环境汞污染对藻类的毒性效应及其影响因素

综述了汞污染对藻类的毒性效应及影响因素。水环境中汞主要以元素汞、无机汞和有机汞3种形式存在。藻类吸附汞主要分为胞外的快速吸附和胞内的缓慢富集,在安全浓度内,金属汞对藻生长有一定的促进作用,随着浓度增大,抑制藻生长或致死。汞进入藻体细胞后,藻类为了存活会产生一系列保护机制。藻类对汞的排斥和排出作用可能就是对汞耐性的一种重要机制。藻类也可以通过多种方式减少汞进入藻类细胞,以及通过与其他物质结合汞使其排出胞外。温度、pH、生物学因素等影响重金属对藻类的毒性作用。并就藻类对汞耐性和适应机理、利用藻类修复和监测重金属污染、藻类响应汞胁迫的信号转导途径及其保护机制等未来研究领域进行了展望。     

微宇宙模拟溢油条件下沉积物中蓝细菌多样性

【目的】在不同浓度原油胁迫下,研究沉积物中原油降解规律及蓝细菌的响应机制,探讨蓝细菌对原油的耐受程度,并揭示蓝细菌种属结构组成的演替规律,为预测和判断溢油污染是否会造成富营养化等次生环境问题提供依据。【方法】建立微宇宙模拟实验体系,设置未添加原油对照组(CK组)及一系列高浓度原油处理组(25、125和250 g/kg干重,分别为LO组、MO组和HO组),通过气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器分析微宇宙培养期间原油降解规律。采用蓝细菌16SrRNA基因分析蓝细菌多样性和丰度变化规律,以及蓝细菌各种属的演替情况。【结果】微宇宙培养第31天时,在最低浓度处理组(LO组)沉积物表层出现片状绿色菌苔,而其他处理组和对照组未出现此现象。蓝细菌16SrRNA基因克隆文库结果表明,在溢油条件下所有处理组的蓝细菌多样性均降低,但有一些种属出现富集,如Oscillatoria和Prochlorococcus等。此外,也监测到大量的不可培养种属,预示着沉积物中可能存在新种属的蓝细菌。【结论】蓝细菌对原油具有较高耐受性,25 g/kg浓度原油会对蓝细菌生长产生刺激作用,且可能进一步引起蓝细菌富集。原油会引起蓝细菌多样性降低,但个别种属会发生富集,说明这些种属对原油具有较高耐受性,甚至发挥重要功能,如Oscillatoria具有固氮功能。本研究在分子水平上研究了蓝细菌对原油的响应,对蓝细菌分子生态研究具有重要意义。     

稀土矿区植物修复研究进展

稀土资源过度开采严重地破坏了生态环境, 矿区生态修复亟待解决。综述了我国稀土矿区的污染现状, 归纳了矿区先锋植物和超积累植物对稀土元素的富集和耐受机制; 探究了土壤改良剂在矿区植物修复过程中的作用, 以及根际微生物与植物联合修复的机制; 分析了Proteobacteria(变形杆菌门)、Firmicutes(厚壁菌门)、Acidobacteria(酸杆菌门)等菌群成为植物修复中优势类群的影响因素。最后对根际微生物与植物联用在矿区生态修复中的研究与应用做出了展望。     

