南京汤山早期人类及南方几个猿人遗址的生活环境

南京汤山的早期人类的地质时代相当于中更新世晚期,距今12.7—50万年。该动物群是一个单调的北方型动物群,生活在寒冷期,相当于深海氧同位素的等10阶段,距今33—37万年。郧县的古人类与蓝田的公王岭动物群同时,为早更新世,距今100—140万年。它们生活在温暖期,相当于欧洲的Waalian暖期。与元谋人共生的元谋动物群(相当于元谋组的第四段)包括许多典型的北方型动物,如复齿鼠兔,泥河湾剑齿虎、麅、羚羊等,故它们生活在寒冷期,也属早更新世,距今140—190万年。     

“蓝田人”的磁性地层年龄

蓝田附近两个地点更新世黄土中发现的蓝田人化石具有不同的年代。公王岭发现的蓝田人头盖骨的年代为距今115万年,陈家窝的下颌骨年代为距今65万年。年代资料来自于新的磁性地层学研究和黄土-古土壤序列的对比结果。公王岭地点蓝田人化石埋藏于反映了干冷气候的粉砂质黄土中的事实,以及与其相伴的“南方色彩”的哺乳动物群的存在表明,距今115万年前中国北方可能发生了一次重要的秦岭强烈隆起和气候干冷的地质事件。     

关于广西崇左地区早更新世的三次生物事件

在广西崇左地区已发现4个早更新世的哺乳动物群,从老到新分别是:鲤鱼山百孔洞动物群(距今约200万年);泊岳山的巨猿洞动物群(距今约180万年);三合大洞动物群(距今约120万年);以及缺缺洞动物群(早于距今100万年)。事件6距今约260万年,应出现在百孔洞动物群之前,为步氏巨猿的最低层位事件(The Gigantopithecus blacki LSD)。事件7距今约190万年,应当出现在泊岳山的巨猿洞动物群和百孔洞动物群之间,为武陵山大熊猫的最低层位事件(The Ailuropoda wulingshanensis LSD)。事件8距今约100万年,应出现在缺缺洞动物群的末尾,为中华乳齿象的最高层位事件(The Sinomastodon HSD)。生物事件有规律地出现在寒冷期的末尾,或温暖期的开始。     

和县动物群与深海沉积物的对比

根据对和县动物群中哺乳动物成分、性质等的分析,它应代表一个寒冷期。当时和县一带的气候,似与今日华北南部的气候类似,但又较之湿润。它的层位大体上相当于周口店第一地点的3—4层;其地质时代相当于海洋的O~(18)的第8阶段,距今约28—24万年。     

华北晚新生代哺乳动物的进化事件及其与欧美的对比

本文记述了过去300万年内在华北地区所发生的9次哺乳动物的进化事件:1.真象最低层位(距今约300万年);2.真马最低层位(距今约250万年);3.狼的最低层位(距今185—190万年);4.葛氏斑鹿最低层位(距今约140万年);5.丽牛最高层位(距今约90万年);6.丁氏鼢鼠最高层位(距今约62万年);7.中国鬣狗最高层位(距今约24万年);8.原始牛最低层位(距今约12.7万年);9.更新世末绝灭事件(距今约1.1万年)。本文将它们与欧美的进化事件进行了初步的对比。     

脊椎动物古病理学研究现状及其中国中生代化石记录

中国长江流域沿岸的洞穴和裂隙堆积物中常含有属种丰富的更新世哺乳动物群, 其中小哺乳动物化石由于标本数量多且演化速率快, 因此在第四纪生物地层对比方面具有重要的作用。本文系统研究了产自长江下游南岸的安徽繁昌癞痢山东裂隙的鼠科化石, 包括: Apodemus cf. A. asianicus、Micromys minutus、Chiropodomys cf. C. primitivus、Vandeleuria sp.、Niviventer cf. N. preconfucianus、Leopoldamys sp.、Berylmys cf. B. bowersi 和 Rattus sp., 共计 8 属 8 种, 其中绝灭种和现生种的比例分别为 37.5%和 25%。依据化石属种的形态差异和演化水平, 东裂隙鼠科动物群的性质比安徽繁昌人字洞和重庆巫山龙骨坡都要明显进步, 比湖北建始龙骨洞的鼠科组合也显得稍进步, 兼具早—中更新世的特点, 但更偏向早更新世, 其地质时代很可能为早更新世晚期。此外, 本文还初步建立了长江流域早更新世鼠科动物群的层序, 从早到晚依次为: 安徽繁昌人字洞(距今约 220–256 万年)和重庆巫山龙骨坡(距今约 220–250 万年)—湖北建始龙骨洞(距今约 120–160 万年)—安徽繁昌癞痢山东裂隙(估计距今约 78–120 万年)。     

