河南舞阳贾湖遗址出土石器的微痕分析北大核心CSCD

石器作为人类物质文化的记录者,在史前人类的生产生活中占据着重要地位,对石器功能和使用方式的探讨是考古学关注的问题之一。目前国内石器研究的主要手段是从器物形态出发,进行类型学的研究,针对石器具体功能及使用方式的实证研究较为缺乏,对磨制石器的研究尤为不足。有鉴于此,本研究以中原地区舞阳贾湖遗址出土的磨制石器为研究对象,利用微痕分析和实验考古的方法,对石器的功能、使用方式及加工对象进行分析和判断。结果表明:石镰的主要功能是收割禾本科植物;石刀主要用于加工禾本科植物、木材和兽骨等;石斧的功能主要是加工木材,另外还可能承担加工兽皮和兽骨的工作;石锛的主要功能与木作有关;石凿在形态上有所区别,但其加工对象主要是木材;石铲的功能以掘土为主。微痕分析的结果使我们对贾湖聚落磨制石器的功能有了客观的认识,可以看出石器的功能并不单一,广泛存在着"一器多用"的现象。本研究从石器使用的角度,揭示了史前人类的生产活动和行为特点,同时也为研究先民的生业经济状况提供了重要材料。     

河南舞阳贾湖遗址出土石器的微痕分析

石器作为人类物质文化的记录者,在史前人类的生产生活中占据着重要地位,对石器功能和使用方式的探讨是考古学关注的问题之一。目前国内石器研究的主要手段是从器物形态出发,进行类型学的研究,针对石器具体功能及使用方式的实证研究较为缺乏,对磨制石器的研究尤为不足。有鉴于此,本研究以中原地区舞阳贾湖遗址出土的磨制石器为研究对象,利用微痕分析和实验考古的方法,对石器的功能、使用方式及加工对象进行分析和判断。结果表明:石镰的主要功能是收割禾本科植物;石刀主要用于加工禾本科植物、木材和兽骨等;石斧的功能主要是加工木材,另外还可能承担加工兽皮和兽骨的工作;石锛的主要功能与木作有关;石凿在形态上有所区别,但其加工对象主要是木材;石铲的功能以掘土为主。微痕分析的结果使我们对贾湖聚落磨制石器的功能有了客观的认识,可以看出石器的功能并不单一,广泛存在着"一器多用"的现象。本研究从石器使用的角度,揭示了史前人类的生产活动和行为特点,同时也为研究先民的生业经济状况提供了重要材料。     

水洞沟地区白云岩细石叶的微痕实验研究

水洞沟遗址是中国北方旧石器时代晚期的著名遗址,石制品原料以就地取材的白云岩为主。本文利用水洞沟地区的白云岩生产细石叶和石片,进行了29组复制使用实验。对使用痕迹的观察表明：不同加工对象和使用方式导致细石叶上出现不同的微痕特征,细石叶适于装柄使用,以刮、切、削等利用侧刃缘的运动方式效率为高,尖部用于加工硬度较低的动植物效果较好。对比燧石、黑曜岩等不同石料的微痕实验数据可知,不同石料的产品,其使用痕迹存在一定差异。本文对白云岩细石叶的微痕实验,探讨了其适宜的使用方式和加工对象的范围,为分析水洞沟地区出土的白云岩细石叶功能提供了可资参考、对比的实验数据。     

考古标本微磨痕初步研究

从周口店第1地点和马鞍山遗址选取了20件燧石制品,以微磨痕的实验研究为基础,以扫描电子显微镜 (简称电镜) 为主要手段,通过对比分析,尝试了不同遗址间考古标本的微磨痕分析。结果表明,周口店第1地点和马鞍山遗址的石制品的功能都具有多样性;“楔” 的功能见于马鞍山遗址,并为周口店第1地点 “使用石片较多” 的说法提供了微磨痕方面的新证据。     

