灵香草的一种严重病害调查研究初报

<正> 灵香草的斑枯病俗称“点蜡烛”病,历来是灵香草的毁灭性病害。此病分布于广西金秀县各个灵香草产区;融水、龙胜等灵香草产地亦有此病发生。一般发病率60～70％,严重的往往达80％～90％,甚至失收。如1980年8月,金秀县外贸局为扶植生产队发展灵香草生产,无偿拨给金秀二队种苗300斤,分给社员种植。灵香草生长到高约23—27厘米时,全部病死腐烂。因此,要发展灵香草生产,必须有效地防治这种病害。     

天然香料灵香草及其栽培技术

灵香草香味浓郁,是一种优良的天然香料。用该草提取香精调制各种产品,芬芳巂永,经久不散。所以广泛用于高级食品及日用品的调香,如茅台酒、山西汾酒、糖果,香烟及日用化妆品等,因此具有很高的经济价值。灵香草属报春花科多年生草本植物、生长在成片的长绿阔叶林下。其分布的经纬度、海拔高度和对温度的要求与长绿阔叶林相同,并常与长绿落叶林伴生。由于灵香草只能生存在林下受散射光照射。因此生态特征与阳性植物有所区別。现就灵香草主要器管——根、茎、     

中药灵香草及其混淆品种的比较鉴别

本文比较了中药灵香草Lysimachia foenum-graecum Hance及其混淆品种垂花香草Lysimaehia nutantiflora Chen et C.M.Hu的植物形态、药材性状以及茎、叶组织显微特征。指出垂花香草无灵香草特有的芳香。也无药用记载。应仔细区别,不宜混用。     

广西灵香草挥发油化学成分

灵香草(Lysimachia foenum-graecum Hance)又名零陵香,为报春花科(Primulaceae)排草属(Lysimachia L.)植物,主产广西、云南、广东、四川、贵州等地[1].灵香草性味甘、淡、平,具行气、止痛、驱蛔功能,药理实验证明具有抑制流感病毒作用[2]; 其挥发油香气浓郁且持久,是烟用香精的重要赋香剂之一.     

灵香草净油化学成分分析及杀虫活性组分的应用研究

对灵香草净油成分进行GC-MS-DS分析,共分离得到104个色谱峰,鉴定出66个化学成分,其中6个化学成分为首次报道,净油主要成分为脂肪酸。分别用灵香草原材料粉末及乙酸乙酯、95%乙醇等不同溶剂的提取液,对跳蚤进行了味杀、触杀试验,试验结果表明:其活性组分在乙酸乙酯提取液中。把该提取液稀释到5%时,对动物体表的跳蚤有较好的杀灭效果。     

细梗香草驯化栽培技术

细梗香草驯化栽培技术①施开鸿郭达伟陈碧玲谢望铭（福建龙岩地区农科所３６４０００）（福建长汀县策武乡３６６３００）细梗香草（ＬｙｓｉｎａｃｈｉａｃａｐｉｌｉｐｅｓＨｅｎｓｅ）又名香排草、香草。商品名称小叶灵香草。植株干后,具有浓郁香气且持久,定香力很强...     

排草香的开发与利用

排草香的开发与利用彭海鹏（湖南省进出口公司４１０００１）排香草为报春花科排草属植物细梗香草ＬｙｓｉｍａｃｈｉａｃａｐｉｌｉｐｅｓＨｅｍａｓｌ的全草。又名排草、香排草、香草。商品名称小叶灵香草。它分布于山区沟谷林下阴湿地,为一年生草本。茎直立,高约５０...     

