二角山羊草细胞质小麦雄性不育系的育性特异性分析

利用大量小麦亲本材料和优良品种(系)与具有粘果、易变、偏凸和二角山羊草细胞质的小麦雄性不育系杂交,并对其杂交F1过氧化物同工酶进行了分析,结果表明：(1)二角山羊草细胞质与小麦核内的遗传物质组成两个不同的核质互作不育系统,粘、易、偏型不育系育性基本表现一致,而二角型不育系除了与前三种不育系具有相同的1BL／1RS保持系以外,对某些小麦近缘植物的杂交后代材料还表现出育性特异性。(2)粘、易、偏和二角型同核异质不育系5-1及其与V9125杂交F1过氧化物同工酶分析表明,粘、易、偏和二角型不育系5-1过氧化物同工酶带型基本表现一致,粘、易、偏不育系5-1与V9125杂交F1过氧化物同工酶带型基本表现一致,而二角型不育系5-1杂交F1过氧化物同工酶则表现出酶带减少变弱。     

两类二角山羊草细胞质小麦雄性不育系的细胞学研究

对具有二角山羊草(Aegilops bicornis)细胞质的同质异核1BL／1RS型小麦雄性不育系ms(Ae．bicornis)-5-1和非1BL／1RS不育系ms(Ae．bicornis)一V9125进行了花药发育细胞学分析。幼穗染色体制片显示,1BL／1RS不育系ms(Ae．bicornis)-5—1减数分裂正常,非1BL／1RS不育系ms(Ae．bicornis)-V9125减数分裂期染色体排列不整齐,出现不正常的四分体和含微核的小孢子。花药发育的细胞学观察表明,1BL／1RS不育系ms(Ae．bicornis)-5—1表现为染败,花药各壁层的发育是正常的;BC3代的非1BL／1RS不育系ms(Ae．bicornis)-V9125表现为园败,且发生了药室合并现象,从细胞学角度证明了二角型小麦不育系存在两个核质互作不育系统。     

APAGE技术在小麦细胞质雄性不育系选育中的应用研究

利用大量小麦亲本材料和优良品种(系)与具有粘果、易变、偏凸和二角山羊草细胞质的小麦雄性不育系杂交,筛选出一系列保持系。利用APAGE(酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳)技术对其进行了醇溶蛋白电泳图谱分析,发现大部分保持系表现出1BL/lRS易位系的1RS醇溶蛋白标记位点GldlB3。利用细胞学镜鉴,发现含有GldlB3标记位点的保持系均只含有两个随体,而不含有GldlB3标记位点的保持系均含有4个随体,证明了GldlB3标记位点与两个随体数的一致性。粘、易、偏型不育系育性基本表现一致,而二角型不育系除了与前3种不育系具有相同的保持系以外,对某些小麦品种(系)还表现出育性特异性。同时还讨论了ANGE技术在快速筛选小麦细胞质雄性不育保持系中的作用,为非1BL/1RS不育系的选育提供了必要的手段。     

粘类小麦细胞质雄性不育系的RAPD分析

利用250条10-聚寡核苷酸随机引物对具粘果山羊草(Aegilops kotschyi)、易变山羊草(Ae.variabilis)、偏凸山羊草(Ae.ventricosa)和二角山羊草(Ae．bicornis)细胞质不育系及其保持系5-1的总DNA进行了RAPD多态性分析,其中31条引物对4种不育系及其保持系总DNA均无扩增,217条引物扩增条带完全相同。有2条随机引物在2种不育系之间有特异的扩增片段,其中引物S22在偏凸山羊草细胞质雄性不育系基因组DNA中扩增出分子量约为1600bp的特异带,引物S202在粘果山羊草细胞质雄性不育系基因组DNA中扩增出约1300bp特异带。线粒体基因组DNA的RAPD分析表明,4种不育系及其保持系mtDNA存在明显的差异。证明了S22—1600为偏凸山羊草细胞质不育系及其mtDNA基因组DNA的RAPD特异片段．S202—1300可能为粘果山羊草细胞质不育系及其ctDNA基因组DNA的RAPD特异片段。     

