涝渍胁迫对入侵植物白花鬼针草及其本地近缘种金盏银盘生长和生理特性的影响

[目的]揭示涝渍胁迫下白花鬼针草与其本地近缘种金盏银盘的生长和生理特性差异。[方法]研究对照和涝渍胁迫下白花鬼针草和金盏银盘株高、新生不定根数目、净光合速率（P_n）、总生物量、相对生长速率、叶面积等生长和生理指标的变化。[结果]涝渍胁迫后入侵植物白花鬼针草比本地种金盏银盘保持了更高的株高、新生不定根数目和P_n（P<0.01）,更高的总生物量、相对生长速率、根生物量、茎生物量、叶生物量、叶面积（P<0.05）。涝渍胁迫10 d内,白花鬼针草根系活力和光系统II最大光量子产量显著高于金盏银盘（P<0.05）,涝渍胁迫20 d后2物种的2个参数趋于一致,这些结果表明涝渍对白花鬼针草生长的负面影响较小。涝渍胁迫前期更快的不定根生长速度和更高的根系脱氢酶活力可缓解涝渍对白花鬼针草的胁迫,减少了涝渍对光合系统的破坏,使其保持更高的P_n,从而有助于白花鬼针草保持更高的生长速率,是白花鬼针草耐受涝渍的生理机制。[结论]与本地近缘种金盏银盘相比,短期涝渍可使入侵植物白花鬼针草形成生长优势,华南地区雨季短期集中降水所形成的土壤涝渍有利于白花鬼针草的入侵。全球气候变化造成的降水不平衡性可能会加剧白花鬼针草在华南地区的入侵。     

不同土壤养分水平下2种外来鬼针草和近缘本地种的比较研究

【背景】鬼针草属白花鬼针草和三叶鬼针草原产于热带美洲,入侵我国后给生态环境、农业经济等造成严重的危害和影响。目前,关于它们的研究主要针对单个物种。为了更好地理解这2种外来鬼针草的入侵能力和入侵机制,本文开展了这2种入侵种与近缘本地种之间的比较研究。【方法】通过盆栽试验,设置低肥和高肥2个养分水平,测量和计算2种外来鬼针草与近缘本地种金盏银盘在不同土壤养分水平下的形态和生长参数、生物量及其分配、繁殖持续期、单株种子产量以及表型可塑性指数等。【结果】在低肥条件下,除了繁殖持续期和种子产量外,2种外来种和本地种的大多数参数均无显著差异。但在高肥条件下,外来种白花鬼针草的总叶面积、比叶面积、叶面积比、繁殖持续期和种子产量明显高于本地种,而三叶鬼针草总叶面积、比叶面积、总生物量、相对生长速率却显著低于本地种。在对土壤养分的可塑性方面,白花鬼针草在株高、总叶面积、比叶面积、总生物量、叶面积比、相对生长速率、平均叶面积比和种子产量方面的可塑性均高于其他2种植物;三叶鬼针草与金盏银盘相比,大多数参数的可塑性指数较接近。【结论与意义】白花鬼针草是一种入侵能力很强的外来种。长的繁殖持续期和高种子产量是白花鬼针草和三叶鬼针草有别于本地种金盏银盘的重要入侵性状。本研究可为揭示三叶鬼针草和白花鬼针草的入侵机制和影响因素提供依据,并为入侵预测和控制提供基本资料。     

