柑桔全爪螨自然种群动态的模拟模型

本文运用时间序列分析方法对上海市长兴岛前卫农场柑桔园内柑桔全爪螨及其天敌江原钝绥螨的种群动态进行分析和模拟,分别建立了关于柑桔全爪螨及其天敌种群数量动态的作用,预测柑桔全爪螨种群数量的变化趋势,模拟效果良好,对田间防治具有一定的参考价值。     

腹管食螨瓢虫、桔全爪螨种群空间分布型及其混合种群抽样技术的研究

据笔者1984—1985年调查,腹管食螨瓢虫(Stethorus siphonulus Kapur)是福建省桔园桔全爪螨最常见和最有效的捕食性天敌,与黄邦侃(1985年)的报道一致。有关该虫的空间分布型及抽样技术,迄今国内外尚未见报道。 有关昆虫抽样技术的研究,至今都在单种种群的水平上进行。为研究生物群落或生态系统必须建立和发展混合种群抽样理论,本文就腹管食螨瓢虫、桔全爪螨混合种群抽样方案进行了探讨。这是至今国内外有关昆虫混合种群抽样技术的首次报道。     

丘陵地柑桔园利用钝绥螨防治桔全爪螨研究初报

农作物害螨的重要天敌——植绥螨类最适宜的生存条件是大气相对湿度较大,日照时数短和丰富的交替食料。广东柑桔面积大部分分布在丘陵及平原地带。柑桔园的大气相对湿度一般较小,日照长,周围植被单一。这样的生态特点有利于桔全爪螨Panonychus citri的发生而不利于植绥螨类种群的建立。因此,研究此类地区柑桔园的气候和食料对植绥螨类种群的影响和探讨利用植绥螨的可行途径是富有生产实     

桔全爪螨与柑桔相互作用的研究

研究了不同柑桔品种对桔全爪螨Ｐａｎｏｎｙｃｈｕｓｃｉｔｒｉ（ＭｃＧ）种群的影响,桔全爪螨危害对柑桔生理的影响以及柑桔叶片受受后对桔全爪螨种群的反馈作用,结果表明：供试的１０个柑桔品种对桔全爪螨种群生长发育,繁殖时明显的影响,品种间存在感螨性差异。     

利用钝绥螨为主综合防治柑桔红蜘蛛的研究

在广州地区的柑桔园,柑桔红蜘蛛的天敌有捕食螨、草蛉、食螨瓢虫、塔六点蓟马和蜘蛛类等。其中钝绥螨占60—80%。经过两年的试验证明,以利用钝绥螨为主,少量使用选择性农药和加强田间管理的综合措施,是防治柑桔红蜘蛛行之有效的途径,可长期控制其数量在防治指标以下,化学农药的用量也相应大大减少。 钝绥螨具有发育历期短,嗜食柑桔红蜘蛛,食料范围广,在植株上的分布与猎获物相一致等优良特性,可取得理想的防治效果。钝绥螨对三氯杀螨醇、石硫合剂、西维因、胶体硫、六六六、滴滴涕、巴沙、托布津等化学农药具有不同程度的抗性。 柑桔园的一种杂草——藿香蓟对稳定钝绥螨的种群数量有着重要的作用,它的花粉和在叶上的啮虫的幼虫可作为钝绥螨的食料。     

上海郊区桔全爪螨发生动态的初步观察

<正> 桔全爪螨Panonychus citri(McGregor)属蜱螨亚纲(Acari),叶螨科(Tetranychidae)。是柑桔的主要害螨,吸取树木液汁,为害柑桔叶片,造成叶片严重脱落,还引起落蕾、落果。我们于1983年6月中旬—8月下旬在本院附属农场柑桔园观察了桔全爪螨的发生动态,其结果如下。 试 验 方 法 1.夏季发生动态的观察 在柑桔园内选10株树龄3—4年生的柑桔树作定点调查,每株     

巴氏钝绥螨对柑桔全爪螨的捕食效能

本文研究了巴氏钝绥螨Amblyseius barkeri的雌成螨、雄成螨、若螨在实验条件下对柑桔全爪螨的捕食效能。结果表明：5个实验温度条件下（16、20、24、28和32℃,RH85％）,利用椭圆食粉螨饲养的巴氏钝绥螨Panonychus citri对柑桔全爪螨均有较强的捕食能力;巴氏钝绥螨对柑桔全爪螨的功能反应均属于Holling Ⅱ型。在实验温度范围内,各螨态对柑桔全爪螨的控制能力（α／Th值）随温度升高而增大,在28℃时达到峰值;同一温度条件下,雌成螨的捕食能力最大,若螨其次,雄成螨的捕食能力最弱;在猎物密度固定时,由于巴氏钝绥螨个体之间存在相互竞争和相互干扰作用,随着捕食者密度的提高,捕食者平均捕食量逐渐减少。巴氏钝绥螨对各螨态柑桔全爪螨的取食有选择性,柑桔全爪螨的幼若螨是巴氏钝绥螨的嗜好虫态。     

