光照强度和基质养分对匍匐茎草本金戴戴克隆生长和克隆形态的影响

在深度遮光(光照强度为高光条件的6.25%,约为自然光照的5.3%)或低养分条件下,金戴戴(Halerpestes ruthenica Ovcz.)生物量、初级分株叶面积、分株总数、匍匐茎总数和总长度均显著减小,而比节间长和比叶柄长显著增加.在低养分条件下,金戴戴匍匐茎平均节间长显著增加,而匍匐茎分枝强度和分株数显著减小.这些结果与克隆植物觅食模型相符合,表明当生长于异质性生境中,金戴戴可能通过以克隆生长和克隆形态的可塑性实现的觅养行为来增加对养分资源的摄取.在深度遮光条件下,金戴戴平均间隔子长度(即平均节间长和平均叶柄长)均显著减小.这一结果与以往实验中匍匐茎草本间隔子对中度和轻度遮光(光照强度为高光条件的13%～75%,>10%的自然光照)的反应不同.这表明,在深度遮光条件下匍匐茎克隆植物可能不发生通过间隔子可塑性实现的觅光行为.光照强度和基质养分条件的交互作用对许多性状如总生物量、匍匐茎总数和总长度、二级和三级分株数、分株总数、初级分株叶面积以及分枝强度均有十分显著的效应.在高光条件下,基质养分对这些性状有十分显著的影响;而在低光条件下,基质养分条件对这些性状不产生影响或影响较小.这表明,光照强度影响金戴戴对基质养分的可塑性反应.在深度遮光或低养分条件下,金戴戴可能通过减小匍匐茎节间粗度(增加比节间长)来增加或维持其相对长度,从而更有机会逃离资源丰度低的斑块.     

匍匐茎草本绢毛匍匐委陵菜对局部遮荫的克隆可塑性

采自林窗和林内生境的绢毛匍匐委陵菜 (PotentillareptansL .var.sericophyllaFranch)“分株对”(即由一匍匐茎节间相连着的两个分株 ,其一为“目标分株” ,另一为“相连分株”)在一户外实验中经历了全不遮荫、全部遮荫和局部遮荫处理。该植物的基株生物量、匍匐茎总长度、分株数、匍匐茎比节间重、叶柄长、比叶柄重在遮荫条件下较小。匍匐茎节间长度没有对遮荫处理发生反应。在局部遮荫处理 ,遮荫斑块的分株的叶柄长度由于连着未遮荫斑块中分株而变得更长。这种克隆整合对克隆形态可塑性的修饰作用只在林窗生境来源的实验植物中观察到。其他克隆生长和克隆形态特征的可塑性在不同生境来源的实验植物间没有差异。     

匍匐茎草本金戴戴对盐分梯度的表型可塑性

研究了匍匐茎型克隆草本金戴戴(Halerpestes ruthenica) 4种基株（基因型）对不同盐分处理（0,85.5, 171.0, 256.5和342.0 mM NaCl）的表型可塑性。随着盐分浓度的增加,实验植物与生长相关的性状指标 (如植株干重、总叶面积、分株数和总匍匐茎长度) 显著减小。植株干重、总叶面积和总匍匐茎长度具有显著的基株间差异。实验植物与形态相关的性状指标 (如平均叶柄长和根冠比) 对盐分梯度具有可塑性并具有显著的基株间差异;而其它形态指标 (如平均节间长、比节间长和比叶柄长)     

匍匐茎草本金戴戴对盐分梯度的表型可塑性

 研究了匍匐茎型克隆草本金戴戴(Halerpestes ruthenica) 4种基株（基因型）对不同盐分处理（0,85.5, 171.0, 256.5和342.0 mM NaCl）的表型可塑性。随着盐分浓度的增加,实验植物与生长相关的性状指标 (如植株干重、总叶面积、分株数和总匍匐茎长度) 显著减小。植株干重、总叶面积和总匍匐茎长度具有显著的基株间差异。实验植物与形态相关的性状指标 (如平均叶柄长和根冠比) 对盐分梯度具有可塑性并具有显著的基株间差异;而其它形态指标 (如平均节间长、比节间长和比叶柄长)     