虎头梁遗址尖状器功能的微痕研究

虎头梁遗址位于河北省阳原县泥河湾盆地, 距今1万年左右, 出土的石制品加工精致、器型稳定。本文选择其中代表性的尖状器进行功能研究, 通过微痕分析探讨其使用方式, 并结合其形态特征探讨器物类型与功能之间的关系。对5个亚类型共52件标本的研究表明, 虎头梁尖状器具有专业分工, 并被装柄使用。这种工具的制作和使用特征反映了更新世末期虎头梁人群通过提高工具的效能来应对环境变化的生存策略。     

吉林和龙大洞遗址黑曜岩雕刻器的制作技术与功能

本文通过分析雕刻器技术及制作过程,提出雕刻器的斜棱刃应作为主要使用部位的假设。作者结合我国长白山地区吉林大洞遗址出土的黑曜岩斜刃雕刻器材料,运用微痕观察,发现斜棱刃上存在三种不同特征的痕迹及痕迹组合。随后,通过模拟雕刻器技术打制雕刻器标本,并用其斜棱刃对不同材质的加工对象进行横向"刮刨"的动作,结果产生与考古标本上一致的特征,证实假设成立。根据对部分被加工的骨角器表面情况分析,推测斜刃雕刻器的主体功能是"微加工",达到器物表面逐渐光滑的结果,为探讨磨制骨器技术起源提供了新的思路。     

海城仙人洞遗址出土钻器的实验研究

本文运用实验考古学方法,在模拟制作和使用脉石英钻器的基础上,记述了用脉石英钻器钻孔所产生的使用微痕的特点,并讨论了制作疤与使用微痕的区别,进而对海城仙人洞遗址出土的从形态上鉴定为钻器的标本做微痕观察和分析。结果表明它们中后部分所见使用微痕基本具有钻孔形成的特点。因而这部分石器的功能应该是钻,是名符其实的钻器。     

白岩脚洞石器类型的研究

本文讨论和分析了贵州普定白岩脚洞发现的砾石石器(砍砸器)和石片石器的类型。刮削器数量多,类型复杂,加工精致;尖状器数量较少,加工也不很精致;端刮器和修背石刀不太发达;雕刻器和凹缺刮器并不发达;砍砸器仍占相当比例。     

石制品微磨痕分析的实验性研究

以扫描电子显微镜为主要手段,依据Keeley的实验方法,对实验和 “盲测” 的燧石制品进行了微磨痕 (microwear) 的观察分析,验证了该方法的可行性;表明在石制品的加工方式、加工对象与其可能的残留信息——石制品的使用痕迹,如以光泽、条痕、破损疤为主要特征的微磨痕之间所具有的某种实验模式,初步掌握了微磨痕研究的实验方法,取得了一些结果,并予以检验;利用扫描电镜观察 “晶体破损” 与否,可能是鉴定石制品使用或未使用的一种行之有效的方法。     

角页岩雕刻器的微痕实验研究

本文以丁村遗址角页岩为原料打制实验标本,设计展开雕刻器微痕实验,并对其中部分标本按照序贯试验原理进行分阶段实验。实验结果表明,角页岩雕刻器雕刻刃的使用微痕基本特征为:轻度到重度磨圆,片疤数量较少,多小中型片疤,终端形态多为羽状和阶梯状,以分散分布为主,大片疤常单独出现。分阶段实验结果表明,磨圆是以从快到慢速度生成的,片疤在不同阶段发生改变。本文旨在通过对角页岩雕刻器使用微痕的研究,为探讨考古标本功能提供可参照的数据与图像。     

旧石器时代残留物分析:回顾与展望

残留物分析是1970年代在西方发展起来的一项功能学分析技术, 即借助自然科学的多种手段, 对工具表面加工对象残存物的提取和鉴定分析。本文对西方石制品残留物分析研究史做了回顾和综述, 简要介绍此种方法的概念、原理及相关技术问题, 同时对中国旧石器时代石制品残留物分析的前景进行了展望, 希望对相关理论和方法的引进和应用起到铺垫和促进作用。我国旧石器时代考古资源非常丰富, 残留物分析在石器功能解读、遗址环境重建、古人类行为复原和食谱分析等方面都会起到重要的作用, 成为破解很多学术疑点和难题的钥匙。     

Hammer or crescent wrench? Stone-tool form and function in the Aurignacian of southwest Germany