稻田生态系统汞的生物地球化学研究进展

汞作为一种毒性很强的重金属污染物,已被我国和联合国环境规划署、世界卫生组织、欧盟及美国环境保护署等多个国家(机构)列为优先控制污染物。汞的毒性与其化学形态密切相关,其中甲基汞是毒性最强的汞化合物。无机汞可在适当环境条件下被转化成毒性更强的甲基汞,进而在食物链中富集、放大,对人体健康构成潜在威胁。研究证实,稻田土壤是重要的甲基汞产生场所,稻田是陆地生态系统重要的甲基汞"源"。汞污染区稻米富含甲基汞是一个普遍的现象。在这些地区,居民食用稻米是人体甲基汞暴露的主要途径,由此所导致的人体甲基汞暴露风险日益受到人们的关注。近年来,随着汞污染区稻米甲基汞污染事件被频频报道,稻田生态系统汞的生物地球化学过程研究日益受到学术界的重视,国内外学者围绕这一方向开展了大量的研究工作,取得了一系列重要的研究成果。本文对前人有关稻田生态系统汞的生物地球化学过程进行了系统的总结,包括:(1)稻田生态系统汞污染现状;(2)稻田土壤汞的甲基化过程及其影响因素;(3)水稻对汞的吸收、富集机理;(4)居民食用稻米导致的甲基汞暴露的健康风险;(5)对缓解稻米甲基汞污染问题所可能采取的措施。最后,对目前的研究缺陷及不足进行了探讨,并对未来需要进一步开展的研究工作进行了展望。     

不同品种(系)牧草镉修复能力综合评价

该研究选用3种高丹草、2种苏丹草、2种杂交狼尾草、一年生黑麦草和多年生黑麦草共9个牧草品系，采用盆栽试验，设置0(CK)、10(Cd10)、20 mg/kg(Cd20)镉胁迫处理，考察不同品系的生长指标、镉含量和富集指标，运用极差化法和主成分分析建立综合评价模型，通过计算各牧草在模型中的综合得分，筛选出最适宜实地修复的牧草，探究不同品种和不同品系牧草的镉修复能力差异，建立Cd污染土壤植物修复能力评价体系，发掘兼顾富集量和后处理的镉污染土壤植物修复资源。结果表明：(1)镉胁迫会不同程度降低牧草的株高和生物量，其中江苏苏丹草在Cd10和Cd20中的耐胁迫能力均较强；(2)在Cd10和Cd20处理下，一年生和多年生黑麦草均具有较高的地上部和地下部Cd含量，高丹草的3个品系在Cd含量和Cd积累量两方面存在较大差异；(3)在Cd10和Cd20处理下，高丹草和黑麦草的富集指标表现优异，且富集指标在高丹草品系间存在较大差异；(4)2个镉质量分数处理下综合评价得分最高的均是一年生黑麦草，其次为高丹草。研究表明，参试牧草对镉胁迫均有较强的耐受性，但耐受能力和富集能力在品系间存在明显差异，并以高丹草品系间差异最大；一年生黑麦草能耐受20 mg/kg以下镉胁迫，且生物量较小，对镉有较强的浓缩效应，可作为镉污染土壤实地修复的可靠材料；综合评价模型可作为镉污染修复植物资源筛选的可靠方法。     

植物内生细菌修复重金属污染土壤作用机制研究进展

内生细菌生活在植物组织内部,长期以来与宿主植物形成了紧密的共生关系。内生细菌在重金属吸收、耐受和解毒方面具有优良的特性,为修复重金属污染土壤提供了有效的新方案。综述了内生细菌强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的作用机制,包括内生细菌通过产生植物生长调节激素,分泌ACC脱氨酶和几丁质酶等,促进宿主植物在重金属胁迫条件下的生长;通过改变重金属的生物有效性/毒性,减轻植物重金属毒害;通过与植物形成联合修复体,加强植物抗重金属毒性的能力。分析了近几年超富集植物内生细菌多样性及其影响因素,探讨了联合修复过程中影响内生细菌强化修复效果的主要因素,包括内生细菌的来源、活性和环境胁迫等各种生物因素和非生物因素,并对内生细菌与植物联合修复的研究方向进行展望,涉及内生细菌自身存活原因和如何耐受重金属的机制研究,植物内生细菌的行为动力学和代谢,以及内生细菌、植物及土壤之间的生态互作效应等,以期推动内生细菌大规模应用于植物修复重金属污染土壤。     

