不同品种(系)榛子坚果表型性状差异性分析及其综合评价

该研究以目前主栽的平榛、毛榛及25个平欧杂种榛品种(系)的坚果为研究对象,测定了不同品种(系)榛子坚果的17个表型性状指标,用方差分析、相关性分析、聚类分析和主成分分析方法对其进行差异性分析和综合评价,为国内榛树品种(系)的选优、开发及加工利用提供科学依据。结果表明：(1)不同品种(系)榛子坚果的17个表型性状指标存在显著差异,其中果壳质量、坚果体积和坚果质量差异最为明显,变异系数分别为31.49%、30.44%、27.50%,横纵径比、果形指数、伸长率、圆球度的变异系数均小于10%。(2)平欧杂种榛坚果的纵径、横径、侧径及坚果质量、果仁质量、出仁率等指标显著优于毛榛和平榛,其中杂种榛的平均果仁质量(0.70～1.46 g)和出仁率(31.48%～56.12%)显著高于平榛(0.51 g、35.13%)和毛榛(0.37 g、38.12%)。(3)榛子坚果表型性状指标间的相关性分析表明,榛子坚果体积越大,其质量和果仁质量也越大,果壳越薄则出仁率更高。(4)主成分分析结果发现,影响榛子坚果综合得分的主要指标为坚果的纵径、横径、侧径、质量和果仁质量,其次是果形指数、横纵径比、出仁率、果仁饱满...     

内蒙古西伯利亚杏种质资源表型多样性研究

为了明确内蒙古西伯利亚杏(Armeniaca sibirica(L.)Lam.)种质资源表型性状的变异特点和多样性,对来自14个种源的143份西伯利亚杏种质资源的37个表型性状进行聚类、相关性、主成分等分析。结果表明,内蒙古西伯利亚杏表型性状的变异系数均值为20.38%,单果重的变异系数(56.69%)最大,果形指数的变异系数(7.99%)最小,数量性状的Shannonweaver多样性信息指数(2.648)大于质量性状(0.265);各部位数量性状变异系数大小顺序为叶果核仁,多样性信息指数大小顺序为叶核仁果。基于37个表型性状数据,将种质资源分为4个类群:第Ⅰ类群核仁大且饱满,适用于选育大仁品种;第Ⅱ类群核壳薄,出仁率高,丰产潜力大;第Ⅲ类群核壳厚,适用于选育核壳用品种;第Ⅳ类群果实、果核、核仁均大但核仁不饱满,适用于改良并选育仁用杏品种。数量性状的前6个主成分累计方差贡献率达到87.20%,反映的信息与聚类分析和相关分析结果基本一致。核干重、仁干重、出核率、出仁率等经济性状受果核性状指标的影响较大,结合相关性分析和主成分分析,23个数量性状可简化为单果重、核干重、仁干重、核侧径、核壳厚、仁横径、果形指数、核形指数、仁形指数等9个主要性状。以上结果为西伯利亚杏的资源评价和品种选育提供了重要的物质基础和理论依据。     

76株薄壳山核桃实生单株的果实品质差异及综合评价

对南京地区种植的76株薄壳山核桃〔Carya illinoinensis(Wangenh.)K.Koch〕实生单株的8项果实性状和种仁中5种脂肪酸含量的差异以及各指标的相关性进行分析,并筛选出单项性状优良的单株;在此基础上,结合主成分分析结果,对供试76株单株的果实品质进行综合评价.结果显示:8项果实性状(包括坚果质量、种仁鲜质量、坚果壳厚度、坚果纵径、坚果横径、果形指数、出仁率和含油率)以及种仁中5种脂肪酸(包括棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸)的含量均有较大变异,变异系数为663%~2899%,其中,出仁率的变异系数最小,亚麻酸含量的变异系数最大,8项果实性状的变异系数总体上小于5种脂肪酸含量的变异系数.部分果实性状间极显著或显著正相关,少数果实性状间极显著或显著负相关,而5种脂肪酸含量间均极显著正相关,但脂肪酸含量与果实性状间总体上无显著相关性.主成分分析结果表明:在8项果实性状中,与坚果大小有关的性状较为重要;而5种脂肪酸含量均同等重要.对果实性状和脂肪酸含量的主成分分析结果显示:第1主成分的决定指标包括含油率以及棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸的含量,第2主成分的决定指标包括坚果质量、种仁鲜质量、坚果壳厚度和坚果横径,说明薄壳山核桃果实评价的首要指标为种仁中脂肪酸含量,其次为果实大小.在利用坚果质量、种仁鲜质量、坚果壳厚度、出仁率、含油率、果形指数、油酸含量和不饱和脂肪酸含量8个单项指标优选单株的基础上,结合主成分分析结果,71号单株的综合得分较高,其种仁鲜质量、含油率以及油酸和不饱和脂肪酸的含量均较高,可作为优良品种选育的首选候选单株.根据上述研究结果,建议在薄壳山核桃不同育种目标的优良品种选育工作中,将主成分分析法作为单项性状筛选法的有效补充方法.     