The early Upper Paleolithic of Europe is associated with the appearance of blade/bladelet technology (e.g., Aurignacian). These industries include a wider range of formal tool types than seen in the Middle Paleolithic. Greater diversity in tool types is often interpreted as specialized tools created for specific tasks. This, in turn, is said to reflect dramatic behavioral shifts between Neandertals and modern humans. In order to test previous interpretations, it is necessary to have a detailed understanding of early Upper Paleolithic stone-tool function. Toward this end, analyses of microscopic residue and use-wear were undertaken on 109 stone tools from three Aurignacian sites in southwest Germany (Hohle Fels, Geissenkl?sterle, and Vogelherd). These cave sites evidenced remarkable residue preservation, with approximately 82% of the sample showing some form of functional evidence. Residues observed included hair, feathers, bone/antler, wood, plant tissue, phytoliths, starch grains, and resin. The results suggest that tool typology is not strongly linked to the processing of specific materials. For example, endscrapers from the sample show evidence of processing wood, charred wood, plants, starchy plants, birds, bone/antler, and animals (hair). Hairs are found on tools typologically classified as blades, flakes, borers, pointed blades, and combination tools (nosed endscraper-borer, burin-laterally-retouched blade). In the early Upper Paleolithic of southwest Germany, a wide range of tool types appears to have been used to process a diverse array of materials. These results suggest that the interpretation of behavioral patterns from stone tools must consider more than tool typology.     

Movement Pattern Variability in Stone Knapping: Implications for the Development of Percussive Traditions

The earliest direct evidence for tool-use by our ancestors are 2.6 million year old stone tools from Africa. These earliest artifacts show that, already, early hominins had developed the required advanced movement skills and cognitive capacities to manufacture stone tools. Currently, it is not well understood, however, which specific movement skills are required for successful stone knapping and accordingly it is unknown how these skills emerged during early hominin evolution. In particular, it is not clear which striking movements are indicative of skilled performance, how striking movement patterns vary with task and environmental constraints, and how movement patterns are passed on within social groups. The present study addresses these questions by investigating striking movement patterns and striking variability in 18 modern stone knappers (nine experienced and nine novices). The results suggest that no single movement pattern characterizes successful stone knapping. Participants showed large inter-individual movement variability of the elementary knapping action irrespective of knapping experience and knapping performance. Changes in task- and environmental constraints led knappers to adapt their elementary striking actions using a combination of individual and common strategies. Investigation of striking pattern similarities within social groups showed only partial overlap of striking patterns across related individuals. The results therefore suggest that striking movement patterns in modern stone knappers are largely specific to the individual and movement variability is not indicative of knapping performance. The implications of these results for the development of percussive traditions are discussed.     

陕西洛南盆地延岭旧石器地点发掘报告

延岭地点处于东秦岭洛南盆地南洛河第二级阶地上,属盆地西部“四十里梁塬”中部,紧邻支流县河。2012年10～11月对该地点进行发掘,揭露面积251 m²,在地表耕土层和平整土地扰动层、原生黄土和古土壤层出土石料、石核、石片、各类修理的石器、断块、碎屑等不同类型石制品856件。延岭地点加工石制品的主要原料为附近河流阶地砾石堆积中的砾石,以石英为主,石英岩次之,石英砂岩、砂岩、火成岩、硅质岩等偶有使用。剥片方式主要为锤击法,偶见砸击法。石制品以小型为主。石器组合包括刮削器、尖状器、石锥、凹缺器、薄刃斧和手镐。遗址地层光释光年代学研究显示该地点埋藏石制品的地层形成于中更新世晚期至晚更新世早期,其中距今12～7万年之间的晚更新世早期为石制品埋藏最为丰富的时段。     

A 400,000-year-old Acheulean assemblage associated with the Aroeira-3 human cranium (Gruta da Aroeira,Almonda karst system,Portugal)

Bifaces dominate the Acheulean stone tools recovered during the archaeological excavation of layer X of Gruta da Aroeira, dated to 389–436 ka. Faunal remains and a human cranium were found in association with this lithic assemblage. The raw materials used are mostly quartz and quartzite cobbles available in the vicinity of the site. Technological and systematic analysis shows that there are no Levallois elements and suggests that on-site knapping consisted of the reduction of centripetal cores. Flake cleavers are absent. Use-wear analysis indicates the processing of hard materials, mainly wood. Gruta da Aroeira represents one of the few Middle Pleistocene sites that provide securely dated diagnostic human remains and associated Acheulean lithics, thus representing a major step forward in our understanding of the variability of westernmost Europe's Acheulean and of the human populations that made it.     