废弃重金属的植物修复与再利用研究进展

介绍了重金属污染的植物修复方法,通过分析超富集植物对重金属的耐受机制,对超富集植物回收利用重金属进行了总结,最后讨论并展望了重金属植物修复未来的研究方向和热点。     

实验室适应性进化技术在光合蓝细菌底盘工程中的研究进展

蓝细菌是唯一可进行放氧光合作用的原核微生物,基于光合蓝细菌构建“自养型细胞工厂”具有广阔前景。但以蓝细菌作为底盘进行生物燃料及化学品的合成仍存在细胞耐受能力差、产量低等问题,导致实现工业化生产的经济可行性还比较低,亟需通过合成生物学等技术手段构建新的藻株。近年来,实验室适应性进化(adaptive laboratory evolution,ALE)已被用于底盘工程中,实现了优化生长速度、增加耐受性、加强底物利用和提高产品产量等目标。ALE在提高蓝细菌鲁棒性方面取得了一定进展,已获得了耐受高光、重金属离子、高盐和高浓度有机溶剂胁迫的进化藻株。但是,蓝细菌中的ALE策略效率相对较低,耐受各胁迫的分子机制并未阐释完全。本文综述了ALE相关技术策略及其在蓝细菌底盘工程中的应用,讨论了如何借鉴其他微生物中ALE手段,构建更大ALE突变文库、增加菌株的突变频率、缩短进化时间、探索多重胁迫耐受工程菌构建原则及研究策略等,高效解析进化菌株的突变体库,构建高产量、鲁棒性强的工程菌株等,以期未来促进蓝细菌底盘的改造及其工程菌的规模化应用。     

土壤汞污染生物修复技术研究进展

汞作为常温下唯一的一种液态金属,在环境中分布十分广泛,极易造成土壤污染。生物修复是一种用于土壤汞污染治理的重要修复技术,该技术因具有修复成本低、绿色环保等优点而受到重视。对现有的土壤汞污染生物修复技术进行了评述,主要涉及植物修复技术、微生物修复技术和动物修复技术的研究和应用情况:植物修复技术主要研究汞在植物体内代谢机理和规律,微生物修复技术研究侧重于利用外源微生物降解土壤中汞,动物修复技术研究较少,目前仅见有关蚯蚓富集汞的报道。现代生物修复技术已经发展成为一门包括土壤化学、植物生物学、生态学、土壤微生物学、分析化学及分子生物学等多学科融合性技术,借助这些学科力量可以对植物提取汞根际微界面过程和植物体内微界面过程、微生物和动物汞富集机制有更深刻的认识。综述最后对目前土壤汞污染生物修复技术主要研究方向进行总结和归纳,明确了汞污染生物修复领域存在的几大问题以及研究方向。     

湿地植物根形态结构和泌氧与盐和重金属吸收、积累、耐性关系的研究进展

目前大面积湿地面临着重金属污染和盐渍化问题。利用湿地植物修复这些受损生态系统和提高海水稻的产量、减少毒性金属元素在稻米中的积累是当前面临的重要任务。湿地植物(包括水稻)已发展出各种策略和机制来耐受不同的环境胁迫,它们的根系发育具有可塑性,如根形态和解剖结构会随外界条件的变化而变化,这些变化直接影响其对环境胁迫的适应性能。近年来,对湿地植物根形态和结构、泌氧与其对盐、重金属的吸收、积累和耐性之间的关系方面进行了一些重要研究。本文分别对湿地植物根系形态、质外体屏障、通气组织和泌氧与其对盐和重金属吸收、积累和耐性的关系等方面的研究进展进行了综述,并对该领域未来的发展方向作了展望。     

Maternal consumption of non‐toxic Microcystis by Daphnia magna induces tolerance to toxic Microcystis in offspring

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Detection of potential microcystin-producing cyanobacteria in Brazilian reservoirs with a mcyB molecular marker

