137Cs和210Pbex示踪黑土区坡耕地

通过在野外28.5 hm²的坡耕地上采集土壤样品,定量评价了利用¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb_ex研究土壤有机碳(SOC)动态的潜力,以探讨东北黑土区土壤侵蚀对土壤有机碳的影响.结果表明:农耕地土壤¹³⁷Cs、²¹⁰Pb_ex和SOC在平面和垂直深度上均具有相似的分布特征.在平面上,尽管受土壤侵蚀沉积的影响,¹³⁷Cs、²¹⁰Pb_ex面积活度及SOC储量变异很大,但它们具有相同的变化趋势.在垂直断面上,侵蚀区¹³⁷Cs、²¹⁰Pb_ex和SOC在0～25 cm耕层内分布均匀,25 cm以下放射性活度减小,SOC含量也相应下降;沉积区0～100 cm深度上¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb_ex呈现先增加后减小的分布规律,SOC也具有类似的变化特征.农耕地SOC与¹³⁷Cs、²¹⁰Pb_ex呈显著线性相关,表明它们在黑土区农耕地上具有相似的物理运移特征,¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb_ex可直接用来定量评价黑土侵蚀下SOC的时空分布特点.     

桂西北喀斯特坡地土壤137Cs的剖面分布特征及其指示意义

分析了¹³⁷Cs及土壤有机碳（SOC）在桂西北典型峰丛坡地及岩溶裂隙中的剖面分布特征,探讨了¹³⁷Cs方法在喀斯特坡地的适用性及其指示的坡面土壤侵蚀特征.结果表明：所有剖面¹³⁷Cs与SOC均显著相关,两者可能有相同的流失途径;次生林坡地¹³⁷Cs主体分布深度在24 cm以内,中上及中坡剖面随深度呈指数递减分布,地表无侵蚀或侵蚀轻微,坡脚剖面呈较严重侵蚀形态;坡耕地剖面¹³⁷Cs在耕层内均匀分布,中上坡及中坡主体分布深度在15 cm左右,面积活度远低于背景值,土壤侵蚀剧烈,坡脚分布深度至45 cm,呈堆积形态;次生林坡脚剖面、耕地中上坡剖面及所有裂隙剖面,¹³⁷Cs在主体分布深度以下有断续极微量的分布,指示了喀斯特坡地土壤颗粒有随降雨沿地表负地形向地下流失的趋势,但流失量轻微.     

黄海南部太平洋褶柔鱼种群结构与繁殖生物学

依据2008年11月—2009年9月黄海南部帆张网太平样褶柔鱼渔业调查资料,分析了太平样褶柔鱼胴长组成结构、性比、初次性成熟胴长以及胴长与体重关系等基础生物学参数的季节变化,阐述了该海域太平洋褶柔鱼种群结构动态及繁殖生物学特征。结果表明:太平洋褶柔鱼在该水域常年均有分布,其中秋、冬季以性成熟个体为主,春、夏季以幼体为主;该水域太平洋褶柔鱼雌性个体数量显著多于雄性,总性比为0.60,当胴长(LM)在190～280mm范围内时,性比(rsex)与胴长之间的关系符合:rsex=3×10-5LM1.8017;雌、雄个体的性腺成熟度均呈现随胴长增大而升高的趋势。该水域太平洋褶柔鱼个体的性腺体指数月变化显著,以秋、冬季较高,春、夏季较低,表明该水域太平洋褶柔鱼群体的繁殖季节主要集中在秋、冬季;性腺体指数与性腺成熟度(除Ⅴ期外)和胴长之间均存在正相关关系。雌性个体的初次性成熟胴长较大,为201.9mm;雄性较小,为174.3mm。不同性腺成熟度阶段,太平洋褶柔鱼胴长与体重的关系不同,在其个体生长发育后期,体重增加主要受性腺发育的影响。     