广西扶绥岩亮洞与巨猿伴生的鼠亚科及其动物群的层序对比

本文系统研究了产自广西扶绥岩亮洞与步氏巨猿下颌骨伴生的鼠亚科化石,包括：锡金小鼠（相似种）（Mus cf. M. pahari）、小巢鼠（Micromys minutus）、亚洲姬鼠（Apodemus asianicus）、细狨鼠（Hapalomys gracilis）、原始笔尾树鼠（Chiropodomys primitivus）、先社鼠（Niviventer preconfucianus）、安氏白腹鼠（Niviventer andersoni）、拟爱氏巨鼠（Leopoldamys edwardsioides）和始家鼠（相似种）（Rattus cf. R. pristinus）,共计8属9种,其中包括了6个绝灭种,鼠亚科绝灭种的比例高达67%。研究表明,岩亮洞鼠亚科动物群的性质比重庆巫山龙骨坡的相关鼠类显得稍进步,但比湖北建始龙骨洞以及广西崇左泊岳山巨猿洞和三合大洞的鼠亚科组合都要原始,因此推测其时代为早更新世早期（可能距今约200万年）。此外,依据主要属种的形态差异和演化水平,本文还初步建立了广西左江流域更新世鼠亚科动物群的层序,从早到晚依次为：扶绥岩亮洞（距今约200万年）—崇左泊岳山巨猿洞（距今约180万年）—崇左三合大洞（距今约160-120万年）—木榄山智人洞（距今约11万年）,这对于深入研究我国南方早更新世巨猿—中华乳齿象动物群的系统演化,以及探讨我国南方第四纪生物地层的划分具有积极的意义。     

山东淄博第四纪裂隙动物群

简要记述产自山东淄博孙家山裂隙群的主要哺乳动物化石,将之分为A、B、C三个动物群。A动物群时代与周口店第18地点相当,为早更新世早期;B动物群时代与周口店第9地点相当,为早更新世晚期;C动物群则可能与周口店第1地点中上部层位的时代相当,为中更新世中晚期。分析不同种类的生态类型并依据最小个体数的统计结果,认为早更新世早期本区为相对温湿的草原环境,附近可能有荒漠化现象;早更新世晚期气候较为温湿,无荒漠化现象;中晚更新世主要为林缘—灌丛环境,气候更为湿润。A动物群是华北地区早更新世早期特有的动物群,略具南北过渡区的特征;B动物群初具现代动物区系的面貌;C动物群基本与现代动物区系一致。     

陕西洛南龙牙洞动物群的特点、时代及环境

从陕西洛南龙牙洞中采得哺乳动物化石３０多个属种,与之共存的有洛南直立人及其石制品。该动物群中同时具有古北区和东洋区的动物,为华北－华南动物地理区系间的一个过渡性动物群,时代为早更新世晚期,可与公王岭动物群对比。动物群的性质反映了当时洛南地区乃至秦岭东段为一温暖、湿润的森林草原环境,部分属种可能主要因为不适应急剧变化的气候而绝灭。     