One of the most serious problems related to water eutrophication is the occurrence of increasingly frequent blooms of toxic cyanobacteria in freshwater ecosystems. Microcystin (MCYST) molecular markers may be used for the detection of toxic cyanobacteria, both cultivated strains and environmental samples, independently of their taxonomic category and production of the toxin at the moment of analysis. Sixty Microcystis spp. strains from 15 water reservoirs of south, southeastern and northeastern Brazil were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with oligonucleotide primers for mcyB gene of the operon that encodes a microcystin synthetase. It was found out that the presence of a unique amplified product of approximately 780 bp in 18 strains, indicated the presence of the microcystin-producing genotype. There was correspondence between the presence of the mcyB gene and microcystin determined by ELISA. Eight reservoirs contained toxic strains, two of these reservoirs being used mainly for public water supply. The coexistence of a mixture of toxic and non-toxic genotypes in populations of several reservoirs was found. Thus, it is evident that Microcystis populations present in blooms compose a mosaic, with genetically different individuals within the same population, each one, possibly, with its own tolerance to environmental factors and with distinct toxicity potential.     

Adaptation dynamics and evolutionary rescue under sulfide selection in cyanobacteria: a comparative study between Microcystis aeruginosa and Oscillatoria sp. (cyanobacteria)

Experimental evolution studies using cyanobacteria as model organisms are scarce despite the role of cyanobacteria in the evolution of photosynthesis. Three different experimental evolution approaches have been applied to shed light on the sulfide adaptation process, which played a key role in the evolution of this group. We used a Microcystis aeruginosa sulfide‐sensitive strain, unable to grow above ~0.1 mM, and an Oscillatoria sp. strain, isolated from a sulfureous spa (~0.2 mM total sulfide). First, performing a fluctuation analysis design using the spa waters as selective agent, we proved that M. aeruginosa was able to adapt to this sulfide level by rare spontaneous mutations. Second, applying a ratchet protocol, we tested if the limit of adaptation to sulfide of the two taxa was dependent on their initial sulfide tolerance, finding that M. aeruginosa adapted to 0.4 mM sulfide, and Oscillatoria sp. to ~2 mM sulfide, twice it highest tolerance level. Third, using an evolutionary rescue approach, we observed that both speed of exposure to increasing sulfide concentrations (deterioration rate) and populations’ genetic variation determined the survival of M. aeruginosa at lethal sulfide levels, with a higher dependence on genetic diversity. In conclusion, sulfide adaptation of sensitive cyanobacterial strains is possible by rare spontaneous mutations and the adaptation limits depend on the sulfide level present in strain’s original habitat. The high genetic diversity of a sulfide‐sensitive strain, even at fast environmental deterioration rates, could increase its possibility of survival even to a severe sulfide stress.     

Cyanotoxins from Black Band Disease of Corals and from Other Coral Reef Environments

Many cyanobacteria produce cyanotoxins, which has been well documented from freshwater environments but not investigated to the same extent in marine environments. Cyanobacteria are an obligate component of the polymicrobial disease of corals known as black band disease (BBD). Cyanotoxins were previously shown to be present in field samples of BBD and in a limited number of BBD cyanobacterial cultures. These toxins were suggested as one of the mechanisms contributing to BBD-associated coral tissue lysis and death. In this work, we tested nine cyanobacterial isolates from BBD and additionally nine isolated from non-BBD marine sources for their ability to produce toxins. The presence of toxins was determined using cell extracts of laboratory grown cyanobacterial cultures using ELISA and the PP2A assay. Based on these tests, it was shown that cyanobacterial toxins belonging to the microcystin/nodularin group were produced by cyanobacteria originating from both BBD and non-BBD sources. Several environmental factors that can be encountered in the highly dynamic microenvironment of BBD were tested for their effect on both cyanobacterial growth yield and rate of toxin production using two of the BBD isolates of the genera Leptolyngbya and Geitlerinema. While toxin production was the highest under mixotrophic conditions (light and glucose) for the Leptolyngbya isolate, it was highest under photoautotrophic conditions for the Geitlerinema isolate. Our results show that toxin production among marine cyanobacteria is more widespread than previously documented, and we present data showing three marine cyanobacterial genera (Phormidium, Pseudanabaena, and Spirulina) are newly identified as cyanotoxin producers. We also show that cyanotoxin production by BBD cyanobacteria can be affected by environmental factors that are present in the microenvironment associated with this coral disease.     