皖北地区平欧杂种榛优势品种坚果性状评价

【目的】对皖北地区栽培的平欧杂种榛优势品种进行性状评价,明确品种加工适宜性。【方法】2011年起在皖北地区引进平欧杂种榛品种（系）22个,依据适应性和丰产性等指标筛选出9个优势品种,选择与坚果加工利用直接相关的经济性状指标、榛仁营养成分、矿质元素、油脂理化性质及脂肪酸组成进行研究,从烤制、仁用、油用、鲜食等不同加工利用角度进行分析评价,以期为平欧杂种榛选择与推广提供科学依据。【结果】结果表明,皖北地区9个平欧杂种榛优势品种坚果质量分布范围为2.54～4.40 g,三径均值为18.99～21.49 mm,形状指数为1.04～1.31,榛仁质量分布范围为1.00～1.66 g,果壳厚度为1.53～2.41 mm,出仁率为34.36%～47.01%。榛仁脂肪含量为50.50～58.00 g/（100 g）,蛋白质含量为21.10～25.10 g/（100 g）,可溶性糖含量为4.08%～4.94%。油脂中鉴定出棕榈酸、棕榈烯酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生酸和花生烯酸8种脂肪酸成分,其中油酸含量最高,为81.21%～88.53%,不饱和脂肪酸含量为92.19%～94.61%。在矿质营养方面,榛仁中钾、磷、钙和镁含量较为丰富。对加工产能进行折算,9个平欧杂种榛优势品种单株坚果产量分布范围为1.52～2.20 kg,单株脂肪产量为330.50～503.47 g,单株蛋白质产量为141.68～224.40 g。【结论】根据榛果消费方式的不同,研究认为皖北地区平欧杂种榛品种中,辽榛3号最适作为带壳烤制品种,辽榛3号、达维和辽榛4号最适作为仁用加工品种,其中辽榛4号可作为油用加工品种,辽榛1号可作为功能性蛋白饮料加工品种,达维和辽榛9号可作为高钙类加工品种,达维、辽榛3号、平欧545号是皖北地区较为适宜的鲜食品种。     

野杏无性系表型性状多样性分析及综合评价

为深入研究野杏种质资源遗传多样性,筛选发掘和高效利用野杏资源,本研究采用聚类分析、相关分析、主成分分析和逐步线性回归分析,对54个野杏无性系的40个表型性状(其中,15个质量性状和25个数量性状)进行了研究。结果表明:54个野杏无性系变异程度高,类型多样,遗传多样性丰富。其中,25个数量性状的变异系数均值为18.19%,单果重的变异系数最大(42.56%);数量性状的多样性指数(1.980)大于质量性状(0.761),核形指数的多样性指数最大(2.082)。聚类分析将54个野杏无性系分为5个类群,类群Ⅰ可用于选育高出核率、高出仁率类型及特殊叶形的种质资源;类群Ⅱ可用于选育特殊果实类型的种质;类群Ⅲ可作为培育特殊核、仁型品种的亲本材料;类群Ⅳ可用于选育大核、大仁、丰产类型的种质;类群Ⅴ可作为核壳用资源。主成分分析表明前7个主成分能代表25个数量性状的大部分信息,累计贡献率达83.31%。野杏无性系表型性状的综合评价结果表明,甘肃会宁县的270号的综合得分最高(0.756)。结合逐步线性回归方法筛选出小枝粗度、叶片长度、果长、单果重、核长、核宽、核厚、单核重、仁宽、仁形指数和出仁率可作为野杏无性系表型性状评价的重要指标。     

