-rays could be utilized in a future mutational breeding programme for coffee seedlings.

     

黄瓜种子及其萌发期的化感作用研究

以大白菜、萝卜、番茄和黄瓜种子为受体,采用实验室培养皿种子发芽生物测试法研究了黄瓜种子浸提液、种子萌发、胚根和芽苗分泌物、芽苗腐解物和芽苗浸提液的化感效应。结果表明:(1)黄瓜种子浸提液对大白菜、萝卜、番茄和黄瓜种子萌发均有化感抑制作用,即黄瓜种子内含有某些化感抑制物质。(2)在水浸提过的黄瓜种子萌发过程中,它不仅对其近邻套种的大白菜、萝卜和番茄种子萌发产生化感抑制作用,而且其胚根和芽苗分泌物对后茬播种的4种蔬菜种子发芽也表现出不同程度的化感抑制作用;黄瓜芽苗腐解物和芽苗水浸提液也对各受体蔬菜种子发芽与生长产生不同程度的化感抑制作用,且随着腐解芽苗量的增加或浸提液浓度的升高,各受体蔬菜种子的发芽指标值、化感效应指数值和综合效应值随之降低。(3)黄瓜种子浸提液及芽苗各器官的化感物质对黄瓜种子的萌发与生长产生了自毒作用,且黄瓜芽苗腐解物、芽苗浸提液、胚根及芽苗分泌物对受体黄瓜的自毒作用均为最大。研究发现,黄瓜种子浸提液、种子萌发时期以及芽苗各器官的化感物质主要是通过抑制受体胚根的生长而起化感抑制作用,即受体蔬菜种子胚根对化感效应最为敏感;因黄瓜种子及萌发期释放化感物质的途径有所不同,导致受体大白菜、萝卜、黄瓜和番茄的化感响应也不相同;在黄瓜种子萌发和芽苗生长的早期,化感物质即开始在芽苗体内进行合成与积累,一部分可通过胚根和芽苗分泌途径释放到环境中,另一部分可通过芽苗腐解途径释放化感物质,并对受体蔬菜种子萌发与生长表现出较强的化感抑制作用。     

铁核桃根与叶水浸提液对果园间作绿肥植物的化感作用及其生理机制

以西南地区具有代表性的16种绿肥植物为受体材料,采用培养皿药膜法研究了铁核桃(Juglans sigillata)根水浸提液对受体种子发芽率及幼苗鲜重、干重的化感效应;并进一步研究了铁核桃根、叶水浸提液和胡桃醌对化感效应存在明显差异的4种绿肥植物(绿豆、红三叶、白三叶、花生)种子萌发与幼苗生长以及抗氧化酶特性的影响,以筛选适宜中国西南地区核桃园种植的绿肥植物,探讨核桃根和凋落物对绿肥作物的化感作用机制。结果表明:(1)铁核桃根水浸提液对绿豆的发芽率没有影响,但对绿豆幼苗鲜重和干重有显著抑制作用,而对其他15种绿肥的发芽率和鲜重、干重均有抑制作用。(2)胡桃醌显著抑制绿豆种子萌发,而铁核桃根或叶水浸提液对绿豆种子萌发没有影响。(3)铁核桃根或叶水浸提液以及胡桃醌对绿肥植物幼苗生长的化感效应趋势一致,但核桃根或叶水浸提液的化感效应强于胡桃醌。(4)绿豆幼苗在铁核桃根或叶水浸提液以及胡桃醌处理下,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性均高于其他3种(红三叶、白三叶、花生)受体幼苗,表明绿豆清除活性氧能力高,细胞受损害程度较低,受化感作用影响最弱。研究认为,绿豆为适宜中国西南地区幼龄核桃园种植的间作绿肥植物。     

A comparative study of the differential radiosensitivity of seeds, seedlings and tissue cultures of the Japanese morning glory (Pharbitis nil)

Radiobiological effects of gamma rays on seeds, seedlings andcallus tissues of Pharbitis nil were investigated. Strikingdifferences in radiosensitivity were observed among the threetypes. Seedlings treated with doses between 2 and 12 Kr showedsuch morphological effects as stunted growth of the hypocotyl,severe inhibition of root formation and of the development oftrue leaves. Low dose irradiation of seeds resulted in a positivestimulation in seedling height. Higher doses, however, provedlethal; seed germination was inhibited and in seedlings theleaves became chlorotic and development was arrested. Callustissues were more resistant to radiation and could withstanddoses up to 30 Kr. ¹Present address: Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic ResearchCentre, Bombay 400 085, India. ²Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Universityof Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-31, Japan. (Received September 22, 1975; )     

Light limitation and litter of an invasive clonal plant,Wedelia trilobata,inhibit its seedling recruitment

Background and Aims

Invasive clonal plants have two reproduction patterns, namely sexual and vegetative propagation. However, seedling recruitment of invasive clonal plants can decline as the invasion process proceeds. For example, although the invasive clonal Wedelia trilobata (Asteraceae) produces numerous seeds, few seedlings emerge under its dense population canopy in the field. In this study it is hypothesized that light limitation and the presence of a thick layer of its own litter may be the primary factors causing the failure of seedling recruitment for this invasive weed in the field.

Methods

A field survey was conducted to determine the allocation of resources to sexual reproduction and seedling recruitment in W. trilobata. Seed germination was also determined in the field. Effects of light and W. trilobata leaf extracts on seed germination and seedling growth were tested in the laboratory.