Immobilization of photosynthetically active cyanobacteria in glutaraldehyde-crosslinked albumin matrix

Summary Cryoprotection was afforded to cells ofPhormidium luridum andAnacystis nidulans by preloading them with dimethyl sulphoxide and then performing the immobilization reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide-free medium. Compared with free cyanobacteria cells, matrix-immobilized cyanobacteria exhibit superior temperature tolerance and storage longevity of photoinduced electron transport, while their phycobiliproteins are better protected against thermal denaturation. Photosynthetically activePhormidium spheroplasts capable of interacting with ionic Hill cofactors, were immobilized in crosslinked albumin matrix, with cryoprotection provided by sorbitol.     

基于克隆文库法研究古尔班通古特沙漠蓝藻多样性

该研究采用克隆文库法研究古尔班通古特沙漠藻类生物结皮中蓝藻多样性及分布。在古尔班通古特沙漠不同区域采集10份藻类结皮代表性土样,分别构建古尔班通古特沙漠蓝藻16S rRNA和psbA基因克隆文库,并进行系统发育分析,对蓝藻多样性和丰度与环境因子进行关联分析,研究蓝藻分布特点及影响因子。结果显示:(1)16S rRNA基因系统发育树中包括具有明确分类地位的蓝藻有6科10属(占总克隆文库的94.85%)和一个未分类蓝藻属,其中颤藻属(Oscillatoria)和微鞘藻属(Microcoleus)分别占克隆文库的42.54%和37.16%,为古尔班通古特沙漠蓝藻优势属;psbA基因系统发育树中仅鉴定有蓝藻类群4科4属,但优势属与前者结果一致。(2)10个样点藻类结皮中所含蓝藻种类不尽相同,但每个采样点都出现颤藻属和微鞘藻属,证明这二者是古尔班通古特沙漠藻类结皮中的优势属;且样点Gur2和Gur17中蓝藻种类较多,Gur3、Gur5和Gur9中种类较少,但Gur2、Gur3、Gur5和Gur17相对地理位置较近,表明地理位置不是影响蓝藻分布的主要因素。(3)RDA(Redundancy analysis)分析结果显示,微生物量氮(MBN)和土壤有机碳(SOC)对蓝藻多样性影响程度最大,其次是硝态氮(NO~-_3-N)、微生物量碳(MBC),全磷(TP)和全钾(TK)对其影响程度最小。研究表明,古尔班通古特沙漠不同区域沙漠蓝藻多样性和土壤理化性质具有空间异质性,综合分析可得沙漠中南部藻类结皮土壤营养最为丰富,蓝藻多样性较高,而东部和西部土壤营养较为贫瘠,蓝藻丰富度和多样性较低。     

Photosynthetic performance in cyanobacteria with increased sulphide tolerance: an analysis comparing wild-type and experimentally derived strains

Sulphide is proposed to have influenced the evolution of primary stages of oxygenic photosynthesis in cyanobacteria. However, sulphide is toxic to most of the species of this phylum, except for some sulphide-tolerant species showing various sulphide-resistance mechanisms. In a previous study, we found that this tolerance can be induced by environmental sulphidic conditions, in which two experimentally derived strains with an enhanced tolerance to sulphide were obtained from Microcystis aeruginosa, a sensitive species, and Oscillatoria, a sulphide-tolerant genus. We have now analysed the photosynthetic performance of the wild-type and derived strains in the presence of sulphide to shed light on the characteristics underlying the increased tolerance. We checked whether the sulphide tolerance was a result of higher PSII sulphide resistance and/or the induction of sulphide-dependent anoxygenic photosynthesis. We observed that growth, maximum quantum yield, maximum electron transport rate and photosynthetic efficiency in the presence of sulphide were less affected in the derived strains compared to their wild-type counterparts. Nevertheless, in ¹⁴C photoincoporation assays, neither Oscillatoria nor M. aeruginosa exhibited anoxygenic photosynthesis using sulphide as an electron donor. On the other hand, the content of photosynthetic pigments in the derived strains was different to that observed in the wild-type strains. Thus, an enhanced PSII sulphide resistance appears to be behind the increased sulphide tolerance displayed by the experimentally derived strains, as observed in most natural sulphide-tolerant cyanobacterial strains. However, other changes in the photosynthetic machinery cannot be excluded.