硼、锌对平欧杂交榛光合生理、结实和果仁品质的影响

通过对黑龙江省东宁地区的4年生平欧杂交榛（Corylus heterophylla×Corylus avellana）联合施用不同浓度的硼（0.2%、0.3%、0.4%）、锌（0.3%、0.4%、0.5%）肥处理,研究两种微量元素对平欧杂交榛光合生理、结实、果仁和叶片营养状态的影响。研究结果表明：（1）硼、锌对净光合速率影响显著,其交互作用对净光合速率影响极显著。（2）硼对出仁率影响极显著,对果仁重影响显著,对单果重和座果率影响不显著。锌对单果重和果仁重影响极显著,对出仁率影响显著,对座果率影响不显著。硼、锌交互作用对出仁率影响显著,对单果重、果仁重和座果率影响不显著。（3）硼、锌和其交互作用对果仁脂肪酸含量、果仁蛋白质含量影响不显著。硼、锌和其交互作用对4年生平欧杂交榛的生理和结实影响明显,提高了平欧杂交榛叶片的净光合速率,同时对果仁重、出仁率和单果重有不同程度的促进作用。本地区4年生平欧杂交榛硼、锌叶面施肥的浓度分别以0.3%和0.4%为宜。     

楱属植物种间杂交花粉直感效应的考测与研究

本文通过对以大连栽培杂交榛为父本（P2）与饶河野生种平榛（Corylus heterophylla Fish)。杂交当代坚果（F0）,母本自然坚果（P1）进行考测与分析发现：（1）由大连引进的栽培杂交种花粉对杂交梁工坚果的开状、色泽、果皮厚度、果皮开裂性、种皮色泽、光滑度等质量性状均有明显的直接影响,即因花粉直效应产生的种子直感现象;（2）对坚果大小、单果重等数量性状也产生了一定花粉直感效应,这种数量性状种子直感遗传现象是在多年来植物杂交试验中较为罕见的。     

贵州核桃种质资源表型性状多样性研究

该研究以贵州省内的3个山脉(乌蒙山、苗岭山和武陵山)、19个核桃和泡核桃实生居群、245棵实生单株为研究材料,对坚果表型性状29个指标的多样性、相关性、聚类及变异进行分析,以揭示贵州核桃资源的表型遗传多样性水平,为贵州核桃资源的保存与利用及核心种质构建提供依据。结果显示：(1)核桃和泡核桃实生居群245份种质资源的18个表型质量性状Simpson指数为0.26～0.82,Shannon-Wiener指数为0.12～1.79;核桃小叶形状多样,易发生顶叶退化,坚果核壳表面特征、坚果形状及核仁皮色多样性丰富。(2)坚果表型变异系数为3.32%～47.67%,平均为21.28%且差异显著(P<0.05),居群间变异系数为9.42%～31.61%且差异显著(P<0.05);居群内和居群间变异均是核桃表型多样性的来源,但坚果性状在居群间差异显著性均高于居群内,说明居群间变异是该区域坚果表型变异的主要来源。(3)3个山脉区域核桃表型均有不同程度变异,其中,苗岭山核桃表型变异程度低,乌蒙山核桃表型变异程度高;UPGMA聚类结果显示,19个核桃实生居群依据贵州山脉区域划分为三类,表明贵州核...     

