Chemical taxonomy of the Xibei tree peony from China by floral pigmentation

Petal flavonoid compositions of 39 tree peony cultivars from Xibei (northwest China) were investigated in order to study the chemotaxonomic relationship among tree peony species. Six anthocyanins, the 3-O-glucosides and 3,5-di-O-glucosides of three anthocyanidins—pelargonidin (Pg), cyanidin (Cy), and peonidin (Pn)—exist in petals without a blotch at the base. The flowers are classified into three anthocyanidin phenotypes: Pn, Pg>Cy; Pn, Cy; and Pn, Cy>Pg. Furthermore, the yellow pigments are identified as three flavones and three flavonols: apigenin, luteolin, chrysoeriol, and kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin, respectively. Wards minimum-variance cluster analysis with principal component analysis produced a dendrogram using standardized scores of 20 pigment variables. Of 39 cultivars, 11 clustered with white flowered Paeonia rockii and 17 with pink flowered P. rockii. The other 11 cultivars matched either P. delavayi or P. potaninii. The result suggests that the Xibei tree peony originated mainly from P. rockii.     

Anthocyanins in flowers of genus Rosa, sections Cinnamomeae (=Rosa), Chinenses, Gallicanae and some modern garden roses

Forty-four taxa of three sections (Cinnamomeae (=Rosa) 26, Chinenses 8 and Gallicanae 10) and eight modern garden roses in the genus Rosa were surveyed for their floral anthocyanins. Eleven anthocyanins: 3-glucosides and 3,5-diglucosides of cyanidin (Cy), pelargonidin (Pg) and peonidin (Pn), 3-rutinosides and 3-rho-coumaroylglucoside-5-glucosides of Cy and Pn, and Cy 3-sophoroside, were isolated from flowers of these taxa and identified by chemical and spectroscopic techniques. Four anthocyanins: Cy 3-rutinoside, Pn 3-rutinoside, Pn 3-rho-coumaroylglucoside-5-glucoside and Cy 3-sophoroside were found for the first time in Rosa flowers.Investigated sections of wild roses showed characteristic distribution of anthocyanins. Cy 3,5-diglucoside was the dominant anthocyanin detected in all three sections, but accumulation of Pn 3,5-diglucoside distinguished sections Cinnamomeae from other sections, and the occurrence of Cy 3-glucoside separates section Chinenses from others.Cy 3-sophoroside was detected in large amount in some taxa of section Cinnamomeae: e.g., R. moyesii and its related cultivars, and R. rugosa cv. Salmon Pink. The acylated Cy glycoside was found in all sections and also in some modern garden roses, while the acylated Pn glycoside was detected in the section Cinnamomeae, but not in sections Chinenses and Gallicanae. According to anthocyanin distribution patterns, eight groups were classified chemotaxonomically in genus Rosa.     

Guaduaamplexifolia光合季节动态

为了解国外引进的优良材用竹种Guadua amplexifolia在引种地福建省华安县的光合适应性,在自然条件下测定该竹种不同季节的光合及相关特征参数,并对不同季节的光合生理参数及其主要环境影响因子进行相关分析和通径分析。结果表明:其光响应特征参数具有明显的季节性差异,光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)、光下暗呼吸速率(Rd)、最大净光合速率(Pn_max)均是7月最高,4月和10月次之,1月最低; 四个季节的净光合速率(Pn)日变化均呈双峰型,其中4月“午休”不明显; 日均净光合速率4月>7月>10月>1月; 除空气相对湿度(RH)外,蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、叶片温度(Tleaf)等生理因子和环境因子均与净光合速率(Pn)显著相关; 不同季节Pn的主要环境影响因子有所差异,1月Tleaf为Pn最大的环境影响因子,而10月RH的影响则明显增大。综合分析整个生长季节,各测定环境因子对Pn的影响大小顺序为VPD>PAR>RH>Tleaf。     

Photosynthetic parameters and carbon reserves of a resurrection plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Reaumuria soongorica</Emphasis> during dehydration and rehydration