     

Response of Cyanobacteria and Algae from Antarctic Wetland Habitats to Freezing and Desiccation Stress

Antarctic wetlands are characterized by the presence of liquid water during short austral summer. Filamentous cyanobacteria are often dominant there and are exposed to severe conditions, of which the changes in the desiccation–rehydration and freeze–thaw cycles are two of the most stressful. Vigor, after freezing and desiccation, was laboratory tested in cyanobacterial and algal strains from wetland habitats collected in maritime and continental Antarctica. Whereas minor sub-zero temperatures (−4°C), demonstrating summer diurnal freeze–thaws did not cause significant damage on either cyanobacteria or algae, low sub-zero temperatures (−40, −100, −196°C), demonstrating annual winter freeze, caused little harm to cyanobacteria, but was fatal for more than 50% of the population of algae. Freezing and desiccation tolerance of these strains was compared using multiregression methods: cyanobacteria from continental Antarctica were significantly more tolerant to low sub-zero temperatures than similar strains from maritime Antarctica (P = 0.026; F = 3.66); and cyanobacteria from seepages habitat were less tolerant to freezing and desiccation than cyanobacteria from other wetlands (P = 0.002; F = 5.69).     

Lithic cyanobacterial communities in the polyextreme Sahara Desert: implications for the search for the limits of life

The hyperarid Sahara Desert presents extreme and persistent dry conditions with a limited number of hours during which the moisture availability, temperature and light allow phototrophic growth. Some cyanobacteria can live in these hostile conditions by seeking refuge under (hypolithic) or inside (endolithic) rocks, by colonizing porous spaces (cryptoendoliths) or fissures in stones (chasmoendoliths). Chroococcidiopsis spp. have been reported as the dominant or even the only phototrophs in these hot desert lithic communities. However, the results of this study reveal the high diversity of and variability in cyanobacteria among the sampled habitats in the Sahara Desert. The chasmoendolithic samples presented high coccoid cyanobacteria abundances, although the dominant cyanobacteria were distinct among different locations. A high predominance of a newly described cyanobacterium, Pseudoacaryochloris sahariense, was found in hard, compact, and more opaque stones with cryptoendolithic colonization. On the other hand, the hypolithic samples were dominated by filamentous, non-heterocystous cyanobacteria. Thermophysiological bioassays confirmed desiccation and extreme temperature tolerance as drivers in the cyanobacterial community composition of these lithic niches. The results of the present study provide key factors for understanding life strategies under polyextreme environmental conditions. The isolated strains, especially the newly described cyanobacterium P. sahariense, might represent suitable microorganisms in astrobiology studies aimed at investigating the limits of life.     

Cyanobacterial multi-copy chromosomes and their replication

ABSTRACT

While the model bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis harbor single chromosomes, which is known as monoploidy, some freshwater cyanobacteria contain multiple chromosome copies per cell throughout their cell cycle, which is known as polyploidy. In the model cyanobacteria Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, chromosome copy number (ploidy) is regulated in response to growth phase and environmental factors. In S. elongatus 7942, chromosome replication is asynchronous both among cells and chromosomes. Comparative analysis of S. elongatus 7942 and S. sp. 6803 revealed a variety of DNA replication mechanisms. In this review, the current knowledge of ploidy and DNA replication mechanisms in cyanobacteria is summarized together with information on the features common with plant chloroplasts. It is worth noting that the occurrence of polyploidy and its regulation are correlated with certain cyanobacterial lifestyles and are shared between some cyanobacteria and chloroplasts.