灵香草化学成分的初步研究

利用不同溶剂提取,柱层析分离,并通过色谱/质谱/计算机联用仪分析和检索,从灵香草中鉴定出100个已知化学成分。此外,还鉴定出蔗糖、β—谷甾醇、棕榈酸。     

细梗香草中化学成分及其抗肿瘤活性研究进展

细梗香草是我国民间中草药,其化学成分主要为黄酮、皂苷和挥发油等。细梗香草皂是苷结构多样,且具良好的抗肿瘤活性。本文针对细梗香草植物的化学成分和抗肿瘤活性进行阐述,以期为该植物的开发利用提供参考。     

世界烹调香草

烹调香草逐渐受到人们的关注,用作烹调香草的植物种类很多,一些烹调香草也是药用植物,本文对世界主要烹调香草进行了综述,为进一步开发利用提供依据。     

The implications of accepting untestedhypotheses: a review of the effectsof purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)in North America

The acceptance of poorly tested hypotheses has adverse scientific consequences, and may have adverse ecological and social consequences. The hypothesis that purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) has deleterious effects on North American wetlands is an example. We traced the history of purple loosestrife and its control in North America and found little scientific evidence consistent with the hypothesis that purple loosestrife has deleterious effects. The most commonly cited study of the effects of purple loosestrife on native flora and fauna produced inconclusive results. The general acceptance of this hypothesis, however, has resulted in the introduction of nonindigenous insects for biological control. Efforts to control purple loosestrife may be misplayed and may have long-term ecological consequences if loosestrife does not have the impact it is believed to have. The acceptance of this hypothesis using scientific justifications may affect future scientific credibil ity. Careful evaluation of the precautionary principle is necessary when considering the control of nonindigenous organisms.     

千屈菜一种新害虫——肾毒蛾

肾毒蛾Cifuna locuples Walker是2007年在武汉发现危害千屈菜(Lythrumsalicaria L.)的一种新害虫,幼虫能取食千屈菜叶片和花朵。室外观察和室内饲养结果表明,肾毒蛾在武汉市1年发生3代,以低龄幼虫越冬,次年3～4月开始为害。5月初越冬代成虫出现,6月下旬第1代成虫羽化,8月中旬第2代成虫羽化。成虫羽化1d后即可分多次产卵于叶背,卵粒数十几到两百多粒。幼虫有5龄,初孵幼虫群集为害,2龄以后分散取食,4～5龄取食量大。幼虫在叶背吐丝结稀疏的薄茧化蛹。     

Potential of aquatic macrophytes and artificial floating island for removing contaminants

Eutrophication is a major environmental issue that mankind is facing today as a result of rapid development. To reduce the eutrophication problem, we are testing an innovative artificial floating islands (AFIs) approach. AFIs include aquatic plants composed of emergent and floating macrophytes. In this experimental approach, two aquatic plants were selected to compare with the control group in order to evaluate the capacity of AFIs. These two emergent macrophytes were evaluated for a 40-day timeframe to examine their ability to purify waste water. The results showed that an AFI with purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria Linn.) and one with yellow-flowered iris (Iris wilsonii) have a strong ability to remove nitrogen, phosphorus, and other pollutants from water bodies. The pollutant removal rates of the AFIs with purple loosestrife and yellow-flowered iris were almost over 50%. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) removal rates of the AFI with purple loosestrife were about 75%, 57%, 71%, respectively. At the same time, the COD, TN, and TP removal rates of the AFI with yellow-flowered iris were 60%, 49%, and 68%, respectively. AFIs with aeration are also a good way to remove pollutants. This study reveals that AFIs can be incorporated into wetlands to reduce the effects of water contamination and help strengthen wetland restoration.     

Should we care about purple loosestrife? The history of an invasive plant in North America

Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L., Lythraceae) is considered one of the worst invasive plant species in the world. In this paper, I reconstruct how purple loosestrife quickly became, after a long (150 years) period of indifference, the persona non grata of North American wetlands. I then compare the portrayal of the species in newspapers (907 articles) to that supported by the scientific literature (38 peer-review papers). The depiction of purple loosestrife in scientific studies (lacking definition) is far removed from that in newspapers (alarming). Some native species likely suffer from an invasion, but stating that this plant has large negative impacts on wetlands is probably exaggerated. If purple loosestrife is not a primary cause of extinction or a major contributor to the decline of other species, but is instead an indicator of anthropogenic disturbances, the resources and efforts devoted to removing this species might be better focused on more effective means to protect wetlands against disturbances.     