几类异质易恢复小麦雄性不育系杂种籽粒品质研究初报

利用具有粘果出羊草（Ae.kotschyi),易变山羊草（Ae.variabilis),偏凸山羊草（Ae.ventricosa)和二角山羊草（Ae.bicornis)异源细胞质小麦雄性不育系（以下简称粘,易,偏和二角型）组配成不同组合的杂种小麦,研究这4种不育系对杂种小麦籽粒品质的影响。结果表明,由它们所配制的杂种小麦在蛋白质含量,湿面筋含量,沉淀值等性状上均高于具有普通小麦细胞质的相同核型杂种小麦,尤其粘,易型某些组合在湿面筋含量,沉淀值两性状上差异达到显著水平。因此,利用这4种不育系很有希望培育出优势,高产的杂种小麦。     

二角型小麦雄性不育系育性恢复性的研究

以5个同质异核二角型小麦雄性不育系ms(bicor-8222,ms(bicor)-83(37)65,ms(bicor)-偃师9号,ms(bicor)-80(6)及ms(bicor)-90-110为基本材料,与一批优良小麦品种（系）及部分亲本材料为父本进行测交,获得211个组合,考察其F1育性,结果表明;（1）5个同质异核不育系,除二角型非1B/1R不育系ms(bicor)-90-110与二角型1B/1R不育系ms(bicor)-83(37)65,ms(bicor)-偃师9号之间平均恢复度差异显著外,4个1B/1R不育系之间平均结实率差异不显著;（2）对同一不育系而言,与不同恢复系测交,其恢复度呈现连续变异;（3）同型非1B/1R不育系较1B/1R不育系恢复度普遍高;（4）对同一恢复系而言,各不育系测交F1的恢复度差异显著。     

小伞山羊草(Aegilops umbellata)恢复基因向小麦的转移

鉴定了小伞山羊草(Ae.umbellulata)6条染色体的中国春添加系对T型细胞质雄性不育系育性的影响,发现UAD能较好地恢复T型不育系的育性,表明染色体A上携带有育性恢复基因。添加染色体A在提莫菲维细胞质背景中通过雄配子的传递率为15.6%。同时进一步证明中国春不含有恢复基因。 在体细胞染色体数为42的331个不育系与UAD的杂种衍生后代中选到18个可育株,并对部分植株进行了细胞学鉴定。其中040-5、061-1和061-4与中国春的杂种F_1的育性分离和染色体配对情况表明它们是含有来自小伞山羊草染色体A上的恢复基因的杂合易位系。     

二角型小麦雄性不育系花粉败育的细胞学研究

应用石蜡切片和醋酸洋红压片法,从细胞学角度对4个同质异核二角型小麦雄性不育系ms(bicor)-8222、ms(bicor)-80(6)、ms(bicor)-5-4及ms(bicor)-5-8的花粉败育过程进行了比较研究。结果表明：(1)4种不育系败育特点总趋势基本雷同,但也因特定核型亦存在一些差异;(2)二角型雄性不育系小孢子发生与其保持系相似,花粉败育就花药而言,中层有延迟退化、解体的趋势,就花粉粒而言,败育主要发生在二细胞花粉粒后期至三细胞花粉粒期;(3)4个不育系花粉败育异常,主要表现为二分体细胞内有微核出现,内缘壁周缘细胞均呈次生纤维状增生;维管束鞘细咆排列不规则,花粉大小不一;(4)花粉败育与营养供应无直接关系,细胞核对花粉育性及育性相关性状相对细胞质影响较小。     