不同土壤养分水平下2种外来鬼针草和近缘本地种的比较研究

【背景】鬼针草属白花鬼针草和三叶鬼针草原产于热带美洲,入侵我国后给生态环境、农业经济等造成严重的危害和影响。目前,关于它们的研究主要针对单个物种。为了更好地理解这2种外来鬼针草的入侵能力和入侵机制,本文开展了这2种入侵种与近缘本地种之间的比较研究。【方法】通过盆栽试验,设置低肥和高肥2个养分水平,测量和计算2种外来鬼针草与近缘本地种金盏银盘在不同土壤养分水平下的形态和生长参数、生物量及其分配、繁殖持续期、单株种子产量以及表型可塑性指数等。【结果】在低肥条件下,除了繁殖持续期和种子产量外,2种外来种和本地种的大多数参数均无显著差异。但在高肥条件下,外来种白花鬼针草的总叶面积、比叶面积、叶面积比、繁殖持续期和种子产量明显高于本地种,而三叶鬼针草总叶面积、比叶面积、总生物量、相对生长速率却显著低于本地种。在对土壤养分的可塑性方面,白花鬼针草在株高、总叶面积、比叶面积、总生物量、叶面积比、相对生长速率、平均叶面积比和种子产量方面的可塑性均高于其他2种植物;三叶鬼针草与金盏银盘相比,大多数参数的可塑性指数较接近。【结论与意义】白花鬼针草是一种入侵能力很强的外来种。长的繁殖持续期和高种子产量是白花鬼针草和三叶鬼针草有别于本地种金盏银盘的重要入侵性状。本研究可为揭示三叶鬼针草和白花鬼针草的入侵机制和影响因素提供依据,并为入侵预测和控制提供基本资料。     

Increased precipitation magnifies the effects of N addition on performance of invasive plants in subtropical native communities

亚热带本地植物群落中增加降水扩大了氮增加对入侵植物表现的影响 氮沉降、降水以及它们的交互作用会影响氮和水是限制性资源的温带生态系统中的外来植物 入侵,但它们是否会影响以及怎样影响外来植物在富氮和降水丰富的亚热带植物群落中的入侵, 仍不清楚。本研究在亚热带生态系统中,在野外用12种常见本地植物构建群落,将4种入侵植物及其近缘的4种本地植物分别引入到群落中,对群落进行氮添加(0和5 g N m⁻² a⁻¹)和降水增加(自然降水和增加降水30%)交互处理,比较了引入的入侵植物和近缘本地植物在群落中的生长和定居表现以及群落特征(包括群落密度和地上生物量等)。研究结果显示,只增加降水没有提高入侵植物或近缘本地植物的表现;氮添加仅提高入侵植物地上生物量和相对密度;氮和降水同时增加提高了入侵植物和近缘本地植物在群落中的生长和定居表现。在氮添加、降水增加和氮与降水同时增加处理下,入侵植物的大多数生长和定居参数高于近缘本地植物。在氮与降水同时增加时,入侵植物所定居本地群落的密度和地上生物量显著低于近缘本地植物所定居本地群落的密度和地上生物量。这些结果说明,在富氮和降水丰富的亚热带本地群落中,降水增加扩大了氮增加对入侵植物表现的影响。这将有助于理解在富氮和降水丰富的亚热带生态系统中,全球变化对植物入侵的影响。     

不同光照和水分下三叶鬼针草与本地种金盏银盘生长特征的比较研究

为探讨三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)成功入侵机制,利用盆栽试验对不同光照和水分条件下三叶鬼针草与本地种金盏银盘(B.biternata)的生长特征进行了比较研究。结果表明,两物种对光和水的变化均具有较大可塑性,但与金盏银盘相比,在有利环境下三叶鬼针草具有较大的株高、叶面积、生物量;在不利环境下,三叶鬼针草具有较大的比叶面积和叶面积比;除叶面积比和叶生物量比外,三叶鬼针草各生理参数的可塑性指数均高于本地种。这说明三叶鬼针草具有较强的表型可塑性和入侵适应性,这些特性促进了其成功入侵。     

入侵植物三叶鬼针草与近缘本地种金盏银盘的可塑性研究进展

入侵植物三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)是与农作物竞争的恶性杂草,而我国鲜有对其入侵能力的系统总结。作者综述了三叶鬼针草及其近缘本地种金盏银盘在不同环境下表型可塑性的研究进展,比较了两者在不同光照和温度、不同埋土深度的种子萌发概况,不同光照、水分、温度及土壤养分环境条件下幼苗生物量分配特点及其繁殖特性,阐明了三叶鬼针草成功入侵的机制包括快速繁殖能力、较广的生态适应性、根系分泌物的化感作用等。最后,对三叶鬼针草未来的研究进行了展望,并总结了三叶鬼针草的防控策略。     