广西扶绥南山洞新发现的人类化石和蒙古野驴化石——末次冰期华南气候变化的哺乳动物化石新证据

广西扶绥县南山洞发现人类化石及哺乳动物化石。人类化石包括2枚智人牙齿化石,分别是左下第三臼齿和右下第二臼齿,其形态特征与广西其他山洞发现的智人化石相似,归入晚期智人。哺乳动物化石多为华南大熊猫———剑齿象动物群成员,时代属更新世晚期。该地点新发现的蒙古野驴化石属华南晚更新世动物群的首次发现。南山洞所有化石发现于洞内浅褐色砂质粘土中,堆积物第二层钙板层的铀系年龄为30—40ka。蒙古野驴的出现暗示中国南方大陆可能在末次冰期出现过干冷的气候环境。     

崇左金花茶花朵和叶片类黄酮UPLC-Q-TOF-MS分析

以崇左金花茶（Camellia chuangtsoensis）为材料,利用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）联用技术定性定量分析其花朵（花瓣、雄蕊）和叶片（老叶、新叶）中类黄酮成分与含量。结果表明,崇左金花茶中共检测到14种类黄酮成分,木犀草素、木犀草素-7-O-芸香糖苷、槲皮素-3,7-O-二葡萄糖苷、芸香柚皮苷、圣草素和染料木苷为山茶属金花茶组植物中首次发现,其中槲皮素-3,7-O-二葡萄糖苷、芸香柚皮苷、圣草素和染料木苷主要存在于花朵中,木犀草素和木犀草素-7-O-芸香糖苷在花朵中含量高于叶片,雄蕊中高于花瓣;槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、槲皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷、槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖苷和山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷为金花茶组植物叶片中首次发现,其叶片中含量远低于花朵,老叶中远低于新叶,雄蕊中远低于花瓣;儿茶素和表儿茶素在花朵中含量高于叶片,雄蕊中高于花瓣;槲皮素和山萘酚在花朵和叶片中含量均较低。崇左金花茶花瓣和雄蕊中含量较高的类黄酮为儿茶素类、木犀草素类和槲皮素类,主要是表儿茶素、木犀草素和槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖苷;叶片中为儿茶素类和木犀草素类,主要是表儿茶素、木犀草素和木犀草素-7-O-芸香糖苷。崇左金花茶花瓣和雄蕊中儿茶素类、木犀草素类及类黄酮总量均高于叶片,且雄蕊高于花瓣;花瓣和雄蕊中槲皮素类远高于叶片,且花瓣中远高于雄蕊。     

Characteristics of social interaction between unfamiliar male rats (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rattus norvegicus</Emphasis>): comparison of juvenile and adult stages

Social interaction between juvenile male rats that were unfamiliar with one another (JNI) was compared with that of adult unfamiliar animals (ANI). In their home cages, subjects were confronted with a stimulus conspecific and their agonistic behavior patterns were analyzed. It was found that behaviors that characterize "play fighting" (pouncing, submissive posture, on-top posture, etc.) were observed more in JNI than in ANI, whereas behaviors found in serious fighting (pawing, upright posture, etc.) were shown more in ANI. Analyses of the transitions between behaviors also revealed that the transitions constituting play fighting were found only in JNI. On the other hand, transitions that characterize serious fighting were shown in both JNI and ANI. These findings are discussed along with those of a previous study that observed the agonistic behavior between littermates, and the existence of some cue that signals the play-fighting situation among rats is suggested. Electronic Publication     

Polypeptide compositions and NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of proteins in foxtail and proso millets

Seed protein of foxtail and proso millets were fractionated into polypeptides that were analyzed for their major protein, prolamin, and the NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of the proteins were determined. The proteins extracted from foxtail and proso millets were 64.1% and 80.0% prolamin, respectively. The polypeptides of the prolamins were classified into two groups. The major polypeptides of 27-19 kDa were rich in leucine and alanine, whereas the 17-14 kDa polypeptides were rich in methionine and cysteine. Glutelin-like proteins that were extracted with a reducing reagent were high in proline content, the major polypeptides being 17 and 20 kDa. The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence showed that the major polypeptides of prolamin were homologous to alpha-zein and a glutelin-like protein containing the Pro-Pro-Pro sequence, like the repetitive sequence of gamma-zein. Although the prolamin consisted of a similar subunit to that of zein, polypeptides with various pI values were found among them.     