The effects of dehydration and subsequent rehydration on photosynthetic parameters and carbon reserves were investigated in the resurrection plant Reaumuria soongorica. Dehydration was imposed by withholding water and covering plants with a PVC sheet when it rained, over a period of 53 days, by which time all leaves had been shed. Thereafter, plants were watered at 7-day intervals. The diurnal course of the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) was bimodal under well-watered conditions. After a period of withholding water, the second peak disappeared, and Pn, instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE), stomatal conductance (gs) and intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) decreased, but sugar, starch and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) reserves increased. It was concluded that under the conditions of high temperature and dehydration, the reduction of Pn should be mainly attributed to gs. On rehydration Pn, gs, Ci and WUE increased slightly in the stem. Accompanying new leaf production, carbon reserves in the stem decreased. This indicated that carbon reserves in the stem have two important ecological roles, survival during dormant periods and support of vegetative regrowth following rehydration.     

Photosynthetic characteristics and water use efficiency of three coastal dune plants

To clarify the ecophysiological characteristics of plants growing on a coastal dune, net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and leaf conductance (g1) of three perennial species in Japanese coastal regions,Ischaemum anthephoroides (C₄),Carex kobomugi (C₃) andCalystegia soldanella (C₃), were compared under controlled environmental conditions and field conditions at the kado-ori coast at Ohno Village, Ibaraki.I. anthephoroides achieved photosynthetic CO₂ saturation at ca. 100 μll⁻¹ intercellular CO₂ concentration (C ₁), and itsPn was not light-saturated at a high photosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD) of 1000 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹. This C₄ species showed a high optimal leaf temperature forPn (35°C) and a lowg1 (0.1 mol H₂O m⁻²s⁻¹), permitting maintenance of the highest water use efficiency (WUE, the ratio ofPn to transpiration rate (Tr)) in the field among the three species. At light saturation,C. soldanella had the lowestPn andg1 and a similar carboxylation efficiency related toC ₁ (Pn/C₁ ratio) asCarex kobomugi. Calystegia soldanella also had a high optimal temperature forPn (30°C), and achieved higherWUE thanCarex kobomugi, as a result of efficient stomatal regulation. In contrast, at the optimum temperatureC. kobomugi had a highPn comparable toI. anthephoroides due to a highg1 of 0.3 mol H₂O m⁻²s⁻¹, but with high temperature treatmentsPn andg1 were significantly decreased.C. kobomugi always had the lowestWUE among the three species in the field. It is therefore clear thatI. anthephoroides is a heat-resistant species,Calystegia soldanella is a heat-enduring species andCarex kobomugi is a heat-evading species due to its eraly phenology.     

水肥耦合效应对楸树苗期叶片净光合速率和SPAD值的影响

以楸树无性系004-1苗木为研究对象,采用三因素五水平二次回归通用旋转组合设计,通过盆栽试验测定不同处理下楸树苗木叶片净光合速率(Pn)和SPAD值,并建立其与土壤水分(W)、施氮量(N)和施磷量(P)回归模型,分析土壤水分、施氮量和施磷量的主因子、单因素及耦合效应对楸树苗木叶片Pn和SPAD值的影响。研究结果表明:(1)W和N对楸树苗木叶片Pn和SPAD均有显著正效应,并且N主效应大于W,而施磷量主效应不显著;(2)单因素效应分析结果表明,楸树苗木叶片Pn和SPAD值随着N的增加均呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势,与N类似,叶片Pn和SPAD值对W的响应曲线也呈现出类似的"抛物线式"变化趋势;(3)W×N对楸树苗木Pn和SPAD值均存在显著耦合正效应,但Pn和SPAD值与W×N的响应曲面关系图有所不同:随着土壤水分和施氮量的同时增加,叶片Pn逐渐增加,而叶片SPAD值呈现出先增加后减小的变化趋势;(4)楸树苗木叶片Pn与SPAD值呈现出极显著正相关关系(P0.0001)。总体而言,与土壤水分和施磷量相比,楸树生长更容易受土壤施氮量限制,此外,通过合理水肥配施措施,能一定程度提高楸树苗木的光合生产力和叶片SPAD值。     