氮沉降对不同入侵程度加拿大一枝黄花化感作用的影响

为探究全球氮沉降影响外来植物入侵扩张的作用机制,该文通过受控模拟试验,以入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)为对象,研究了三种氮水平(N0、N5和N12)下五种不同入侵程度(种内及种间竞争)的加拿大一枝黄花凋落叶浸提液对本地植物莴苣(Lactuca sativa)种子萌发和幼苗生长化感作用的影响。结果表明:(1)N0、N5和N12处理下的不同入侵程度加拿大一枝黄花凋落叶浸提液均显著抑制莴苣的萌发和生长,其中N5土壤入侵初期(S1A3)处理浸提液的化感作用最显著,其发芽速度指数、发芽活力指数、根长、株高和叶长比对照分别降低了61%、79%、84%、68%和13%,此时凋落叶中的总酚和总黄酮含量最高,分别为0.48 mg·g^-1和1.50 mg·g^-1。(2)相同氮添加下,入侵程度对加拿大一枝黄花化感作用有显著影响,随着入侵程度的增加,加拿大一枝黄花化感作用显著减弱,入侵初期(S1A3)凋落叶化感作用显著高于入侵后期(S3A1)。(3)相同入侵程度下,氮添加对加拿大一枝黄花化感作用有显著影响,N5处理的加拿大一枝黄花化感作用比N0或N12处理显著增加。(4)氮添加与入侵程度有交互作用,两者共同作用显著影响了莴苣种子的综合化感作用。综上结果表明,氮沉降可能会增强入侵初期加拿大一枝黄花凋落叶对本地植物的化感抑制作用,进一步促进外来植物的成功入侵,为进一步研究加拿大一枝黄花的化感作用及生态防治提供了一定的理论参考。     

模拟氮沉降对华西雨屏区撑绿 杂交竹凋落物分解的影响

从2008年1月至2010年1月,对华西雨屏区撑绿杂交竹(Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocala mopsi)人工林进行了模拟氮沉降试验,氮沉降水平分别为对照(CK, 0 g · m^-2 · a^-1)、低氮(5 g · m^-2 · a^-1)、中氮(15 g · hm^-2 · a^-1)和高氮(30 g · m^-2 · a^-1)。利用凋落袋法对杂交竹凋落叶和凋落箨进行原位分解试验,并在每月下旬定量地对各处理施氮(NH₄NO₃)。结果表明,自然状态下杂交竹凋落叶和凋落箨分解95%所需时间分别为2.9,1.5 a;氮沉降显著抑制了凋落叶的分解,在分解后期3个氮沉降处理凋落叶无灰分质量残留率均显著大于对照,氮沉降对凋落箨分解无明显影响;氮沉降显著抑制了凋落叶中木质素和纤维素的分解。杂交竹凋落叶在分解后期质量损失缓慢,处于较稳定状态,氮沉降的增加使得凋落物的残留率稳定在一个更高的水平,表明氮沉降的增加可能会使更多的凋落物残体和稳定有机质留存于杂交竹林土壤中,从而增加杂交竹林土壤碳贮存。     