植绥螨在桔树、藿香蓟和假臭草上的时空分布

【目的】植绥螨是柑桔园的重要天敌。桔园杂草假臭草常被误认为藿香蓟而被保留或种植,但其在维持植绥螨上的生态功能是否与藿香蓟相似,尚无报道。了解植绥螨在桔树和藿香蓟、假臭草上的时空分布,可为筛选果园杂草及其它合理保护和增殖桔园植绥螨措施提供参考。【方法】本文采用常规摘叶法调查植绥螨和柑桔全爪螨Panonychuscitri(McGregor)在桔树上的时空分布,以及采用整株取样法调查附近藿香蓟和假臭草上的植绥螨种群。【结果】发现植绥螨在桔树树冠外层的种群密度在夜晚23:30较高,而柑桔全爪螨正好相反,在白天15:30密度更高。在白天藿香蓟上的植绥螨显著多于假臭草上的,在夜晚两种草上的植绥螨无显著差异。植绥螨在白天多栖息于藿香蓟上,晚上则从藿香蓟转出至外面。【结论】藿香蓟对广谱性捕食螨天敌冲绳钝绥螨Amblyseius okinawanus增殖作用明显,建议果园留种藿香蓟;选择在桔树树冠外层植绥螨分布较少而全爪螨分布较多的白天时间段喷施安全性较高的农药,可以较好地达到控制全爪螨又保护捕食螨的效果。     

桔园内多种天敌对桔全爪螨的控制作用

本文应用二次回归旋转组合实验设计统计方法,对桔园内主要天敌食螨瓢虫(Stethorus che-ngi)、长须螨(Agistemus exsertus citri)、尼氏钝绥螨(Amblyseius nichols)和普通钝绥螨(Amb-lyseius vulgaris)对桔全爪螨(Panongchus citri)的控制作用,以及天敌与天敌之间、天敌与害螨之间的相互作用进行了研究。得出了这4种天敌对桔全爪螨的捕食量模型。并对模型进行主效分析,表明桔全爪螨自身密度的大小对天敌的总捕食量影响最大。在这4种天敌中对总的捕食量影响最大的是食螨瓢虫,其次为长须螨,尼氏钝绥螨再次之,普通钝绥螨的影响最小。对各天敌间交互作用的分析表明,天敌个体大、活动能力强、捕食量大,他们的种内种间干扰程度也大,特别是食螨瓢虫种内种间干扰十分明显。其次为长须螨,而尼氏钝绥螨和普通钝绥螨的种内种间干扰较弱,在密度较低时,他们还表现出相互促进的作用。最后本文还讨论了这4种天敌能有效地控制桔全爪螨的最大密度,以及在该密度下各种天敌密度的最佳组合。     

纽氏钝绥螨、尼氏钝绥螨及其猎物—桔全爪螨生态学特性的比较研究

本文从天敌与猎物的种群内禀增长力,天敌对猎物不同密度的功能反应及数值反应三个方面来评价和比较纽氏钝绥螨、尼氏钝绥螨时其猎物——枯全爪螨的控制作用。在五种温度下,两种捕食螨的种群内禀增长力都大于桔全爪螨。它们对猎物的功能反应属HollingⅡ型。尼氏钝绥螨的捕食量大于纽氏钝绥螨,在25℃时两种捕食螨捕食量最大,应用Rogers的模型能较好地对试验结果进行模拟。尼氏钝绥螨对桔全爪不同虫态的取食不存在选择效应,纽氏钝绥螨则嗜食若螨和幼螨。两种捕食螨对桔全爪螨的数值反应表明,仅供给桔全爪螨雌成螨作为食物,对两种捕食螨都不利,尤其对尼氏钝绥螨更为明显。综上所述,两种捕食螨能比较有效地控制桔全爪螨种群,当猎物密度较高时,尼氏钝绥螨控制效果优于纽氏钝绥螨,但纽氏钝绥螨控制效果优于纽氏钝绥螨,但纽氏钝绥螨田间种群数量比尼氏钝绥螨稳定。柑桔园中存在其它补充食物时对这两种捕食敌有利。     

Herbivorous mites as ecological engineers: indirect effects on arthropods inhabiting papaya foliage

We examined the potential of a leaf roller to indirectly influence a community of arthropods. Two mite species are the key herbivores on papaya leaves in Hawaii: a spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval, and an eriophyid mite, Calacarus flagelliseta, which induces upward curling of the leaf margin at the end of the summer when populations reach high densities. A survey and three manipulative field experiments demonstrated that (1) leaf rolls induce a consistent shift in the spatial distribution of spider mites and their predators, the coccinellid Stethorus siphonulus Kapur, the predatory mites Phytoseiulus spp., and the tangle-web building spider Nesticodes rufipes Lucas; (2) the overall abundance of spiders increases on leaves with rolls; (3) the specialist predators Stethorus and Phytoseiulus inhabit the rolls in response to their spider mite prey; and (4) the spider inhabits the rolls in response to the architecture of the roll itself. This study shows the importance of indirect effects in structuring a terrestrial community of herbivores.     