日本海太平洋褶柔鱼生物学特征的年际变化

根据2010~2013年连续4个年度在日本海进行鱿钓生产采集的样本,利用SSPS软件统计拟合生长和Logistic曲线的方法,分析了太平样褶柔鱼(Todarodes pacificus)的胴长、体重、性别、性成熟度和摄食强度等生物学特征,以及日本海太平洋褶柔鱼群体结构和组成的年际变化。太平洋褶柔鱼总样本数量为388尾,其中雌、雄个体的平均胴长分别为231 mm和230 mm,优势胴长组为220~250 mm。各年度样本的雄雌性比均接近1︰1,总性比为0.89。胴长和体质量关系呈幂函数变化。Logistic曲线拟合个体初次性成熟胴长,其中雌性为216.04 mm,雄性为216.71 mm。样本以性成熟个体为主,成熟率(Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ期)高达78.35%。摄食强度主要分布在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ等级,从胃含物组成的出现频率来看,以鱼类最高且主要是沙丁鱼类和灯笼鱼类,频率达70%以上;头足类次之,甲壳类较少。日本海太平洋褶柔鱼各年度的群落结构稍有差异,推测其生长发育与海洋环境因子有关,如温度、海流、盐度、饵料丰度等不同变化造成。     

东太平洋公海茎柔鱼饵料中鱼类和头足类组成初步分析

茎柔鱼(Dosidicus gigas)广泛分布于东太平洋海域,在海洋生态系统中扮演着重要角色。本研究根据2019年6—12月我国鱿钓生产船在东太平洋公海采集的62尾茎柔鱼样本,对其胃含物残留的4131个耳石和75个角质颚样本进行鉴定分析。结果表明: 茎柔鱼主要摄食鱼类10种、头足类4种。从摄食饵料的出现频率和数量百分比来看,主要摄食的鱼类饵料为荧串光鱼、朗明灯鱼和墨西哥尾灯鱼,荧串光鱼在不同胴长组的茎柔鱼胃内均有出现,是茎柔鱼最重要的饵料;摄食的头足类主要有茎柔鱼、鸢乌贼和爪乌贼。随着胴长的增大,茎柔鱼摄食的饵料种类不断增加,头足类和灯笼鱼饵料比例增加,且摄食的饵料尺寸增大,摄食营养结构发生改变,摄食营养水平随之提高。研究结果可为评估不同饵料生物在茎柔鱼食性转变过程中的食物贡献提供基础资料。     

西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼雄性个体的有效繁殖力特性研究

对西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼(Illex argentinus)雄性个体的有效繁殖力特性, 以及有效繁殖力与个体生长发育关系进行了研究。结果表明, 阿根廷滑柔鱼雄性个体的胴长、体重的生物学最小型分别为207.79 mm和162.55 g; 个体有效繁殖力为(374±280.33)条精荚, 胴长相对有效繁殖力为(179.18±117.66)条/mm; 精荚的平均长度为(21.57±4.17) mm, 是胴长的(10.22±1.82)%。随着性腺发育, 个体有效繁殖力和精荚长度均增长显著(P<0.05), 前者在功能性成熟期达到最大值, 为(811±181.34)条精荚; 后者在繁殖产卵期达到最大值, 为(23.89±3.87) mm。同时, 个体有效繁殖力和精荚长度均与胴长、体重呈显著的线性函数关系(P<0.05)。回归拟合数据集比较分析和多元线性回归分析显示, 个体有效繁殖力与胴长、体重之间的线性关系不存在显著性差异(P>0.05), 但是体重对个体有效繁殖力的影响更为显著(P<0.001); 精荚长度与胴长、体重之间的线性关系存在显著性差异(P<0.001), 并且胴长、体重两者对精荚长度具有一致的影响效应(P<0.001)。以上结果表明, 阿根廷滑柔鱼雄性个体随着性腺发育持续产生并存储精荚, 精荚长度也随之显著增加, 并且与个体大小密切相关。     