Catastrophic mass extinction and assemblage evolution in planktic foraminifera across the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary at Bidart (SW France)

A high-resolution biostratigraphic analysis of planktic foraminifers confirms that the Bidart section at the eastern margin of the Atlantic Ocean exhibits a continuous and complete Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) transition interval. The biozones and subzones recorded in this section are less expanded than their equivalent in Tunisian sections: El Kef (Global Stratotype Section and Point: GSSP for the K/Pg boundary) and Ellès (auxiliary section), but they are sufficiently thick to allow a detailed analysis of the evolution of the planktic foraminiferal assemblages across the K/Pg transition.Throughout the uppermost 4 m Maastrichtian, the planktic foraminiferal assemblages are highly diversified, containing up to 72 species. These Maastrichtian assemblages are rich in cosmopolitan taxa (70%), dominated by small biserial morphotypes which belong mainly to the genus Heterohelix which coexist with less abundant but highly diverse tropical and subtropical species.The extinction pattern at the Bidart section suggests a sudden catastrophic mass extinction at the K/Pg boundary which affected at least 53 out of 72 species. The species becoming extinct include globotruncanids (e.g. Contusotruncana spp., Globotruncana spp., Globotruncanita spp.) and complex heterohelicids (e.g. Racemiguembelina spp., Pseudotextularia spp., Gublerina spp.). At the Bidart section, only Archaeoglobigerina cretacea disappears 2 m below the K/Pg boundary event. Specimens of 18 small and even tiny Maastrichtian species, are found at the lowermost Danian. Only a few of these species belonging to the genera of Guembelitria, Hedbergella and Heterohelix are considered to be real “Cretaceous survivor species”, whereas the specimens belonging to the rest, are most probably reworked, because they differ in their preservation.Throughout lowermost Danian, the planktic foraminiferal assemblages are dominated by “opportunistic” species of the genus Guembelitria. These opportunists are associated to small and poorly diversified pioneer globigerinids (Palaeoglobigerina spp. and Parvularugoglobigerina spp.). These assemblages became progressively more diversified across the early Danian containing species with cancellate walls (Eoglobigerina spp., Parasubbotina spp., Subbotina triloculinoides and Praemurica spp.) and new taxa of biserial heterohelicids (Woodringina spp. and Chiloguembelina spp.) suggesting a paleoenvironmental recovery.     

Effect of nutrient application and water turbidity on submergence tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa)

Flooding imposes severe selection pressure on plants, principally because excess water in their surroundings deprives the plants from certain basic resources such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and light for photosynthesis. Here, the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus application and their application time, on four Indica rice cultivars and their tolerance to submergence under turbid and clear flood water was studied. Submergence tolerance on metabolic changes, photosynthetic (Pn) rate and ethylene accumulation were evaluated. Submergence substantially reduced survival, chlorophyll, soluble sugars, Pn rate across cultivars with drastic reduction in IR‐20. Sub1 cultivars showed greater Pn rate as compared to sensitive cultivar under submergence because of better protection of chlorophyll, more stomatal conductance leading to higher survival. Turbid water resulted in lower under‐water photosynthesis because of poor light transmission, chlorophyll retention and silt deposition and ultimately poor survival. Foliar spray of N after desubmergence along with basal P improved the chlorophyll, soluble sugars and Pn rate and extenuated ethylene accumulation and shoot elongation resulting in significantly higher survival. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that such a study has been performed. Crop establishment could therefore be enhanced in areas where untimely flooding is anticipated by applying basal P and foliar spray of post‐submergence N.     