林下和林窗内绢毛匍匐委陵菜的克隆生长和克隆形态

 为了验证绢毛匍匐委陵菜(Potentilla reptans var. sericophylla)林窗和林下种群间的行为差异是完全由表型可塑性引起,还是局部分化的结果,将生长在北京东灵山油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）林林窗和林下的绢毛匍匐委陵菜,进行生境间的交互移植-重植野外生态实验。研究结果表明,实验植物的叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶柄长度和匍匐茎节间长度等克隆形态特征在两生境间无差异。两个来源的植株,其基株生物量、基株分株数和基株匍匐茎总长度等克隆生长特征在林下生境中都比在林窗生境中小,表现出显著的可塑性。所研究的克隆形态特征和克隆生长特征及其可塑性在不同生境来源的实验植物间没有差异。绢毛匍匐委陵菜克隆形态特征和克隆生长特征及其可塑性在林下和林窗生境间没有发生局部分化,林窗为其较适生境,克隆生长特征的可塑性对绢毛匍匐委陵菜利用生境异质性可能具有重要意义     

蛇莓克隆构型对光照强度的可塑性反应

克隆植物构型的可塑性反应可能是它在资源斑块性状分布的环境中获取资源对策的重要方面,因而可能具有重要的生态学意义。在一田间实验中,匍匐茎草本蛇毒（Duchesnea indica Focke）经历了不同相对光照强度的处理,以研究光照强度对蛇莓克隆构型的影响。结果表明：随着相对光照强度的增加,间隔子的长度逐渐降低,分枝角度、分枝强度和分株密度呈二次曲线变化。结合植物对环境异质性的利用对策,对的揭示的蛇莓克隆构型可塑性进行了讨论。     

根茎型植物扁秆荆三棱对光照强度和养分水平的生长响应及资源分配策略

自然界中光照和养分因子常存在时空变化,对植物造成选择压力。克隆植物可通过克隆生长和生物量分配的可塑性来适应环境变化。尽管一些研究关注了克隆植物对光照和养分因子的生长响应,但尚未深入全面了解克隆植物对光照和养分资源投资的分配策略。以根茎型草本克隆植物扁秆荆三棱(Bolboschoenus planiculmis)为研究对象,在温室实验中,将其独立分株种植于由2种光照强度(光照和遮阴)和4种养分水平(对照、低养分、中养分和高养分)交叉组成的8种处理组合中,研究了光照和养分对其生长繁殖及资源贮存策略的影响。结果表明,扁秆荆三棱的生长、无性繁殖及资源贮存性状均受到光照强度的显著影响,在遮阴条件下各生长繁殖性状指标被抑制。且构件的数目、长度等特征对养分差异的可塑性响应先于其生物量积累特征。在光照条件下,高养分处理的总生物量、叶片数、总根茎分株数、长根茎分株数、总根茎长、芽长度、芽数量等指标大于其他养分处理,而在遮阴条件下,其在不同养分处理间无显著差异,表明光照条件可影响养分对扁秆荆三棱可塑性的作用,且高营养水平不能补偿由于光照不足而导致的生长能力下降。光照强度显著影响了总根茎、总球茎及大、中、小球茎的生物量分配,遮阴条件下,总生物量减少了对地下部分根茎和球茎的分配,并将有限的生物量优先分配给小球茎。总根茎的生物量分配未对养分发生可塑性反应,而随着养分增加,总球茎分配下降,说明在养分受限的环境中球茎的贮存功能可缓冲资源缺乏对植物生长的影响。在相同条件下,根茎生物量对长根茎的分配显著大于短根茎,以保持较高的繁殖能力;而总球茎对有分株球茎的生物量分配小于无分株球茎,表明扁秆荆三棱总球茎对贮存功能的分配优先于繁殖功能。研究为进一步理解根茎型克隆植物对光强及基质养分环境变化的生态适应提供了依据。     