马哈利樱桃矮化砧的DNA甲基化水平及模式分析

该研究利用MSAP技术,对25株矮化马哈利樱桃和25株半矮化马哈利樱桃进行甲基化水平和模式分析,以探讨其矮化的表观性状与其基因组甲基化修饰的关系。结果表明:(1)从64对引物中筛选出15对引物,在半矮化组中共扩增4 577个条带,其中半甲基化336个,全甲基化1 274个;在矮化组中共扩增4 444个条带,其中半甲基化349个,全甲基化1 383个;t检验和方差分析表明,矮化组与半矮化组在总甲基化水平和全甲基化水平上差异极显著,在半甲基化水平上差异显著,矮化组甲基化水平高于半矮化组。(2)半矮化组单态性位点23个,多态性位点136个;矮化组单态性位点17个,多态性位点142个,表明矮化组多态性高于半矮化组。(3)多态性类型分析表明,矮化组出现A4类型的频率较半矮化组高,A2类型的频率较半矮化组低,即矮化组中发生超甲基化的位点多于半矮化组,且‘马哈利’基因组甲基化多态性位点主要发生在双链内侧甲基化位点以及超甲基化位点上。研究认为,马哈利樱桃矮化和半矮化的基因组甲基化水平及模式存在差异,马哈利砧木的矮化性状与其基因组甲基化修饰有关。     

Different products for biological control of Botrytis cinerea examined on wounded stem tissue of tomato plants

For the moment the agents that are used against Botrytis cinerea, in glasshouses were tomatoes are cultivated, are from chemical origin. For reducing the use of chemical agents in the future it is important to search for effective biological control agents against the fight of Botrytis cinerae. The following biological products Vital pasta, Vital gel and Elot-Vis were examined in there possibility to control Botrytis cinerea. Elot Vis was tested out in experiments that were carried out in climate chambers were leafs of 3 week old tomato plants were artificially infected with Botrytis cinerea spores. Also the biological products of Vital were first investigated in experiments that were carried out in climate chambers. In stead off leafs of tomato plants it were stem wounds of tomato plants who were treated with the pasta or the gel that was spread over the wounded surface after this has been inoculated with a suspension of conidia of Botrytis cinerae. The results of these first tests that were executed in the climate chambers were the circumstances for Botrytis cinerea were ideal seemed promising. In the next step these products were tested out on large scale in glasshouses. For each plant 5 wounds were created by removing the leafs, these wounds were or first treated with the Biological product and thereafter artificially infected with Botrytis cinerea spores to check out if these products can be used as a preventive agent or the wounds were first inoculated with a suspension of Botrytis cinerea spores and thereafter treated with the product. For the product Elot-Vis a few plants were totally sprayed with an Elot-Vis suspension before leafs were removed and the wounds were inoculated with conidia of Botrytis cinerea to check out if this product was able to activated the induced systemic resistance pathway. The experiments that were executed in glasshouses showed different percentages of succeeded Botrytis cinerea infections. This is probable due to the different weather conditions during both days that the experiments were executed. For the wounds that were treated with pasta it was difficult to distinguish wounds were Botrytis cinerea succeeded to infect the plant, because these wounds frequently didn't show any sign of infection on the surface but when the wounds with the pasta were cut open it was possible to see Botrytis cinerea infections inside the stem.     

An evolutionary modelling approach to understanding the factors behind plant invasiveness and community susceptibility to invasion

Ecologists have had limited success in understanding which introduced species may become invasive. An evolutionary model is used to investigate which traits are associated with invasiveness. Translocation experiments were simulated in which species were moved into similar but evolutionarily younger communities. The main findings were that species that had previously been the most abundant in their original communities have significantly higher rates of establishment than did species that had previously occurred at low abundance in their original community. However, if establishment did occur, previously abundant and previously low-abundant species were equally likely to become dominant and were equally likely to exclude other species from their new community. There was a suggestion that the species that were most likely to establish and exclude others were 'genetically' different. When species that had evolved in different simulations (but with identical environmental conditions) were transplanted into communities that had also evolved in different simulations of the same conditions, the outcomes were difficult to predict. Observed rates of establishment and subsequent competitive dominance were observed to be species- and community combination-specific. This evolutionary study represents a novel in silico attempt to tackle invasiveness in an experimental framework and may provide a new methodology for tackling these issues.     