Susceptibility of Riparian Wetland Plants to Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) Accumulation

As plants have been shown to accumulate organic compounds from contaminated sediments, there is a potential for long-lasting ecological impact as a result of contaminant accumulation in riparian areas of wetlands, particularly the accumulation of non-biodegradable contaminants such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). In this study, commonly found riparian wetland plants including reeds, i.e., Xanthium strumarium, Phragmites australis, Schoenoplectus corymbosus, Ruppia maritime; Populus canescens, Polygonum salicifolium, Cyperus congestus; Persicaria amphibian, Ficus carica, Artemisia schmidtiana, Eichhornia crassipes, were studied to determine their susceptibility to PFOA accumulation from PFOA contaminated riparian sediment with a known PFOA concentration, using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The bioconcentration factor (BCF) indicated that the plants affinity to PFOA accumulation was; E. crassipes, > P. salicifolium, > C. congestus, > P. x canescens, > P. amphibian, > F. carica, > A. schmidtiana, > X. strumarium, > P. australis, > R. maritime, > S. corymbosus. The concentration of PFOA in the plants and/or reeds was in the range 11.7 to 38 ng/g, with a BCF range of 0.05 to 0.37. The highest BCF was observed in sediment for which its core water had a high salinity, total organic carbon and a pH which was near neutral. As the studied plants had a higher affinity for PFOA, the resultant effect is that riparian plants such as E. crassipes, X. strumarium, and P. salicifolium, typified by a fibrous rooting system, which grow closer to the water edge, exacerbate the accumulation of PFOA in riparian wetlands.     

Genetic correlation and path analysis of transpiration efficiency for wheat flag leaves

A 4 × 4 complete diallel cross was set up with four different types of drought-resistant winter wheat varieties to define mutual relations among main quantitative traits and the contribution of each trait to the flag leaf transpiration efficiency (TE) in the grain filling phase. Through genetic correlative and path analysis, the influence of five physiological traits, net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr), and leaf temperature (Tl), on flag leaf TE was observed. The results of variance analysis showed that there were very significant differences between TE and the related five traits, as well as between these five traits. The results of genetic correlation analysis showed also that the absolute values of the correlation coefficients of corresponding traits to TE should be ordered as Pn > Gs > Tl > Tr > Ci in the early grain filling stage, Ci > Tr > Pn > Gs > Tl in the middle grain filling stage, and Pn > Ci > Tl > Tr > Gs in the late grain filling stage, respectively. The results of the combined analysis of genetic correlation and path analysis showed that at the early filling stage, there existed a strong positive genetic correlation between Pn and TE, and at the same time Pn had a direct positive contribution to TE. With the progression of grain filling, the stress of high temperature and drought strengthened and the function of flag leaves weakened, so that at the late grain filling phase Ci, Tr and Tl were strongly negatively correlated with TE and all these traits conferred direct negative contributions to TE. The results of this research showed that the selection of wheat genetic materials with slow-ageing, high-photosynthesis, low-transpiration and low leaf temperature should assist breeding of wheat with more efficient use of water in north western China.     

Species Concepts in the Cylindrocladium floridanum and Cy. spathiphylli Complexes (Hypocreaceae) Based on Multi-allelic Sequence Data, Sexual Compatibility and Morphology

Much attention has recently been devoted to the delimitation of species units in Cylindrocladium(Cy.). In this regard the present study focuses on the taxa within the unresolved Cy. floridanum and Cy. spathiphylli species complexes. Maximum parsimony analyses of DNA sequences of ITS, β-tubulin and histone regions of rRNA genes, and mating experiments revealed a geographically isolated species of Cylindrocladium in the Cy. spathiphylli(teleomorph:Calonectria spathiphylli) species complex.Cy. pseudospathiphylli sp. nov. (teleomorph:Ca. pseudospathiphylli sp. nov.) is described as a new phylogenetic, biological and morphological species. It is distinguished from Cy. spathiphylli by being homothallic, having smaller macroconidia, and distinct DNA sequences of β-tubulin and histone genes. Similarly, parsimony analysis of a combined data set also indicated several phylogenetic species to exist within Cy. floridanum(teleomorph:Ca. kyotensis). Based on differences in vesicle morphology and conidium dimensions, the Canadian population of Cy. floridanum, formerly known as Cy. floridanum Group 2, is described as Cy. canadense sp. nov., while a further collection from Hawaii is described as Cy. pacificum sp. nov.     