福建省食螨瓢虫区系及地理分布

食螨瓢虫Stethorus spp.是世界上许多果树和经济作物叶螨的一类重要天敌。本文通过对采自福建省28个县、市约3000号食螨瓢虫成虫标本的整理,解剖雄外生殖器制片标本约800张,共鉴定出福建省食螨瓢虫9种,其中4种是福建新记录,包含1种中国大陆新记录和一未定名种。除福建北部和西北部以深点食螨瓢虫Stethorus punctillum Weise为优势种外,其余全省广大地区,以腹营食螨瓢虫片S.siphonulus Kapur和广东食螨瓢虫S.cantonensis Pang为优势种,本文记述了这9个种的分布和寄主,并对福建省食螨瓢虫区系及地理分布作初步分析。     

入闽台湾芒果树冠层节肢动物群落组成结构和多样性

【背景】台湾芒果是我国南方种植的最重要的热带水果之一,其分布广、产量高,极具经济价值。福建地处台湾海峡西岸,与台湾隔海相望,气候条件与台湾相仿,所以台湾芒果很容易在福建定植。然而,台湾芒果在福建的大面积种植,带来了新的虫害问题。因此,掌握台湾芒果园害虫发生的动态及规律对其防治具有重要意义。【方法】2006年8月～2007年8月对福建省惠安县台湾芒果树冠层节肢动物群落进行系统调查。【结果】共采集到28247头节肢动物,隶属于2纲15目79科145种。其中,害虫76种（占总群落物种数的52.41%）、天敌42种（占28.97%）、中性昆虫27种（占18.62%）。芒果园节肢动物的物种丰富度、个体数、群落多样性、均匀性和优势集中性等都呈明显的季节消长规律。多样性指数表现为总群落〉天敌亚群落〉中性昆虫亚群落〉害虫亚群落;均匀度表现为天敌亚群落〉中性昆虫亚群落〉总群落〉害虫亚群落;优势集中性指数表现为害虫亚群落〉中性昆虫亚群落〉总群落〉天敌亚群落。生态优势度测定显示：芒果小爪螨和茶黄蓟马是害虫中的优势种;主要天敌有腹管食螨瓢虫和园蛛科等,优势种是腹管食螨瓢虫;中性昆虫主要以双翅目的花翅摇蚊、啮虫目的凹翅单啮及膜翅目的中国小黑家蚁和红蚂蚁为主。【结论与意义】本研究为芒果园生物资源及天敌的保护与利用、芒果害虫的预测预报和持续控制提供了理论依据。     

A review of the natural enemies of the red palm mite, Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae)

A review of all the available information about the natural enemies reported in association with the red palm mite, Raoiella indica is presented. Twenty-eight species of predatory arthropods, including mites and insects, have been reported in association with R. indica in Asia, Africa and the Neotropics. In addition, pathogenic fungi associated with R. indica in the Caribbean have been reported. The available literature indicates that each site has a different natural enemy complex with only one predator species, Amblyseius largoensis (Acari: Phytoseiidae), present in all the geographical areas. The phytoseiids, Amblyseius caudatus Berlese, Amblyseius channabasavanni Gupta and A. largoensis, were regarded as important natural enemies of R. indica, and their predatory efficiency was studied in some detail. Among the predatory insects the coccinellids Stethorus keralicus Kapur and Telsimia ephippiger Chapin were reported as major predators of R. indica. The known distribution, abundance and relative importance of each species reported in association with R. indica are discussed.     

柑橘全爪螨种群空间格局的地学统计学分析

应用地学统计学方法分析了柑橘园主要害螨柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri（McGregor）种群的空间格局及其动态。结果表明,柑橘全爪螨种群具有空间相关性,变程介于1．10～21．0m,其半变异函数主要符合高斯模型,表现为聚集分布,其中3月、8月和9月的聚集强度较大;种群空间格局动态显示,4月、10月为该种群的两个发生高峰期,柑橘全爪螨种群数量快速上升扩散。地学统计学方法能够应用于柑橘全爪螨种群的空间格局分析,并有助于对该害螨进行发生预测与控制处理。     