Impact and management of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in North America

The invasion of non-indigenous plants is considered a primary threat to integrity and function of ecosystems. However, there is little quantitative or experimental evidence for ecosystem impacts of invasive species. Justifications for control are often based on potential, but not presently realized, recognized or quantified, negative impacts. Should lack of scientific certainty about impacts of non-indigenous species result in postponing measures to prevent degradation? Recently, management of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), has been criticized for (1) lack of evidence demonstrating negative impacts of L. salicaria, and (2) management using biocontrol for lack of evidence documenting the failure of conventional control methods. Although little quantitative evidence on negative impacts on native wetland biota and wetland function was available at the onset of the control program in 1985, recent work has demonstrated that the invasion of purple loosestrife into North American freshwater wetlands alters decomposition rates and nutrient cycling, leads to reductions in wetland plant diversity, reduces pollination and seed output of the native Lythrum alatum, and reduces habitat suitability for specialized wetland bird species such as black terns, least bitterns, pied-billed grebes, and marsh wrens. Conventional methods (physical, mechanical or chemical), have continuously failed to curb the spread of purple loosestrife or to provide satisfactory control. Although a number of generalist insect and bird species utilize purple loosestrife, wetland habitat specialists are excluded by encroachment of L. salicaria. We conclude that (1) negative ecosystem impacts of purple loosestrife in North America justify control of the species and that (2) detrimental effects of purple loosestrife on wetland systems and biota and the potential benefits of control outweigh potential risks associated with the introduction of biocontrol agents. Long-term experiments and monitoring programs that are in place will evaluate the impact of these insects on purple loosestrife, on wetland plant succession and other wetland biota.     

Matrix habitat and plant damage influence colonization of purple loosestrife patches by specialist leaf-beetles

The characteristics of the matrix, that is, the unsuitable habitat connecting host-plant patches may facilitate or limit herbivore movement thus affecting their population dynamics. We evaluated the effect of matrix habitat, distance between patches, and plant damage on movement of two leaf-beetles (Galerucella calmariensis Linnaeus and G. pusilla Duft) introduced to North America as biocontrol agents of the invasive purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria Linnaeus). Mark-recapture/resight experiments indicated (1) that leaf-beetles are more likely to colonize purple loosestrife patches surrounded by meadow than forest; (2) that previously attacked purple loosestrife plants are more likely to be colonized by Galerucella spp. than unattacked plants, especially in the forest habitat; and (3) that leaf beetle colonization of purple loosestrife decreased with distance from release point. Low colonization rates of purple loosestrife patches embedded in forests suggest either insufficient detection or active avoidance of such habitats. Biological control programs intend to manage dispersal of specialized insect herbivores for the purpose of sufficient and sustained control of their host plants. Such management needs to be informed by knowledge of interactions of habitat structure, plant damage, and dispersal capabilities of herbivores to facilitate release programs and control at the local and regional level.     

Quantifying the effects of distance and conspecifics on colonization: experiments and models using the loosestrife leaf beetle, Galerucella calmariensis

The ability of an insect to disperse to new habitat patches is difficult to quantify, but key to the establishment and persistence of populations. In this study, we examined dispersal of the phytophagous chrysomelid beetle, Galerucella calmariensis, which is currently being introduced into North America for the biological control of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), an aggressive wetland weed. We used a mark, release, and recapture approach to determine how rates of colonization of host patches by this beetle are influenced by the distance of the patch from the source of dispersers, and by the presence of conspecifics at the patch. We released color-coded beetles at six distances from a long, linear patch of purple loosestrife that was divided into segments with and without conspecifics. We observed initial flight directions as beetles left the release points and collected all beetles that settled at the target patch. We found a bias in initial flight toward the target for distances up to 50 m. Over the 7 days of the experiment, beetles arrived at the target from all release points, including the farthest release point, 847 m away. G. calmariensis was strongly attracted to conspecifics when settling after dispersal; 86% of the 582 recovered beetles came from the segments inhabited by conspecifics. The probability of an individual arriving at the patch declined steeply with release distance. This relationship fits a model in which beetles move in a random direction and stop if they intercept the target patch, and where beetles are lost at a constant rate with distance travelled. The dispersal and patch-colonizing behavior of G. calmariensis is likely to have important consequences for the biological control program against purple loosestrife. Received: 23 January 1996 / Accepted:30 September 1996     

