微地形对优势种群点格局和关联性的影响

不同的空间格局类型和关联性可以反映出不同生境下植物种群的资源环境适应策略.老鹳草与米口袋是甘南亚高寒草甸的主要物种,通过野外群落调查和室内试验,运用点格局分析法中的Ripley K函数,对不同坡向的米口袋和老鹳草种群的空间分布格局及种间关联性进行分析.结果表明:从阳坡-西坡-阴坡,土壤含水量和养分含量逐渐增加,土壤温度和光照度逐渐降低.米口袋和老鹳草在3个坡向(阴坡、西坡、阳坡)上的分布呈现出明显差异,随着坡向由阴坡向阳坡的转变,米口袋种群数量呈递增趋势,老鹳草种群数量则表现出递减趋势.在阴坡,米口袋种群在0~1.8 m尺度上呈聚集分布,在1.8~5.0 m尺度上聚集强度减弱并趋向于随机分布,老鹳草种群在0~5.0 m尺度上均以聚集分布为主;在西坡,米口袋种群在0~1.2 m尺度上呈聚集分布,在1.2~5.0 m研究尺度上趋向于随机分布,老鹳草种群在0~2.2 m尺度上呈聚集分布,在2.2~5.0 m研究尺度上趋向于随机分布;在阳坡,米口袋与老鹳草种群在0~5.0 m尺度内均表现出随机分布.阴坡上这两种物种在0~1.0 m尺度上表现为正相关,在1.0~5.0 m尺度不相关;西坡上两物种在0~2.1 m尺度上呈负关联,在2.1~5.0 m尺度上两个物种间关联度均趋向于不相关;阳坡上这两个物种在0~5.0 m尺度上表现出不相关.     

甘南亚高寒草甸坡向梯度上矮嵩草与珠芽蓼种群点格局及其关联性

种群的空间分布格局及关联性可以反映种群演替方式和环境因子改变的适应策略。矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)与珠芽蓼(Polygonum vivipurum)是甘南亚高寒草甸的主要物种,通过野外群落调查,运用Ripley K函数,分析了不同坡向的矮嵩草与珠芽蓼种群的空间分布格局及种间关联性。结果表明:矮嵩草和珠芽蓼在3个坡向上的分布具有明显差异,随着坡向由北坡向南坡的转变,矮嵩草种群的株数、盖度及生物量不断增加,而珠芽蓼种群则不断减少;在北坡,矮嵩草种群在0~2.2 m呈现出聚集分布,随着尺度的增加聚集强度减弱并趋向于随机分布,珠芽蓼种群均以聚集分布为主;在西坡,矮嵩草与珠芽蓼种群在0~0.8 m范围呈聚集分布,在2.3 m以上范围内趋向于随机分布;在南坡,矮嵩草与珠芽蓼分布格局在研究尺度内均表现出随机分布;在北坡,这两种物种在0~1 m范围内表现为正相关,西坡为种间在0~1.3 m范围内负关联;随着尺度的增加种间关联度在这两个坡向上均趋向于不相关,而这两个物种在南坡也表现出不相关;矮嵩草和珠芽蓼种群空间格局及关联性有助于我们认识亚高寒草甸种群的种内与种间竞争过程、多样的生态策略及群落演替趋势。     

基于Ripley K(r)函数的金露梅与蒲公英种群空间分布格局及其关联性

物种空间分布格局和种间关联性是研究种群特征、种间相互影响以及物种同环境关系的重要方法。金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa L.)与蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.)是甘南亚高寒草甸的主要物种,通过野外群落调查,应用点格局方法中的Ripley K函数,分析不同坡向的金露梅与蒲公英种群的空间分布格局及种间关联性。结果表明:金露梅与蒲公英在3个坡向上的分布具有明显差异,随着坡向由北坡向南坡的转变,金露梅种群呈现递减趋势,蒲公英种群则呈现出递增趋势;在北坡,金露梅在0~4.8 m内呈现聚集分布且聚集程度比较高,在4.8~5 m呈现随机分布;在西坡,金露梅在0~0.6 m尺度内表现出随机分布,在0.6~1.6 m尺度内为聚集分布,在1.6~5 m尺度内则又再次呈现随机分布;而在南坡,金露梅在整个研究尺度范围内均呈现随机分布;北坡的蒲公英在0~2.8 m尺度上呈现聚集分布,在2.8~5 m内呈现随机分布;西坡和南坡上蒲公英在整个研究尺度内都呈现随机分布;北坡的金露梅与蒲公英在整个研究尺度内呈现负关联,西坡两种群在整个尺度内呈现无关联;南坡的金露梅与蒲公英在0~2.4 m尺度内呈现无关联,在2.4~5 m尺度内呈现负关联。     