模拟氮沉降对两种竹林不同凋落物组分分解过程养分释放的影响

利用原位分解袋法研究了华西雨屏区苦竹(Pleioblastus amarus)和撑绿杂交竹(Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocala mopsi)人工林几种凋落物组分在模拟氮沉降下分解过程中养分释放状态,试验周期为2 a。氮沉降水平分别为对照(CK, 0 g · m^-2 · a^-1)、低氮(5 g · m^-2 · a^-1)、中氮(15 g · m^-2 · a^-1)和高氮(30 g · m^-2 · a^-1),每月下旬定量地对各处理施氮(NH₄NO₃)。结果表明,苦竹林和杂交竹林凋落物主要由凋落叶、凋落箨和凋落枝组成,其中凋落叶约占80%;两个竹种凋落物在分解过程中养分元素释放的种间差异主要与初始养分元素含量有关;凋落物养分元素初始含量对元素释放模式和最终净释放率的大小具有重要的决定作用;目前,这两种竹林生态系统土壤氮输入主要以大气氮沉降(8.24 g · m^-2 · a^-1)为主,同时凋落物氮输入(苦竹和杂交竹林分别为1.93,5.07 g · m^-2 · a^-1)也是一个重要途径;模拟氮沉降对苦竹凋落物碳、磷、钾、钙元素和杂交竹凋落物碳、氮、磷、钾、钙、镁元素释放的抑制作用较弱,处理与对照之间元素总释放率差异一般小于10%;氮沉降显著抑制了苦竹林凋落物氮元素释放,减小幅度为19.0%-27.2%,但由于氮沉降增加对土壤肥力的直接改良作用,氮沉降的增加并不会因为凋落物分解速率的降低造成植物生长所需养分供应的减少;从短期来看,在氮沉降继续增加的情况下,该地区这类竹林生态系统的碳吸存能力仍可能会因为N沉降对植物生长的促进作用而增加。     

黄土区不同恢复年限草地群落生物量及根冠比对氮添加的响应

大气氮沉降增加作为全球变化的主要环境问题之一,已引发人们的广泛关注,持续的氮沉降对草地生态系统的组成、结构和功能产生重要影响。为深入了解草地恢复进程中群落生物量和根冠比对氮沉降的响应,以黄土区3个不同恢复年限（初期12a、中期28a和后期37a）的天然草地为研究对象,通过设置6个氮添加水平,CK （0）、N1（2.34g m^-2a^-1）、N2（4.67g m^-2a^-1）、N3（9.34g m^-2a^-1）、N4（18.68g m^-2a^-1）、N5（37.35g m^-2a^-1）来测定草地群落地上生物量、地下生物量和总生物量,并计算根冠比和氮响应效率（NRE）。结果表明：（1）地上生物量在恢复中期最大,随氮添加梯度增加,地上生物量在恢复初期和恢复后期呈不显著上升趋势,对氮添加表现为非线性的正响应（ΔNRE>0）,在恢复中期呈不显著下降趋势,对氮添加表现为非线性的负响应（ΔNRE<0）。（2）群落地下生物量对氮添加无显著响应,总生物量只有在恢复后期的N4添加水平下,与对照存在显著差异。（3）根冠比在恢复初期时,N3添加水平下显著高于对照和其他氮添加水平,其余恢复年限对氮添加无显著响应。综上所述,通过分析比较黄土区不同恢复年限草地群落的地上、地下及总生物量和根冠比对氮添加的响应。建议对该区域开展试点实验,实行适应性草地管理,如进行两年一次刈割或轻度放牧（2只羊/hm²）,来探寻更科学有效的管理措施,使草地实现系统性恢复,进而满足生态系统容量和社会需求的变化。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology

The family Sordariaceae incorporates a number of fungi that are excellent model organisms for various biological, biochemical, ecological, genetic and evolutionary studies. To determine the evolutionary relationships within this group and their respective phylogenetic placements, multiple-gene sequences (partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA, nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA and partial nuclear β-tubulin) were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Analyses of different gene datasets were performed individually and then combined to generate phylogenies. We report that Sordariaceae, with the exclusion Apodus and Diplogelasinospora, is a monophyletic group. Apodus and Diplogelasinospora are related to Lasiosphaeriaceae. Multiple gene analyses suggest that the spore sheath is not a phylogenetically significant character to segregate Asordaria from Sordaria. Smooth-spored Sordaria species (including so-called Asordaria species) constitute a natural group. Asordaria is therefore congeneric with Sordaria. Anixiella species nested among Gelasinospora species, providing further evidence that non-ostiolate ascomata have evolved from ostiolate ascomata on several independent occasions. This study agrees with previous studies that show heterothallic Neurospora species to be monophyletic, but that homothallic ones may have a multiple origins. Although Gelasinospora and Neurospora are closely related and not resolved as monophyletic groups, there is insufficient evidence to place currently accepted Gelasinospora and Neurospora species into the same genus.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.