阿根廷滑柔鱼年间生长及体征变化

阿根廷滑柔鱼(Illex argentinus)的生长发育及体征变化, 可表征其能量积累和生殖投入方面的生活史策略, 并随之影响繁殖成效和资源补充量。为此, 研究根据2012—2014年在西南大西洋索饵育肥场采集的阿根廷滑柔鱼样本, 采用残差指标分析方法和广义线性混合效应模型, 分析了阿根廷滑柔鱼个体的体质量-胴长关系和体征变化的差异性。结果显示, 阿根廷滑柔鱼样本的总体雌雄比例为1.25﹕1; 雌性和雄性个体体型均以2014年的为最大, 分别为(271.7±28.3)和(244.7±17.3) mm; 2012年和2013年样本的胴长差异性不显著, 前者雌性和雄性胴长分别为(207.9±31.0)和(201.1±28.9) mm, 后者雌性和雄性胴长分别为(213.6±18.0)和(203.5±19.0) mm。每个年份雌性和雄性个体的体质量与胴长呈显著的幂函数关系, 且每个年份幂函数关系式的b值与匀速生长b=3存在差异。雌性和雄性个体体征的年间差异明显, 同年度不同月份之间的体征亦存在显著差异(2012年雌性除外)。雌性和雄性个体的体征与胴长密切相关, 胴长×月份作用对不同月份个体体征的影响效应具有一致性, 即个体越大体征较差。以上结果表明, 阿根廷滑柔鱼的生长为异速生长, 体征存在年间和月份差异性, 体征与胴长呈显著的负相关关系。     

长期施肥下红壤性水稻土有机碳储量变化特

研究了1982—2012年长期不同施肥下红壤性水稻土土壤有机碳含量变化、固碳趋势及外源碳输入对土壤固碳的贡献.结果表明： 施肥能提高土壤有机碳含量,连续30年不同施肥后,各施肥处理土壤有机碳含量趋于稳定,有机无机配施的土壤有机碳含量为21.02～21.24 g·kg^-1,增加速率为0.41～0.59 g·kg^-1·a^-1,单施化肥的土壤有机碳含量为15.48 g·kg^-1.各有机无机肥配施处理土壤的平均有机碳储量为43.61～48.43 t C·hm^-2,历年平均土壤有机碳储量显著大于单施化肥处理.土壤固碳速率与年均投入碳量呈显著指数正相关.本试验条件下,每年需要增加外源有机碳为0.12 t C·hm^-2才能维持土壤有机碳的平衡.     

北太平洋两个柔鱼群体角质颚形态及生长特征

根据2011年5—11月我国鱿钓船在北太平洋海域(150°E—176°W)采集的渔获物样本,对柔鱼两个群体各项角质颚外部形态和生长进行分析。结果表明,角质颚参数值雌性均大于雄性,冬春生群体雌雄参数值间差异要大于秋生群体;角质颚各项参数值中,上头盖长(Upper Hood length,UHL)、上脊突长(Upper Crest length,UCL)、下脊突长(Lower crest length,LCL)、下翼长(Lower Wing length,LWL)与胴长、体重分别呈线性和指数关系(P0.01)。主成分分析认为,秋生群体雌、雄个体角质颚第一主成分因子均为UCL/ML,第二主成分因子均为UWL/ML,冬春生群体雌、雄个体角质颚第一主成分因子分别ULWL/ML和LLWL/ML,第二主成分分别与URW/ML和LRL/ML,这些这成分因子代表了角质颚水平和垂直方向上的生长特征。两个群体的雌性个体角质颚形态上存在显著差异,但雄性个体间差异不显著。方差分析(ANOVA)表明,2个群体不同胴长组间的角质颚形态均存在着显著差异(P0.01);LSD法分析认为,除了秋生群体雌性个体上头盖长、上喙长、下头盖长、下喙宽在胴长组250 mm和250—300 mm间不存在差异外,其他组之间均有着显著差异(P0.01)。同一群体不同性腺成熟度等级间的柔鱼角质颚形态存在显著差异(P0.01),但性成熟度为Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期时2个群体角质颚各项形态指标均存在显著差异(P0.01),而性成熟度Ⅲ期时则不存在差异(P0.05)。研究认为,不同群体的柔鱼角质颚形态及生长特征均存在着一定差异。     