Gene expression profiling between embryonic and larval stages of the silkworm, Bombyx mori

To elucidate the molecular mechanisms associated with metamorphic phenomenon relating to Bombyx mori, an important organism in the sericulture industry, we identified genes that are expressed in the different developmental stages, specifically the embryonic (ES) and larval (LS) stages of B. mori. Of 8230 high-quality ESTs from two full-length enriched cDNA libraries, 3442 of the ES ESTs were coalesced into 1325 clusters, while 4788 were coalesced into 927 clusters. The functional classification of these ESTs based on Gene Ontology showed that the types of genes that are associated with oxidoreductase activity, enzyme inhibition, and larval development were highly observed in LS, whereas the types of genes that are involved in nucleotide binding, enzyme activity, and protein transport activity were highly observed in ES. In addition, when the gene expression profile between ES and LS was examined by counting the EST frequencies in each library, 69 genes were identified as being either up- or down-regulated in the larval stage compared to the embryonic stage (P>0.99) and this was confirmed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The results show that genes involved in proteolysis and peptidolysis, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were dramatically up-regulated in LS, while those related to protein metabolism, DNA/RNA, and coenzymes were highly down-expressed. In particular, a GO analysis of these genes revealed that genes that are involved in hydrolase activity were observed to be highly expressed in amount as well as diversity in LS, while those involved in nucleic acid binding were highly expressed in ES. These data may contribute to elucidating genetic events that distinguish the developmental stage and to our understanding of the metamorphosis of B. mori.     

紫穗槐根瘤菌的分离与回接鉴定

采用YMA培养基对新鲜的紫穗槐(Amorpha fruticosa L.)根瘤提取物进行根瘤菌的分离培养,获得的菌落为圆形乳白色,表面凸起,直径0.4~0.5 cm,革兰反应阴性,显微观察显示为短杆状,分离菌株回接原宿主植物,同时接种于经60℃15 min水浴加热处理的紫穗槐种子,蛭石盆栽实验显示,接种此菌的紫穗槐植株都有结瘤,并与对照在结瘤数、瘤重、植株鲜重与干重间都有显著差异,实验证明所分离的菌株均为紫穗槐根瘤菌。     

菊花黄绿叶突变体不同类型叶片的叶绿素含量和结构特征比较

以菊花黄绿叶突变体-NAu04-1-31为试验材料,测定了黄叶、黄绿叶和绿叶3种不同类型叶片的叶绿素含量,并观察比较了叶片的显微与超微解剖结构.叶绿素含量测定表明:黄叶、黄绿叶的叶绿素含量显著低于绿叶,而黄叶叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值大于绿叶.叶绿体显微与超微结构观察发现:黄叶细胞内叶绿体形状不规1则,缺乏正常的叶绿体膜结构,无类囊体,无淀粉粒,嗜锇颗粒较多;黄绿叶叶片栅栏组织绿色部分与绿叶的栅栏组织相似,黄色部分与黄叶的栅栏组织棚似,黄色部分的海绵组织中有类似于绿色叶片的海绵组织结构,而绿色部分含有类似于黄叶的海绵组织的结构特征.绿叶细胞内叶绿体较多,形状规则,基粒片层清晰,其内淀粉粒多而大,嗜锇颗粒较少.     

Site specificity of bleomycin cleavage in purified and intracellular simian virus 40 DNA.

The sites of bleomycin-induced cleavage of purified and intracellular simian virus 40 DNA were examined. Breaks in purified DNA were mapped to several discrete sites that were distributed throughout the viral genome, but were not associated with a common genetic element. Double-stranded breaks were made in positions of the first single-stranded nick, and regions of cuts were unaffected by changes in DNA superhelicity. Bleomycin cut intracellular chromosomes at the same sites that were cleaved in purified DNA. These results indicate that SV40 DNA contains DNA secondary structures that are highly preferred sites for BLM cleavage. These conformations appear to be unaffected by nucleoproteins bound to DNA.