Paleoindian Unifacial Stone Tool ‘Spurs’: Intended Accessories or Incidental Accidents?

Paleoindian unifacial stone tools frequently exhibit distinct, sharp projections, known as “spurs”. During the last two decades, a theoretically and empirically informed interpretation–based on individual artifact analysis, use-wear, tool-production techniques, and studies of resharpening–suggested that spurs were sometimes created intentionally via retouch, and other times created incidentally via resharpening or knapping accidents. However, more recently Weedman strongly criticized the inference that Paleoindian spurs were ever intentionally produced or served a functional purpose, and asserted that ethnographic research “demonstrates that the presence of so called ‘graver’ spurs does not have a functional significance.” While ethnographic data cannot serve as a direct test of the archaeological record, we used Weedman’s ethnographic observations to create two quantitative predictions of the Paleoindian archaeological record in order to directly examine the hypothesis that Paleoindian spurs were predominantly accidents occurring incidentally via resharpening and reshaping. The first prediction is that the frequency of spurs should increase as tool reduction proceeds. The second prediction is that the frequency of spurs should increase as tool breakage increases. An examination of 563 unbroken tools and 629 tool fragments from the Clovis archaeological record of the North American Lower Great Lakes region showed that neither prediction was consistent with the notion that spurs were predominately accidents. Instead, our results support the prevailing viewpoint that spurs were sometimes created intentionally via retouch, and other times, created incidentally via resharpening or knapping accidents. Behaviorally, this result is consistent with the notion that unifacial stone tools were multifunctional implements that enhanced the mobile lifestyle of Pleistocene hunter-gatherers.     

L’analyse des unités techno-fonctionnelles appliquée à l’étude du macro-outillage néolithique

Ground stone tools are lithic tools made on coarse blanks that are not included in the chipped or polished stone studies. During the study of a ground stone tools collection coming from the Campaniform site of Beg ar Loued (Molène island, Finistère, France), the techno-functional unit (TFU) analysis as been adapted to these objects. A TFU is a part of a tool that is technologically independent, having his own part in this tool's overall functioning. The application of this method to ground stone tools needed some adaptations to their characteristics. The aim is to obtain a high level technological analysis for these tools, succeeding to express functional hypothesis. Two concrete examples from Beg ar Loued's collection illustrate the TFU analysis method's application to ground stone tools. This method has the advantage to organize the progress of each piece's analysis. The TFU analysis helps to understand the multifunctional tools by considering each function as a full tool. This allows us to talk about function's hierarchisation and their adaptation to blanks. We also obtain some informations about blank's selection. These many and varied results make the TFU analysis essential for ground stone tool's technological and functional analysis.     

The origins of stone tool technology in Africa: a historical perspective

The search for the earliest stone tools is a topic that has received much attention in studies on the archaeology of human origins. New evidence could position the oldest traces of stone tool-use before 3.39 Myr, substantially earlier than previously documented. Nonetheless, the first unmistakable evidence of tool-making dates to 2.6 Ma, the period in which Oldowan assemblages first appear in the East African record. However, this is not an unchangeable time boundary, and considerations about the tempo and modo of tool-making emergence have varied through time. This paper summarizes the history of research on the origins of stone knapping in Africa and places the current evidence in a historical perspective.     

山西榆次大发地点的旧石器

本文记述的石制品和动物化石出自山西省榆次市东赵乡大发村附近潇河Ⅱ级阶地砂砾堆积中。石制品有刮削器、端刮器、凹缺刮器、尖状器、雕刻器、石钻、刮削器—凹缺刮器和石钻—端刮器等。时代属于旧石器时代晚期。