草甸草原土壤与植物系统自然丰度氮稳定同位素的年际变化及其指示作用

氮是陆地生态系统生产力的首要限制性养分,利用自然丰度δ¹⁵N(¹⁵N/¹⁴N)可以有效指示生态系统氮循环过程。本试验研究了内蒙古草甸草原土壤与植物系统自然丰度δ¹⁵N、土壤净氮矿化潜势的年际变化。结果表明: 2017—2020年,土壤NO₃^--N含量(9.83～14.79 mg·kg^-1)均显著高于NH₄⁺-N含量(3.92～5.00 mg·kg^-1);土壤NH₄⁺的δ¹⁵N值(13.3‰～18.3‰)显著高于NO₃^-的δ¹⁵N值(3.76‰～6.14‰),土壤NO₃^-的δ¹⁵N值与土壤NO₃^-含量呈显著负相关;干旱年NH₄⁺的δ¹⁵N值相对较高,降水较高或较低年NO₃^-的δ¹⁵N值显著降低。干旱年土壤净氮矿化速率、净氨化速率显著高于湿润年,而土壤硝化速率与年降水量无显著相关性。植物δ¹⁵N值与土壤δ¹⁵N值无显著相关性,但与植物N含量呈显著负相关;豆科植物与非豆科植物δ¹⁵N值、N含量均呈显著正相关,在一定程度上表明豆科植物对非豆科植物的N吸收具有促进作用。研究结果可为草原土壤-植物系统氮循环过程及其对降水变化的响应提供数据支撑。     

南海中西部海域鸢乌贼中型群和微型群的营养生态位

为了深入了解南海鸢乌贼不同种群的碳氮稳定同位素特征及营养生态位之间的关系,于2017年8月在南海中西部海域采集其中型群和微型群样品,分析不同胴长组的碳氮稳定同位素值和营养级变化,并比较其营养生态位差异.结果表明:中型群鸢乌贼的δ^13C范围在-19.54‰^-18.10‰,δ^15N范围在7.79‰~9.45‰,营养级范围在2.72~3.21,平均营养级为2.90;微型群鸢乌贼的δ^13C范围为-19.69‰^-18.43‰,δ^15N范围为8.02‰~8.99‰,营养级范围为2.79~3.08,平均营养级为2.91.两个鸢乌贼种群间δ^13C差异不显著,δ^15N差异显著.胴长显著影响了鸢乌贼的δ^13C和δ^15N值,且随着胴长的增大,δ^15N值有增大的趋势.中型群鸢乌贼的营养生态位宽幅和营养级的多样性程度都大于微型群.     

Influence of different rations and water temperatures on the growth rates of shortfinned eels and longfinned eels

Juvenile (12–152 g) shortfinned eels Anguilla australis and longfinned eels A. dieffenbachia caught in New Zealand streams were fed squid mantle Nototodarus spp. 4 days per week in laboratory experiments. A linear multiple regression equation showed the amount of food eaten (0–2·7% w day⁻¹) explained 77·7% of the variation in specific growth rates (–0·60 to +1·07% w day⁻¹) among individual eels, while previous growth rates, water temperature (10·0–20·6°C), and eel weight (12–152 g) explained a further 5·6, 1·4 and 0·8%, respectively. Growth in length ranged from –0·3 to +0·9 mm day⁻¹. Eels which were starved and then given high rations grew substantially faster than expected. Once growth rates were adjusted for differences in ration and other factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates between species or individual fish. Growth of shortfinned eels fed maximum rations of commercial eel food depended on fish size and water temperatures and ceased below 9·0°C. Growth rates in the wild were substantially less than the maximum possible, after seasonal changes in water temperatures were taken into account, indicating that food supplies and not low water temperatures were controlling growth rates in the wild.     