几类异源细胞质1B/1R、非1B/1R型小麦雄性不育系育性恢复性的比较研究

利用具有粘果山羊草 Aegilops kotschyi 、易变山羊草 Ae.variabilis 、偏凸山羊草 Ae.ventricosa 和二角山羊草 Ae.bicornis 异源细胞质的粘、易、偏和二角型 1B/ 1R、非 1B/ 1R型小麦雄性不育系为母本 ,一些优良小麦品种 系 为父本进行杂交 ,就 4类异源细胞质 1B/ 1R、非 1B/ 1R型不育系的育性恢复性进行比较研究 ,结果表明 : 1 4类异质 1B/ 1R、非 1B/ 1R型杂种自交结实率均低于相应普质杂种 ,说明由于核质不协调 ,4类异源细胞质对不育系育性恢复表现出一定的负效应 ; 2 非 1B/ 1R型杂种自交结实率明显高于 1B/ 1R型杂种 ,并达极显著差异 ,说明恢复性除受异源细胞质影响外 ,还与核内染色体核型密切相关 ; 3 非 1B/ 1R型杂种恢复度均在 6 5 %以上 ,大于 80 %的组合占 6 0 %以上 ,且变异范围较小 ,有望进一步研究利用 ; 4 1B/ 1R型杂种恢复度不高且变异较大 ,与1B· 1B/ 1R杂合染色体在减数分裂过程中的异常行为密切相关 ;而非 1B/ 1R型杂种由于不含 1B· 1B/ 1R杂合染色体 ,减数分裂过程中染色体行为相对稳定 ,易恢复且恢复度高 ,很有实际利用前景     

粘类非1BL/1RS小麦CMS基因定向选择及其育性特性的研究

对携有不同不育基因的4个粘类小麦雄性不育系进行了定向选择与鉴定,并对其育性特性进行研究,以选育更具应用价值的粘类非1BL/1RS小麦雄性不育系,推动三系杂交小麦的实际应用.结果表明:(1)根尖体细胞随体鉴定和A-PAGE技术分析筛选出的SP4、莫迦小麦为非1BL/1RS类型,其它供试不育系均属于1BL/1RS类型;(2)减数分裂及成熟花粉粒形态观察,粘类非1BL/1RS小麦雄性不育系其不育性是在整个配子发育过程中连续产生的,且在B型不育细胞质背景下,SP4和莫迦小麦的花粉细胞学形态与在K、Ven型2种不育细胞质背景下的不同,B型不育细胞质背景下SP4和莫迦不育系的花粉萌发率比K、Ven型不育细胞质背景下的花粉萌发率高;(3)以不同来源不育基因培育成的粘类K、Ven型非1BL/1RS不育系育性恢复性测定发现,SP4、莫迦小麦2种雄性不育系育性恢复性有一定差异,莫迦小麦不育类型育性恢复性高于SP4.     

Structural and Expressional Variation Analyses of Mitochondrial Genomes Reveal Candidate Transcripts for the SV Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important crops,and intra-specific wheat hybrids have obvious heterosis in yield and protein quality.Therefore,utilization of hybrid wheat varieties offers an effective way to increase yield and nutrition.Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) systems are a useful genetic tool for hybrid crop breeding,and are ideal models for studying the genetic interaction and cooperative function of mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in plants (Schnable and Wise,1998;Hanson and Bentolila,2004).The breeding of hybrid wheat using male sterility caused by the cytoplasm of T.timopheevii has been studied since the early 1960's.But it is unsuccessful because there are some deficiencies in the practical application of this cytoplasm,including limited restoration resources,thin seeds,pre-harvest sprouting and lower germination rate (Wilson and Ross,1962).The Sv type of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS-Sv) in wheat is general accessions for four types of CMS lines that were derived from four Aegilops species:Ae.kotschyi,Ae.variabilis,Ae.ventricosa,and Ae.bicornis.Based on the observation of alloplasmic lines produced in all possible combinations between 12 wheat nuclear genotypes and 47 cytoplasms of two related genera,Triticum (wheat) and Aegilops,Ogihara and Tsunewaki (1988) concluded that the D2-cytoplasm of Ae.crassa and its relatives,N-cytoplasm of Ae.uniaristata,and SV-cytoplasm of Ae.kotschyi and its relatives might be used as the alternative male sterile cytoplasm to replace the T.timopheevii cytoplasm for hybrid wheat breeding.Ikeguchi et al.(1999) proposed that spring-type hybrid wheat may be bred by combination of the 1BL-1RS chromosome and Ae.kotschyi cytoplasm with a new fertility-restorer gene discovered in a wheat variety Kitamiharu 48.Zhang et al.(1996) also proposed the use of CMS-Sv lines as the most effective male sterile cytoplasm.     