Ion Permeation and Selectivity of Wild-Type Recombinant Rat CNG (rOCNC1) Channels Expressed in HEK293 Cells

The permeation properties of adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-activated recombinant rat olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (rOCNC1) in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells were investigated using inside-out excised membrane patches. The relative permeability of these rOCNC1 channels to monovalent alkali cations and organic cations was determined from measurements of the changes in reversal potential upon replacing sodium in the bathing solution with different test cations. The permeability ratio of Cl⁻ relative to Na⁺ (P _Cl /P _Na ) was about 0.14, confirming that these channels are mainly permeable to cations. The sequence of relative permeabilities of monovalent alkali metal ions in these channels was P _Na ≥P _K > P _Li > P _Cs ≥P _Rb , which closely corresponds to a high-strength field sequence as previously determined for native rat olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). The permeability sequence for organic cations relative to sodium was P _NH3OH > P _NH4 > P _Na > P _Tris > P _Choline > P _TEA , again in good agreement with previous permeability ratios obtained in native rat ORNs. Single-channel conductance sequences agreed surprisingly well with permeability sequences. These conductance measurements also indicated that, even in asymmetric bi-ionic cation solutions, the conductance was somewhat independent of current direction and dependent on the composition of both solutions. These results indicate that the permeability properties of rOCNC1 channels are similar to those of native rat CNG channels, and provide a suitable reference point for exploring the molecular basis of ion selectivity in recombinant rOCNC1 channels using site-directed mutagenesis. Received: 3 July 2000/Revised: 29 August 2000     

Biosynthesis of phenolic compounds inVitis vinifera cell suspension cultures: Study on hydroxycinnamoyl CoA:ligase

In cell suspensions cultures from grape berry pulp (Vitis vinifera cv. Gamay fréaux)hydroxycinnamoyl CoA ligase (CoAL) displayed maximum activity (100 %) forp-coumaric acid and then, in decreasing order, for ferulic acid (81.3 %) and caffeic acid (60.4 %). No activity was detected with sinapic and cinnamic acids. The changes in CoAL activity during the growth cycle of the culture displayed two peaks : the highest (6 h after subculturing) was linked with a strong increase in protein caused by dilution ; the second was weaker and occurred on the 7th day of culture.Grape cell suspension accumulated mainly peonidin (Pn) and cyanidin (Cy) glucosides (Pn 3-glucoside, Cy 3-glucoside, Pn 3-acetylglucoside, Pn 3-caffeylglucoside, Pn 3-p-coumarylglucoside, and Cy 3-p-coumarylglucoside). Maximum accumulation of anthocyanins was associated with the exponential growth phase of the culture and might be the result of the substantial increase in CoAL activity resulting from the effect of dilution. The second enzyme activity peak was probably oriented towards the acylation of anthocyanins since the percentage of acylated forms increased with time after subculturing.Abbreviations CoAL hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA: ligase     

Influences of host species on transpiration,photosynthesis, chlorophyll and mineral contents of medicinal hemiparasite <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thesium chinense</Emphasis> Turcz

Thesium chinense (Santalaceae) is an obligate root hemiparasite and the whole weed serves as a traditional medicine in China. This paper examined chlorophyll (Chl) concentration, transpiration (E), photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (g), respiration nighttime (Rd), water use efficiency (WUE), and mineral elements of T. chinense grown with different hosts or without host. The results showed that Chl concentrations, Pn, Pn_max, and WUE of T. chinense grown with host were significantly higher, approximately 1.5–3 folds, than that grown without host. E and g value of T. chinense greatly exceeded that of their hosts during the daytime—they increased about 1.5–3.5 folds (except of Gnaphlium affine) and 1.2–3.0 folds, respectively, while maintaining little higher or equal to their host during night but very much lower than daytime. The WUE value of T. chinense was generally much less than that of their hosts, except Eremochloa ophiuroides. T. chinense grown with hosts had higher concentration of K, P, Cu and K/Ca ratio, and lower Na concentration compared with that without host plants. There were also differences among different host species backgrounds on all examined parameters of T. chinense. We pointed out that Imperata cylindrica, Prunella vulgaris, and Gnaphlium affine were more suitable hosts than E. ophiuroides. As an additional result T. chinense can mostly be independent as for C supply.     