Memorization of nuclear atmospheric tests by rhizomes and scales of the mediteranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus) Delile

Determination of the age of rhizome sections of Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus) Delile (Potamogetonaceae) by the examination of their dead leaf scales (lepidochronology), makes it possible to cut out the rhizomes in precisely dated 1- or 5-year sections. With increasing age of the section, the annual section length and the C:N ratio increase, while the dry weight per unit length and the ratio of dry weight:ash weight decrease. At a site where the only significant ¹³⁷Cs contamination can be ascribed to global nuclear fallout bombs, the activity of ¹³⁷Cs was measured i n 5-year age groups of rhizomes and scales separately. The maximum activity of ¹³⁷Cs in scales occurred in groups produced between 1960 and 1964, a period during which a peak of activity occurred in fallout. The distribution of ¹³⁷Cs activity in rhizome age groups indicates an apparent lag, perhaps owing to transport of material in the rhizome. In situ dead rhizome scales of P. oceanica thus constitute a memory, at least 30-years long, of an environmental chemical pulse. Posidonia oceanica could prove a valuable tool for marine-pollution surveys.     

气候变化背景下中国农业气候资源变化Ⅰ.华南地区农业气候资源时空变化特征

基于华南地区1961-2007年66个气象台站的地面观测资料,对华南地区全年及温度生长期内热量、光照和水分的时空变化特征进行了分析.结果表明：1961-2007年,华南地区年均气温以0.20 ℃·（10 a）^-1的趋势上升,温度生长期内积温的气候倾向率［平均为98 ℃·d·（10 a）^-1］由北向南递增;1981-2007年,6200～7500 ℃·d和7500～8000 ℃·d积温带面积分别较1961-1980年增加了1.5×10⁴和4.7×10⁴ km².研究期间,华南地区全年和温度生长期日照时数分别以-57和-38 h·（10 a）^-1的速率递减;与1961-1980年相比,1981-2007年全年和温度生长期内≥1800 h日照时数的区域面积均呈减少趋势.全年和温度生长期降水量均呈略微增加趋势,但不同地区的增减幅度明显不同.全年及温度生长期分别有62%和52%站点参考作物蒸散量的气候倾向率为负值;与1961-1980年相比,1981-2007年全年和温度生长期参考作物蒸散量均表现为高值区缩小、低值区扩大.全年湿润指数的平均气候倾向率为0.01·（10 a）^-1,70%站点的年湿润指数呈上升趋势;与1961-1980年相比,1981-2007年温度生长期内湿润指数增加了0.02,53%站点的气候倾向率为正值.研究期间华南地区气候变化总体表现为暖湿趋势,这将对该地区作物种植制度、作物产量和农业结构等产生影响.     

Differences in temperature conditions and somatic growth rate of larval and early juvenile spring-spawned herring from the Vistula Lagoon, Baltic Sea manifested in the otolith to fish size relationship

Larval and juvenile herring Clupea harengus collected in the Polish part of the Vistula Lagoon in May-July 1997 had hatched between 17 April and 9 June and originated from three cohorts. The spawning season began on 1 March at 3·8° C and was completed on 3 June at 12·7° C. Mortality among larvae was high in the first 2 weeks of April, probably associated with significant temperature decrease at the beginning of the spawning season. The growth of 10–48 mm L _S herring was linear, highest for larvae and juveniles from the first cohort (0·58 mm mm^-1 day^-1), slower for the second cohort (0·55 mm mm^-1 day^-1) and the slowest for the third cohort (0·45 mm mm day^-1). Temperature effects on the growth were inconclusive and potentially unfavourable feeding conditions in June might have been responsible for the relatively slow growth of third cohort larvae and juveniles.
Relationships between otolith size (perimeter, length, width, area, and weight) and fish size ( L _S) differed among the three cohorts, related mostly to the positive temperature effect on otolith growth, individuals growing in warmer water had larger otoliths. Although a negative growth rate effect was observed as well, it was less significant.     