New mite invasions in citrus in the early years of the 21st century

Several mite species commonly attack cultivated citrus around the world. Up to 104 phytophagous species have been reported causing damage to leaves, buds and fruits, but only a dozen can be considered major pests requiring control measures. In recent years, several species have expanded their geographical range primarily due to the great increase in trade and travel worldwide, representing a threat to agriculture in many countries. Three spider mite species (Acari: Tetranychidae) have recently invaded the citrus-growing areas in the Mediterranean region and Latin America. The Oriental red mite, Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein), presumably from the Near East, was detected in southern Spain in 2001. The Texas citrus mite, Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor), is widely distributed in North, Central and South America. It was first reported in Europe in 1999 on citrus in Portugal; afterwards the mite invaded the citrus orchards in southern Spain. In Latin America, the Hindustan citrus mite, Schizotetranychus hindustanicus (Hirst), previously known only from citrus and other host plants in India, was reported causing significant damage to citrus leaves and fruits in Zulia, northwest Venezuela, in the late 1990s. Later, this mite species spread to the southeast being detected on lemon trees in the state of Roraima in northern Brazil in 2008. Whereas damage levels, population dynamics and control measures are relatively well know in the case of Oriental red mite and Texas citrus mite, our knowledge of S. hindustanicus is noticeably scant. In the present paper, information on pest status, seasonal trends and natural enemies in invaded areas is provided for these species, together with morphological data useful for identification. Because invasive species may evolve during the invasion process, comparison of behavior, damage and management options between native and invaded areas for these species will be useful for understanding the invader’s success and their ability to colonize new regions.     

薇苷菊提取物对桔全爪螨的产卵驱避作用及有效组分分析

使用甲醇、乙酸乙酯、乙醚提取薇苷菊 Mikania micrantha H.B.K.地上部植株并测试 3种提取物对桔全爪螨 Panonychuscitri Mc Gregor产卵的驱避作用 ,结果发现这些提取物处理后 1d都有显著的产卵驱避效果 ,其中极性最强的甲醇提取物效果最好 ,处理后 1d的产卵驱避率为 74 .2 2 %。用乙醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、水依次对薇苷菊甲醇提取物进行萃取 ,生测结果表明只有极性最强的水萃取物具有显著的产卵驱避效果。进一步研究发现薇苷菊甲醇提取物经柱层析分离得到的 6个组分中有 3个对桔全爪螨有显著的产卵驱避作用 ,但效果都不及提取物 ,说明薇苷菊对桔全爪螨的产卵驱避作用是各组分共同作用的结果。用GC- MS对最有效组分的分析表明 :2 ,2′-亚甲基双 (6 -叔丁基 - 4 -甲基 )苯酚是含量最大的成分 ,占 70 .2 4 % ,β-谷甾醇和岩藻甾醇也是有效成分 ,但含量较低 ,分别占 12 .0 3%和 5 .6 1%     

咸宁地区桔全爪螨与天敌种群动态的初步研究

咸宁地区桔全爪螨与天敌种群动态的初步研究甘宗义,王盛桃（湖北省农科院果树茶叶研究所,武昌４３０２０９）ＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＤｙｎａｍｉｃｓｏｆＣｉｔｒｕｓＲｃｄＭｉｔｅ（ＰａｎｏｎｙｃｈｕｓｃｉｔｒｉＭｃＧ．）ａｎｄＩｔｓＮａｔｕｒａｌＥｎｅｍｉｅｓ...     

Seasonal occurrence of key arthropod pests and associated natural enemies in Alabama Satsuma citrus

Six Alabama Satsuma mandarin orchards (four conventionally sprayed and two unsprayed) were surveyed during 2005 and 2006 to determine the population dynamics of arthropod pests and their natural enemies. Twenty-eight arthropod pest species were encountered; the major foliage pests were citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead); purple scale, Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman); Glover scale, L. gloveri (Packard); and citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor). Two distinct population peaks were recorded for citrus whitefly at most locations. The most important direct sources of citrus whitefly mortality were parasitism by Encarsia lahorensis (Howard) and infection by the pathogenic fungus, Aschersonia aleyrodis Webber. In general, all stages of both scale insects (purple scale and Glover scale) were present in the orchards year-round, indicative of overlapping generations; however, the highest densities were recorded during the early season. Citrus whitefly, purple scale, and Glover scale were more abundant on leaves collected from the interior of the tree canopy than in the exterior canopy. Citrus red mite densities were highest in the spring, with populations declining at the start of the summer, and were more abundant in the exterior canopy than in the interior canopy. The most important natural enemies of citrus red mite were predatory mites belonging to several families, of which Typhlodromalus peregrinus Muma (Phytoseiidae) was the predominant species. Major differences were recorded in the relative abundance of different arthropod pest species in the orchards: citrus whitefly, purple scale, and Glover scale predominated in the unsprayed orchards, whereas citrus red mite infestations were more severe in the sprayed orchards. The results are discussed in relation to the possible effect of orchard management practices on abundance of the major pests.