四川西部川赤芍野生居群的表型多样性分析

为揭示四川西部川赤芍〔Paeonia anomala subsp.veitchii(Lynch)D.Y.Hong et K.Y.Pan〕表型性状的变异规律,对川赤芍6个野生居群的株高、茎基粗、叶片和花部性状等15个表型性状进行了比较;并在此基础上,对各表型性状进行了方差分析、变异系数(CV)分析、离散系数(R′)分析、Shannon-Weaver遗传多样性指数(H′)分析、主成分分析和聚类分析.结果表明:川赤芍15个表型性状在居群间均存在极显著差异;除顶小叶长宽比外,其他14个表型性状在居群内均存在极显著或显著差异.15个表型性状在居群内的F值均明显小于居群间.15个表型性状中,每枝着花量的CV平均值最大(33.68%),花瓣数的CV平均值最小(11.26%);6个居群中,阿坝州小金县两河乡(P1)和阿坝州小金县四姑娘山镇(P2)居群的CV平均值较大,阿坝州金川县万林乡(P4)和阿坝州马尔康县卓克基乡(P5)居群的CV平均值居中,阿坝州汶川县卧龙自然保护区(P3)和甘孜州炉霍县充古乡(P6)居群的CV平均值最小.15个表型性状中,株高的R′平均值最大(64.48%),萼片数和苞片数的R′平均值均最小(37.50%);6个居群中,P2居群的R′平均值最大(56.66%),P3居群的R′平均值最小(43.65%).川赤芍6个居群15个表型性状的CV值和R′值的平均值分别为18.70%和49.80%.川赤芍15个表型性状和6个居群的H′平均值均较高,分别为1.6475和1.4510.主成分分析结果显示:叶片形态和花部特征是川赤芍表型变异的主要因子.聚类分析结果显示:在欧氏距离7.12处,川赤芍6个居群被分成2支,其中,P6居群单独聚为一支,其他5个居群聚为另一支,表明生境相似的居群更早地聚在一起.研究结果显示:四川西部川赤芍表型性状在居群间变异丰富,这与其叶片形态、花部特征及生境关系密切.     

红松不同杂交组合种实形态与营养成分变异研究

为了解红松杂交子代种实性状变异规律,选育优良杂交组合,本文对44个不同杂交组合的红松种子的12个性状进行变异分析、相关分析、方差分析和主成分选择。结果表明：红松种实形态性状中种长变异系数最低,为10.65%,种子重变异系数最大,为36.35%。主要营养成分中油脂变异系数最低,为8.07%,多糖变异系数最高,为30.89%。相关分析表明种仁重、百粒重与种长呈正相关关系,通过选择种长较大的家系来提高种仁重与百粒重指标。44个不同杂交组合红松种实的形态性状与营养性状间均存在显著差异。通过主成分分析,选出3个综合性状优良的杂交组合,出仁率、种子重、百粒重、种仁重、油脂含量的现实增益分别达到7.52%、27.89%、13.14%、9.85%、10.08%,其中011×153出仁率、种子重、种仁重杂种优势最大,分别达到34.59%、95.75%和43.23%,156×161的百粒重与油脂含量杂交优势最大,为24.58%和24.87%。对具有相同亲本的杂交组合各性状进行杂种优势分析发现,以011为母本的杂交组合杂种优势较大,以174为父本的杂交组合杂种优势较大。红松不同杂交组合种实形态性状与营养成分存在丰富变异可供选择利用,为红松坚果林选育提供了理论与物质基础。     

Identification of quantitative trait loci associated with egg quality, egg production, and body weight in an F2 resource population of chickens

Egg production and egg quality are complex sex-limited traits that may benefit from the implementation of marker-assisted selection. The primary objective of the current study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with egg traits, egg production, and body weight in a chicken resource population. Layer (White Leghorn hens) and broiler (Cobb-Cobb roosters) lines were crossed to generate an F2 population of 508 hens over seven hatches. Phenotypes for 29 traits (weekly body weight from hatch to 6 weeks, egg traits including egg, albumen, yolk, and shell weight, shell thickness, shell puncture score, percentage of shell, and egg shell colour at 35 and 55 weeks of age, as well as egg production between 16 and 55 weeks of age) were measured in hens of the resource population. Genotypes of 120 microsatellite markers on 28 autosomal groups were determined, and interval mapping was conducted to identify putative QTL. Eleven QTL tests representing two regions on chromosomes 2 and 4 surpassed the 5% genome-wise significance threshold. These QTL influenced egg colour, egg and albumen weight, percent shell, body weight, and egg production. The chromosome 4 QTL region is consistent with multiple QTL studies that define chromosome 4 as a critical region significantly associated with a variety of traits across multiple resource populations. An additional 64 QTL tests surpassed the 5% chromosome-wise significance threshold.     