Key Results

Wedelia trilobata blooms profusely and produces copious viable seeds in the field. However, seedlings of W. trilobata were not detected under mother ramets and few emerged seedlings were found in the bare ground near to populations. In laboratory experiments, low light significantly inhibited seed germination. Leaf extracts also decreased seed germination and inhibited seedling growth, and significant interactions were found between low light and leaf extracts on seed germination. However, seeds were found to germinate in an invaded field after removal of the W. trilobata plant canopy.

Conclusions

The results indicate that lack of light and the presence of its own litter might be two major factors responsible for the low numbers of W. trilobata seedlings found in the field. New populations will establish from seeds once the limiting factors are eliminated, and seeds can be the agents of long-distance dispersal; therefore, prevention of seed production remains an important component in controlling the spread of this invasive clonal plant.     

Promotion by 5-Aminolevulinic Acid of Germination of Pakchoi (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. communis Tsen et Lee) Seeds Under Salt Stress

The seed germination and seedling growth of pakchoi (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var.communis Tsen et Lee cv. Hanxiao) were not significantly inhibited until the concentration of NaCl was increased to150 mmol/L. Treatment of pakchoi seeds with exogenous 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10.00 mg/L, promoted seed germination when seeds were stressed by salinity, whereas levulinic acid (LA), an inhibitor of ALA dehydrase, significantly inhibited seed germination and seedling growth, suggesting that metabolism of ALA into porphyrin compounds was necessary for seed germination and seedling growth. Determination of respiratory rate during seed germination showed that ALA increased seed respiration under both normal conditions and salt stress. Furthermore, salt stress decreased levels of endogenous ALA, as well as heme, in etiolated seedlings. More salt-tolerant cultivars of pakchoi contained higher relative levels of endogenous ALA and heme under conditions of salt stress.These results indicate that salt stress may inhibit the biosynthesis of endogenous ALA and then heme,which is necessary for seed germination, and treatment of seeds with exogenous ALA prior to germination may be associated with the biosynthesis of heme.     

果肉和埋土深度对新疆野杏种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响

为探明新疆野杏（Armeniaca vulgaris）种子萌发与幼苗生长对果肉和埋土深度的响应,以期为新疆野杏的天然更新与实生苗培育提供理论参考。通过2种果皮结构（有果肉和无果肉）的种子在不同埋土深度（地表至18.0 cm的14个梯度）对新疆野杏种子萌发和幼苗生长进行研究,旨在揭示果皮结构和埋土深度对新疆野杏种子萌发与成苗能力的影响。结果表明：果肉和埋土深度显著影响野杏种子的萌发、幼苗生长与质量（P<0.05）。埋土深度<3.0 cm不利于成苗,埋土深度>6.0 cm时,萌发能力与幼苗生长量随埋土深度的增加而降低,3.0~6.0 cm为适宜埋土深度。无果肉种子萌发优于有果肉种子,萌发率、萌发指数、成苗率、活力指数分别增长了37.18%、3.88%、37.18%、26.59%,幼苗高、基径、叶片数量、根冠比、幼苗质量指数分别增长了36.99%、7.48%、68.69%、20.61%、14.29%,其萌发能力与幼苗生长量显著高于有果肉种子（P<0.05）。有无果肉种子的萌发和幼苗生长指标与埋土深度呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。研究结果表明,无果肉处理对新疆野杏种子萌发和幼苗生长具有一定的促进作用,在埋土深度为3.0~6.0 cm时,新疆野杏种子萌发整齐性高。     

Promotion by 5-Aminolevulinic Acid of Germination of Pakchoi （Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. communis Tsen et Lee） Seeds Under Salt Stress

The seed germination and seedling growth of pakchoi （Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. communis Tsen et Lee cv. Hanxiao） were not significantly inhibited until the concentration of NaCl was increased to 150 mmol/L. Treatment of pakchoi seeds with exogenous 5-aminolevulinic acid （ALA）, at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10.00 mg/L, promoted seed germination when seeds were stressed by salinity, whereas levulinic acid （LA）, an inhibitor of ALA dehydrase, significantly inhibited seed germination and seedling growth, suggesting that metabolism of ALA into porphyrin compounds was necessary for seed germination and seedling growth. Determination of respiratory rate during seed germination showed that ALA increased seed respiration under both normal conditions and salt stress. Furthermore, salt stress decreased levels of endogenous ALA, as well as heme, in etiolated seedlings. More salt-tolerant cultivars of pakchoi contained higher relative levels of endogenous ALA and heme under conditions of salt stress. These results indicate that salt stress may inhibit the biosynthesis of endogenous ALA and then heme, which is necessary for seed germination, and treatment of seeds with exogenous ALA prior to germination may be associated with the biosynthesis of heme.     

Seed size effect on seedling growth under different light conditions in the clonal herb Ligularia virgaurea in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

We studied the influence of seed size on germination, seedling growth and seedling responses to light in Ligularia virgaurea, a clonal herb native to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. (1) Under unshaded conditions, large seeds had significantly (P < 0.001) higher rates of germination than did small seeds. Both large and small seeds showed significantly reduced levels of germination under shaded conditions. The magnitude of this effect was greater for small seeds than for large seed. (2) Seedlings from large seeds had significantly higher rates of biomass accumulation (g · day⁻¹) than did seedlings from small seeds. The total biomass of seedlings from larger seeds is larger than that from smaller ones. And seedlings from large and small seeds also differed in biomass allocation. (3) Seedlings from small seeds have higher relative growth rates (RGR; g · g⁻¹ · day⁻¹) than do seedlings from large seeds under both shaded and unshaded conditions. In contrast, there was no significant difference in leaf area ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA) or leaf weight ratio (LWR) between seedlings from small and large seeds. RGR, LAR, SLA and LWR were all significantly higher in seedlings grown under shaded conditions than under unshaded conditions.