山羊草属不同细胞质对小麦籽粒蛋白含量及组分的影响研究

以山羊草属（Aegilops)6种不同异源细咆质的异质小麦品系Chris为材料,与生产上广泛种植的9个常规小麦品种正反杂交,系统地研究了供试6种蚌源细胞质对其F1籽粒蛋白含量的影响,同时对单芒山草(Ae．uniaristata)、二角山羊草(Ae.bicorins)细胞质对籽粒蛋门组分含量的影响亦进行了研究。结果表明：(1)在以6种异源细胞质材料为母本的杂交组合中,78%的组合其蛋白含量高于反交对照。尤以单芒、二角山羊草细胞质的正效应最为显著,平均提高2个以上百分点,最高达3．7个百分点。(2)供试单芒、二角异源细胞质对籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白的含量影响最大,对醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量的影响相对较小,其效应值大小因特定组合而异。(3)供试异源细胞质对籽粒蛋白质含量和组成的影响均存在显著的核质互作效应。通过异源细胞质的途径来改良小麦籽粒的蛋白含量和组分是一条有效可行的方法,只要选择合适的核质组合即可达到改良目的。     

光周期敏感细胞质雄性不育小麦的研究

选用我们创建的Ｄ＾２型细胞质与普通小麦品种,经多年回交核置换获得的１５种异质系在,不同发育期置于武汉不同光长条件下,并春播于哈尔滨自然长日条件下,抽穗时套袋自产,进行碘染花分观察,成熟后考察自交结实率等。     

Characterization of fertility restoration in alloplasmic lines derived from hybridization of self-fertilized offspring of barley-wheat (Hordeum vulgare L. × Triticum aestivum L.) amphiploid with common wheat varieties Saratovskaya 29 and Pyrotrix 28

The problems of fertility restoration in the progeny of barley-wheat hybrids (H. vulgare × T. aestivum) are explained by incompatibility between the cytoplasm of cultivated barley and the nuclear genome of common wheat. Appropriate models for studying these problems are alloplasmic lines that combine the cytoplasm of barley and the nuclear genome of wheat. In this work, the differences of fertility restoration in alloplasmic common wheat lines (H. vulgare)-T. aestivum were studied depending on the influence of wheat varieties Saratovskaya 29 (Sar29) and Pyrotrix 28 (Pyr28) used to produce these lines. The alloplasmic lines were created using hybrids between the 48-chromosome offspring (Amph₁) of the barley-wheat amphiploid H. vulgare (ya-319) × T. aestivum (Sar29) and these wheat varieties. Backcrossing of the Amph₁ (2n = 48) × Sar29 hybrid with the wheat variety Sar29 resulted in the complete sterility in the (H. vulgare)-Sar29 line, which suggests the incompatibility of the nuclear genome of the common wheat variety Sar29 with the cytoplasm of H. vulgare. Crossing of Amph₁ (2n = 48) with Pyr28 resulted in the restoration of self-fertility in the hybrid with 2n = 44. In the alloplasmic lines (2n = 42) formed based on plants of the self-fertilized generations of this hybrid, the barley chromosomes were eliminated, and recombination between the nuclear genomes of the parental wheat varieties Sar29 and Pyr28 took place. Alloplasmic recombinant lines (H. vulgare)-T. aestivum with different levels of fertility were isolated. As was shown by the SSR analysis, differences in the fertility between these lines are determined by differences in the content of the genetic material from the wheat varieties Sar29 and Pyr28. The complete restoration of fertility in these alloplasmic recombinant lines is accompanied by the formation of a nuclear genome in which the genetic material of Pyr28 significantly prevails. The conclusion is made that the common wheat variety Pyrotrix 28 is a carrier of a gene (or genes), which determines the restoration of common wheat fertility on the cytoplasm of cultivated barley.