Genetic diversity of superior Persian walnut genotypes in Azadshahr,Iran

Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) is known to have originated in central and eastern Asia. Remnants of these wild populations can still be found in the Hyrcanian forest in north-eastern Iran. In this study, 102 individual walnut trees from four geographic populations in the Azadshahr province (Vamenan, Kashidar, Rudbar and Saidabad) were sampled. We characterized individual trees using 28 standard morphological traits. The range of traits varied widely for some economically important characteristics including nut weight (6.1–19.79 g), kernel weight (2.9–9.4 g), and kernel fill percentage (26.51–60.34%). After morphological evaluation, 39 superior individuals based on nut quality and kernel fill percentage were selected for further genetic analysis. Individual superior trees were genotyped using 10 simple sequence repeat markers (SSR) and genetic diversity. Number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 (WGA005) to 12 (WGA054). Clustering analysis of 10 SSR loci divided the genotypes into three main groups. PCoA analysis clearly sorted genotypes into one of four distinctive groups which aligned with the cluster analysis. All analyses showed that individuals from Saidabad were genetically distinct. Likewise, results indicated that the high level of genetic diversity in Azadshahr region walnuts may provide a diverse source for superior walnuts in walnut breeding programs.     

Shell cracking strength in almond (Prunus dulcis [Mill.] D.A. Webb.) and its implication in uses as a value-added product

Researchers are currently developing new value-added uses for almond shells, an abundant agricultural by-product. Almond varieties are distinguished by processors as being either hard or soft shelled, but these two broad classes of almond also exhibit varietal diversity in shell morphology and physical characters. By defining more precisely the physical and chemical characteristics of almond shells from different varieties, researchers will better understand which specific shell types are best suited for specific industrial processes. Eight diverse almond accessions were evaluated in two consecutive harvest seasons for nut and kernel weight, kernel percentage and shell cracking strength. Shell bulk density was evaluated in a separate year. Harvest year by almond accession interactions were highly significant (p  0.01) for each of the analyzed variables. Significant (p  0.01) correlations were noted for average nut weight with kernel weight, kernel percentage and shell cracking strength. A significant (p  0.01) negative correlation for shell cracking strength with kernel percentage was noted. In some cases shell cracking strength was independent of the kernel percentage which suggests that either variety compositional differences or shell morphology affect the shell cracking strength. The varietal characterization of almond shell materials will assist in determining the best value-added uses for this abundant agricultural by-product.     

Genetic analysis for physical nut traits in almond

Almond breeding is increasingly taking into account kernel quality as a breeding objective. Although information on nut and kernel physical parameters involved in almond quality has already been compiled, the genetic control of these traits has not been studied. This genetic information would improve the efficacy of almond breeding programs. A linkage map with 56 simple-sequence repeat markers was constructed for the “Vivot” × “Blanquerna” almond population showing a wide range of variability for the physical parameters of nut and kernel. A total of 14 putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling these physical traits were detected in the current study, corresponding to six genomic regions of the eight almond linkage groups (LG). Some QTLs are colocated in the same region or shared the same molecular markers, in a manner that reflects the correlations between the physical traits, as well as with the chemical components of the almond kernel. The limit of detection values for any given trait ranged from 2.06 to 5.17, explaining between 13.0 and 44.0 % of the phenotypic variance of the trait. This new genetic information needs to be taken into account when breeding for physical traits in almond. Increases in the positive quality traits, both physical and chemical, need to be considered simultaneously whenever they are genetically independent, even if they are negatively correlated. This is the first complete genetic framework map for physical components of almond nut and kernel, with 14 putative QTLs associated with a large number of parameters controlling physical traits in almond.     

杜仲种质资源果实主要数量性状变异及概率分级

为更好对杜仲种质资源果实进行评价及描述,丰富数量化、规范化的杜仲种质资源描述系统。本研究以331份杜仲种质资源为材料,对杜仲果实18个主要数量性状进行统计分析和概率分级。结果显示：杜仲果实数量性状变异较为丰富,硬脂酸变异系数最大,为17.88%,其次是种仁大小指数（17.17%）,亚麻酸变异系数最小,为4.64%。经K-S检验,除种仁横径和种仁大小指数Sig值小于0.05外,其余性状均大于0.05,符合正态分布。种仁横径和种仁大小指数呈偏态分布,去除拖尾部分,也近似看作正态分布。对符合正态分布的数量性状统一用（X-1.2818S）、（X-0.5246S）、（X+0.5246S）、（X+1.2818S）4个点分为5级,使1~5级出现的概率分别为10%、20%、40%、20%和10%。本研究初步建立了杜仲种质资源果实数量性状概率分级指标体系,对杜仲种质资源果实性状评价、利用及良种选育具有一定指导意义,同时为我国杜仲种质资源果实性状描述规范和数据标准化的建立提供参考。