CO2 compensation concentration in bean Leaves: Effect of photon flux density and leaf age

Carbon dioxide compensation concentration,Г, net photosynthetic rate,Pn, and photorespiration rate,Rl, were measured in young, adult and old primary leaves ofPhaseolus vulgaris L. over a range of photon flux densities using a closed system with IRGA. Irrespective of leaf age,Г decreased rapidly with rising photon flux density up toca. 260 (μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. From this valueГ did not change with photon flux density under constant temperature, reaching on the average 178, 118 and 239 mg m⁻³ in young, adult and old leaves, respectively. Changes with age in curves relatingPn andRl to photon flux density were found.     

Adaptation of stomatal response ofCamellia rusticana to a heavy snowfall environment: Winter drought and net photosynthesis

The adaptation ofCamellia rusticana, an evergreen broad-leaved shrub found in areas of heavy snowfall in Japan, to heavy snowfall environments, and the mechanisms by which it is damaged in winter above the snow, were investigated. The stomatal response and photosynthetic characteristics ofC. rusticana were compared to those ofCamellia japonica found in areas of light snowfall. In field conditions, the mean net photosynthesis ofC. rusticana at photon flux density (PFD) over 200 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹ (Pn(_>200). was 50% larger than that ofC. japonica, but in both light saturated and CO₂ saturated conditions, the O₂ evolution rate (Pc) ofC. rusticana was not different from that ofC. japonica. Mean leaf conductance at PFD over 200 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹ (gl(_>200)) was about 100% larger than that ofC. japonica in the field. The Pn(_>200)) was 50% ratio ofC. rusticana was 37% higher than that ofC. japonica which suggests thatC. rusticana's larger Pn(_>200) can be explained by its larger gl(_>200). WhenC. rusticana trees wintering underneath the snow were projected above it, the leaves of these plants showed serious drought within five days in non-freezing conditions. Their Pc and the maximum stomatal conductance decreased by half and did not recover. The leaves ofC. rusticana showed larger gl(_>200) and a less sensitive stomatal response to the decrease of leaf water potential than that ofC. japonica. The stomata characteristics ofC. rusticana caused larger net photosynthesis than that ofC. japonica during the no snow period, and caused the need for snow cover in winter as protector from winter drought.     

海岸不同坡向滨麦光合特性与风速异质环境的关系

在自然条件下,测定分析了夏季和秋季静风天及秋季大风天,海岸沙丘不同坡向环境因子及滨麦株高、叶片叶绿素含量、土壤含水量和光合日变化特性,以期明晰滨麦响应不同风速环境的生理调控机理。结果表明,不同坡向环境异质性明显,滨麦形态可塑性强。海岸迎风坡风大、温度低、湿度大,滨麦植株低矮、叶绿素含量较高;背风坡温度高、土壤干旱、空气流动差,滨麦植株高大,叶绿素含量低。在夏秋季静风天,迎风坡和背风坡滨麦叶片Pn出现光合"午休"现象,但迎风坡滨麦日均Gs、Tr、Pn均显著高于背风坡;而在秋季大风天,迎风坡和背风坡滨麦叶片Pn"午休"现象消失,并且背风坡滨麦日均Pn、Tr、Gs均显著高于迎风坡滨麦。同坡向相比,秋季大风天迎风坡滨麦日均Pn、Tr、Gs明显较秋季静风天低,而背风坡滨麦日均叶片Pn、Tr、Gs却较静风天分别增高126%、66.3%、134%。强海风吹袭引发迎风坡温度降低、滨麦叶片摇摆、气孔导度降低导致Pn下降,而强海风使背风坡空气流动加快、温度降低、气孔导度增大、"午休"消失使Pn增高。不同坡向滨麦对不同海风风速的适应表现出明显的光合生理可塑性,它在滨麦适应不同风力、提高其光合速率和增加物质积累上具有重要作用。而滨麦的形态和光合生理可塑性可能是其在不同海风强度下生存、生长、实现种群扩张的重要生理调控机理,这一特性在未来作物、牧草和树木抗风、抗盐育种中具有重要应用价值。     