资源异质性环境中三种匍匐茎草本植物克隆内资源共享和分株功能特化

研究了3种来自中国北方林下、草地和碱化草甸匍匐茎型克隆草本植物绢毛匍匐委陵菜 (Potentilla reptans L. var. sericophylla Franch.)、鹅绒委陵菜 (P. anserina L.) 和金戴戴 (Halerpestes ruthenica (Jacq.) Qvcz.) 对由高光照低养分斑块和低光照高养分斑块组成的资源交互斑块性生境的适应性对策.当生长于高光照低养分条件下分株 (HL分株) 与生长于低光照高养分条件下分株 (LH分株) 之间的匍匐茎连接时, 3种克隆植物HL分株、LH分株以及整个分株对系统 (HL分株 + LH分株) 的生物量均得到显著提高.同时, LH分株根冠比显著增加, 而HL分株根冠比显著下降.这表明, 当互连分株置于由低光照高养分斑块和高光照低养分斑块组成的异质性环境中时, 3种植物克隆分株均发生了环境诱导的功能特化.克隆内资源共享以及克隆内不同分株的功能特化有利于整个分株系统对局部丰富资源的获取, 从而能够缓解资源交互斑块性生境对克隆植物的不利影响.     

资源异质性环境中三种匍匐茎草本植物克隆内资源共享和分株功能特化(英文)

研究了 3种来自中国北方林下、草地和碱化草甸匍匐茎型克隆草本植物绢毛匍匐委陵菜 (PotentillareptansL .var.sericophyllaFranch .)、鹅绒委陵菜 (P .anserinaL .)和金戴戴 (Halerpestesruthenica (Jacq .)Qvcz .)对由高光照低养分斑块和低光照高养分斑块组成的资源交互斑块性生境的适应性对策。当生长于高光照低养分条件下分株(HL分株 )与生长于低光照高养分条件下分株 (LH分株 )之间的匍匐茎连接时 ,3种克隆植物HL分株、LH分株以及整个分株对系统 (HL分株 LH分株 )的生物量均得到显著提高。同时 ,LH分株根冠比显著增加 ,而HL分株根冠比显著下降。这表明 ,当互连分株置于由低光照高养分斑块和高光照低养分斑块组成的异质性环境中时 ,3种植物克隆分株均发生了环境诱导的功能特化。克隆内资源共享以及克隆内不同分株的功能特化有利于整个分株系统对局部丰富资源的获取 ,从而能够缓解资源交互斑块性生境对克隆植物的不利影响     

Adaptive plasticity in response to light and nutrient availability in the clonal plant Duchesnea indica

克隆植物蛇莓对光照强度和养分条件的适应性可塑性 表型可塑性可帮助植物缓冲环境压力并使其表型与当地环境相匹配,但目前仅少数性状的可塑性被广泛认为是适应性的。为充分理解可塑性的适应性意义,仍需进一步研究更多的植物功能性状及其环境因子。本研究将匍匐茎克隆植物蛇莓(Duchesnea indica)的21个基因型种植于不同的光照和养分条件下,并利用选择梯度分析检测了形态和生理可塑性对光照强度和养分有效性变化的适应性值。在遮荫条件下,蛇莓适合度(果实数、分株数和生物量)降低,节间缩短变细,成熟叶叶绿素含量降低,但叶柄长度、比叶面积、老叶叶绿素含量均增加。在低养分条件下,植株叶柄缩短,叶面积缩小变厚,叶绿素含量降低,但果实数量和根冠比增加。选择梯度分析表明,叶柄长度和老叶叶绿素含量对光照变化的可塑性是适应性的,老叶和成熟叶叶绿素含量对养分变化的可塑性也是适应性的。因此,不同性状的可塑性适应值取决于特定的生态背景。该研究的发现有助于理解克隆植物表型可塑性响应环境变化的适应性意义。     

匍匐茎草本蛇莓对基质养分条件的克隆可塑性

A pot experiment with three levels of nutrient (N, P, K) supply was carried out to investigate clonal plasticity of stoloniferous herb Duchesnea indica Focke in response to nutrient availability. The plants had greater biomass at higher levels of nutrient availability. The root/shoot ratio of the plants changed with the nutrient availability in the following order: low level > high level > medium level. They had the largest biomass allocation to stolon at the medium level of nutrient availability. The biomass allocation to petiole did not respond to the treatments. The plants formed more stolons and ramets at the high and medium levels than the low level of nutrient availability. The petiole length, specific petiole weight（mg/cm）and stolon internode length of the plants did not respond to the treatments, while the specific stolon weight (mg/cm）of the plants was greater at the high and medium levels than the low level of nutrient availability. The results have been discussed in the context of adaptation of clonal plants to environmental heterogeneity.     