Comparison of quantitative and molecular genetic variation of native vs. invasive populations of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L., Lythraceae)

Study of adaptive evolutionary changes in populations of invasive species can be advanced through the joint application of quantitative and population genetic methods. Using purple loosestrife as a model system, we investigated the relative roles of natural selection, genetic drift and gene flow in the invasive process by contrasting phenotypical and neutral genetic differentiation among native European and invasive North American populations ( Q _ST −  F _ST analysis). Our results indicate that invasive and native populations harbour comparable levels of amplified fragment length polymorphism variation, a pattern consistent with multiple independent introductions from a diverse European gene pool. However, it was observed that the genetic variation reduced during subsequent invasion, perhaps by founder effects and genetic drift. Comparison of genetically based quantitative trait differentiation ( Q _ST) with its expectation under neutrality ( F _ST) revealed no evidence of disruptive selection ( Q _ST >  F _ST) or stabilizing selection ( Q _ST <  F _ST). One exception was found for only one trait (the number of stems) showing significant sign of stabilizing selection across all populations. This suggests that there are difficulties in distinguishing the effects of nonadaptive population processes and natural selection. Multiple introductions of purple loosestrife may have created a genetic mixture from diverse source populations and increased population genetic diversity, but its link to the adaptive differentiation of invasive North American populations needs further research.     

The influence of below ground herbivory and plant competition on growth and biomass allocation of purple loosestrife

Experiments investigating plant-herbivore interactions have primarily focused on above-ground herbivory, with occasional studies evaluating the effect of below-ground herbivores on plant performance. This study investigated the growth of the wetland perennial Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) under three levels of root herbivory by the weevil Hylobiustransversovittatus and three levels of plant competition by the grass Phleumpratense in a common garden. Plant growth, flowering phenology, and biomass allocation patterns of purple loosestrife were recorded for two growing seasons. During the first year, root herbivory reduced plant height; plant competition delayed flowering; and the interaction of root herbivory and plant competition resulted in reductions in plant height, shoot weight and total dry biomass. Plant competition or larval feeding did not affect the biomass allocation pattern in the first year. These results indicate the importance of interactions of plant competition and herbivory in reducing plant performance – at least during the establishment period of purple loosestrife. In the second growing season, root herbivory reduced plant height, biomass of all plant parts, delayed and shortened the flowering period, and changed the biomass allocation patterns. Plant competition delayed flowering and reduced the dry weight of fine roots. The interaction of root herbivory and plant competition delayed flowering. Root herbivory was more important than plant competition in reducing the performance of established purple loosestrife plants. This was due, in part, to intense intraspecific competition among the grass individuals effectively preventing shoot elongation of P. pratense and resulting in a carpet like growth. Received: 3 April 1997 / Accepted: 27 July 1997     

Detritus Quality and Locality Determines Survival and Mass,but Not Export,of Wood Frogs at Metamorphosis

Single-site experiments have demonstrated detritus quality in wetlands can have strongly negative, neutral, and even positive influences on wildlife. However, an examination of the influence of detritus quality across several regions is lacking and can provide information on whether impacts from variation in detritus quality are consistent across species with wide ranges. To address this gap in regional studies we examined effects of emergent and allochthonous detritus of different nutrient qualities on amphibians and assessed a mechanism that may contribute to potential impacts. We used aquatic mesocosms to raise wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) from two regions of the United States with whole plants from purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), leaf litter from native hardwood trees, and a mixture of both. We examined several metrics of amphibian fitness and life history, including survival, number of days to metamorphosis, and size at metamorphosis. Further, we quantified whether the effects of detritus type could translate to variation in anuran biomass or standing stock of nitrogen or phosphorus export. Our results show detritus with high nutrient quality (purple loosestrife) negatively influenced survival of wood frogs, but increased size of metamorphic individuals in two different regions of the United States. Despite the decrease in survival, the increase in size of post-metamorphic anurans raised with high quality detritus resulted in anuran biomass and standing stock of N and P export being similar across treatments at both locations. These results further demonstrate the role of plant quality in shaping wetland ecosystem dynamics, and represent the first demonstration that effects are consistent within species across ecoregional boundaries.