正常和环割条件下不同形态氮素添加对红椎幼苗光合特性的影响

采用盆栽试验和韧皮部环割方法研究了碳水化合物供应、氮素形态及其交互作用对红椎幼苗叶片光合特性的影响。无机氮源采用硝酸铵(AN)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N),有机氮源采用尿素(Urea)、精氨酸(Arg)和甘氨酸(Gly),氮素施用量均为10g N/m~2,处理时间为10 d。研究结果表明,环割、氮素形态及其交互作用均显著影响了红椎幼苗叶片的净光合速率(Pn);单一环割处理显著降低了红椎幼苗叶片Pn、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、相对叶绿素含量和CO2利用效率(CUE),但显著提高了叶片水分利用效率(WUE)和气孔限制值(Ls),其叶片Pn降低主要是由气孔限制和叶绿素含量降低所导致的。正常条件下,所有氮素形态处理均显著降低了红椎幼苗叶片的Pn、Gs、Ci和Tr,但显著升高了叶片Ls和WUE,其叶片Pn降低的主要原因是供氮过高引起的叶片气孔限制。正常条件下,除Arg处理外,其他氮素形态均显著升高了红椎幼苗叶片的CUE,其中以Gly处理的促进作用最大。环割条件下,3种有机态氮素的添加均显著缓解了单一环割处理对红椎幼苗叶片Pn的抑制作用,尤其以精氨酸最为明显,供应精氨酸的叶片Pn值从单一环割处理的强烈抑制中恢复到了对照水平,而无机态氮的供应均未显著改变这种抑制。结果表明短期碳水化合物供应的阻断会显著抑制红椎幼苗叶片的光合能力,适量供应精氨酸、甘氨酸和尿素等有机态氮会有效缓解这种抑制作用,其中以精氨酸的作用最为明显。     

Molecular Detection of Stripe Rust Resistance Gene(s) in 115 Wheat Cultivars (lines) from the Yellow and Huai River Valley Wheat Region

Stripe rust (yellow rust), caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (Pst), is a serious disease of wheat worldwide, including China. Growing resistant cultivars is the most cost‐effective and environmentally friendly approach to control the disease. To assess the stripe rust resistance in commercial wheat cultivars and advanced lines in the Yellow and Huai River Valley Wheat Region, 115 wheat cultivars (lines) collected from 13 provinces in this region were evaluated with the most prevalent Chinese Pst races CYR32, CYR33 and the new race V26 at seedling stage. In addition, these wheat entries were inoculated with the mixed races of CYR32 and CYR33 at the adult‐plant stage in the field. The results indicated that 53 (46.1%) cultivars (lines) had all‐stage resistance to all the three races, and 16 (13.9%) cultivars (lines) showed adult‐plant resistance. The possible stripe rust resistance genes in these entries were postulated by the closely linked markers of all‐stage resistance genes Yr5, Yr9, Yr10, Yr15 and Yr26 and adult‐plant resistance gene Yr18. Molecular analysis indicated that resistance genes Yr5, Yr9, Yr10, Yr18 and Yr26 were found in 5 (4.3%), 38 (33.0%), 1 (0.9%), 2 (1.7%) and 8 (7.0%) entries, respectively. No entry was found to carry the Yr15 gene. In future breeding programs, Yr5, Yr15 and Yr18 should be used to pyramid with other effective genes to develop wheat cultivars with high‐level and durable resistance to stripe rust, whereas Yr9, Yr10 and Yr26 should not be used or used in a limited way due to the virulent races present in China.