Clonal Plasticity in Response to Partial Neutral Shading in the Stoloniferous Herb Potentilla reptans var. sericophylla

Ramet-pairs of Potentilla reptans L. var.sericophylla Franch from forest gap and forest understory were subjected to unshading, shading and partial shading treatments in a pot experiment. The genet biomass, total length of stolons, number of ramets, specific stolon weight, petiole length and specific petiole weight of the plant species under the shaded condition were smaller than those under the unshaded condition. The stolon internode length did not respond to the various treatments. In the plants from the forest gap, the petiloes of ramet grown in the shaded patch were longer as connected to plant part in the unshaded patch than as connected to plant part under the same shaded condition. Such modification of local response of ramet petiole to shading due to physiological integration was not observed in the plants from the understory. There was no effect of connection to ramets in shaded patches on the local response of the rest ramet characters to the partial unshading.     

Shade avoidance in the clonal herb Trifolium fragiferum/: a field study with experimentally manipulated vegetation height

In herbaceous canopies light availability can show high degrees of spatial variability in a vertical and also in a horizontal direction. Stoloniferous plants are hence likely to encounter differences in light availability during their ontogenetic development. Different mechanisms, such as petiole elongation, plasticity in internode length and branching, and an enhanced allocation to sexual reproduction have been suggested to represent viable shade-avoidance mechanisms for clonal plants.In a field experiment we tested the response of the stoloniferous herb Trifolium fragiferum L. to experimentally manipulated vegetation heights. Naturally occurring clonal fragments were exposed to four different vegetation heights ranging from 0 cm (high light availability created by clipping the surrounding natural vegetation at ground level) to 20 cm (natural shading in closed canopy). The growth and development of individual clones was followed for two months. At the end of the experiment above-ground plant parts were harvested. Growth-related and morphological parameters (e.g., petiole and internode length) as well as patterns of meristem utilization (i.e., flowering, branching) were recorded.Neither primary stolon growth and biomass accumulation nor branching and flowering were significantly affected by treatments. However, increased vegetation height resulted in a reduced number of secondary ramets and also had strong positive effects on petiole length, leading to marked changes in the architecture of plants growing in canopies of different heights. In addition, the average weight of individual ramets on the primary stolon was markedly higher in plants exposed to taller vegetation as compared to shorter vegetation.The results of this study suggest the occurrence of a trade-off between clonal expansion (i.e., secondary ramet production) and the average size of clonal offspring. If grown under higher vegetation plants invested more into the size of individual ramets, especially into elongating petioles, and less into the growth and development of lateral branches. Placing leaf laminae higher up in the canopy results in an enhanced light interception which has apparently buffered negative effects of increased vegetation height on whole-clone biomass. Plants grown under shorter vegetation invested more into lateral spread by producing more, but smaller ramets.     

Clonal Plasticity in Response to Reciprocal Patchiness of Light and Nutrients in the Stoloniferous Herb Glechoma longituba L.

Interconnected ramets of clonal plants can functionally specialize in the uptake of resources from aboveground and/or underground sources. Ramet pairs of the clonal stoloniferous herb Glechoma Iongltuba L. were grown In spatially heterogeneous environments with complementary availability of light and nutrients. Plasticity with respect to root-shoot ratio, fitness-related traits （biomass, number of ramets and dry weight per ramet）, morphological traits （lamina area, root length） were experimentally examined. The aim was to understand the adaptation of G. Iongltuba to an environment with reciprocal patchiness of light and soil nutrients by plasticity In Its root-shoot ratio and clonal morphology. The results showed that the performance of ramets growing In patches with high light Intensity and low soil nutrients into the adjacent opposite patches was Increased in terms of fitness-related traits. However, the performance of those from patches with low light Intensity and high soil nutrients into the adjacent opposite patches was not changed. The root-shoot ratio and clonal morphology were plastic. Morphological traits such as lamina area and root length were altered In a way that enhanced the capture of light resources and soil nutrients. Apparent reciprocal resource transport between the ramets In an environment of reciprocal patchiness of resources can enhance the growth of ramets with complementary resource deficiencies.