怀牛膝细胞悬浮培养条件的优化

为进一步优化怀牛膝(Achyranthes bidentata)细胞悬浮培养条件,对接种量、继代周期、pH、光照及Cu2+等多种影响因子的作用效果进行了研究,以提高怀牛膝细胞生长量及牛膝多糖含量。结果显示,接种量50 g·L^–1、继代周期14天,pH5–6和光照培养可以使细胞保持良好的生长状态及多糖合成能力;添加50μmol·L^–1 Cu^2+,细胞的干重最大,可达44.63 g·L^–1,多糖含量也最高,为4.02 mg·g^–1。     

An evaluation of the use of 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide (MUG) in different solid media for the detection and enumeration of Escherichia coli in foods

The use of 4-methylumbelliferyl-β- D -glucuronide (MUG) in different solid media for the detection and enumeration of Escherichia coli in foods was evaluated by testing the effects of different substrate concentrations (50 or 100 μg ml⁻¹), incubation temperatures (37 or 41·5°C) and incubation times (8, 12, 24 and 48 h). Different kinds of foods, both naturally and artificially contaminated, were analysed. The use of selective media without differential substances and an incubation time of 24 h seem to be worthy of recommendation. In this case an incubation temperature of 37°C would be preferred and the MUG concentration could be reduced to 50 μg ml⁻¹. Incubation times shorter than 24 h, which may cause a loss of sensitivity, require higher incubation temperatures (41·5°C) and MUG concentration (100 μg ml⁻¹).     

Growth and physiological changes during metamorphosis of Senegal sole reared in the laboratory

The metamorphosis of Solea senegalensis was studied in larvae reared at 20° C and fed four different feeding regimes. A, Artemia (4 nauplii ml⁻¹); B, Artemia (2 nauplii ml⁻¹); C, mixed diet (2 nauplii ml⁻¹ and 3 mg ml⁻¹ microencapsulated diet); and D, microencapsulated diet (3·7 mg ml⁻¹). Rotifers were also supplied in all cases during the first days of feeding. These feeding regimes supported different growth rates during the pre-metamorphosis period (regime A, G=0·376 day⁻¹; regime B, G=0·253 day⁻¹; regime C, G=0·254 day⁻¹; regime D, G=0·162 day⁻¹). Larvae started metamorphosis 9 days after hatching (DAH) when fed the regime A, 13 DAH with regime B, 11 DAH with regime C and 15 DAH with regime D. A minimum 5·6–5·9 mm L_T was required under all feeding regimes to initiate the metamorphosis. Eye translocation was completed when the larvae reached 8·6–8·7 mm L_T (regimes A, B and C), but only 7·3 mm L_T with regime D. 4·4–6·2 days were required to complete eye migration under the regimes A, B and C, and 18·3 days under the regime D. This transformation is concomitant with changes in body reserves, and with the pattern of some digestive enzymes.     

Early development and growth of the laboratory reared north-east Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus L.

The early development, growth and morphological changes of mackerel Scomber scombrus were investigated at different incubation temperatures (8, 10, 13, 15 and 18° C). Details on the early life history are illustrated with special reference to morphological transformations. Culture techniques to rear larval mackerel stages are described using laboratory cultured foods. Artificially fertilized eggs were hatched after 80·6 h at 18·4° C and 256·8 h at 8·7° C. The standard length ( L _S) of the individuals at first feeding was 4·71 ± 0·18 mm. Four mortality critical periods and cannibalistic behaviour were identified. A maximum average larval size of 37·5 ± 4·41 mm L _S was attained 30 days post-hatch (dph) at 18·4° C. Development and growth were affected significantly by temperature during both endogenous and exogenous feeding periods. Larvae grew more rapidly at high, than at low temperatures. Daily specific growth rate (in mass) ranged from 2·4% at 10·6° C to 16·9% at 18·4° C. Likewise, average growth rate (in length) ranged from 0·05 mm day⁻¹ at 8·4° C to 0·37 mm day⁻¹ at 18·4° C. The allometric relationship of L _S, with several body measurements was not affected by temperature. Comparison with larvae collected in the Bay of Biscay did not show any significant difference in the dry mass and L _S relationship; conversely, the growth rate in length differed significantly between both laboratory and field conditions. The trends observed in the laboratory are described in relation to some aspects of the year-class strength regulation.