退化草地阿尔泰针茅种群个体空间格局及关联性

植物的空间格局及关联性是自身特性和环境因素综合作用的结果。采用草地群落学调查与点格局分析方法,在祁连山北坡阿尔泰针茅草原,根据株丛径大小将阿尔泰针茅(Stipa krylovii)分为3个大小等级:A级(1.1-7.0 cm)、B级(1.1-7.0 cm) 和C级(株丛径7.1 cm以上),分析了阿尔泰针茅种群的大小结构和不同大小等级个体的空间格局及关联性。结果表明:随天然草地退化过程延续,阿尔泰针茅种群个体空间格局由聚集分布转变为非聚集分布,个体间的关联性由正相关为主转化为不相关和负相关;不同大小等级个体的空间格局存在差异,C级个体仅在中度退化草地表现出聚集格局,A级和B级个体以聚集和随机格局为主,且在未退化和轻度退化草地由随机转向聚集格局;不同等级个体间的空间关联性与形体大小差异不存在相关性,A级与B级、C级个体间正关联尺度明显增大,B级与C级个体间则以不相关和负相关为主且负相关尺度增大。物种大小结构和个体间的竞争关系变化,是种群不同大小等级空间格局及关联性转换的关键因素,反映了退化草地植物应对干扰的更新途径。     

不同高寒退化草地阿尔泰针茅种群的小尺度点格局

种群空间格局是种群自身特性、种间相互关系及环境条件综合作用的结果。采用草地群落学调查与点格局分析方法,在祁连山北坡选择未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化等4种高寒草地,分析了阿尔泰针茅(Stipa krylovii)种群斑块特征、株丛结构和点格局特征。结果表明:阿尔泰针茅在衰退过程中种群密度和种群领地面积减小,空斑面积增大,领地密度先增大后减小,小株丛(株丛径0.1-1.0 cm)比例增加,大株丛(株丛径2.1-7.0 cm)比例减小;不同草地梯度中阿尔泰针茅种群的空间格局存在明显差异:未退化草地中阿尔泰针茅种群在0-64 cm尺度上为均匀分布,64-100 cm尺度上为随机分布;中度退化草地中阿尔泰针茅种群在0-70 cm尺度上为随机分布,而在70-100 cm尺度上为聚集分布;轻度退化和重度退化草地中阿尔泰针茅种群在0-100 cm尺度上均为随机分布。在放牧干扰和种间竞争作用下,阿尔泰针茅种群斑块从中心开始破碎,并逐渐向四周辐散,引起小尺度上种群斑块间分布格局出现"随机分布-聚集分布-随机分布"转变,促使原有斑块被分割为多个直径较小的"岛"状小斑块并进一步分化,最终种群斑块完全破碎、草毡层逐步消失,从而造成阿尔泰针茅种群的衰退。     

甘肃臭草型退化草地优势种群空间格局及其关联性

空间格局和空间关联性是研究种群扩散和群落演替的重要方法。在石羊河上游高寒退化草地,运用点格局分析法,对不同演替阶段甘肃臭草和阿尔泰针茅的格局及关联性进行了研究。结果表明:甘肃臭草在没有形成斑块(CK)和斑块形成阶段(A),所有尺度上为聚集分布,在斑块扩散(B)、稳定(C)和衰退阶段(D)分别在0-90 cm、0-70 cm和0-40 cm上为聚集分布,90-100 cm、70-150 cm和40-150 cm为随机分布;阿尔泰针茅在CK阶段所有尺度上为随机分布,在A、B、C阶段分别在0-47 cm、0-75 cm、0-130 cm上为聚集分布,在47-50 cm、75-100 cm和130-150 cm上为随机分布,D阶段在所有尺度上为聚集分布;从CK-D阶段,甘肃臭草和阿尔泰针茅之间的关联性由显著负关联向关联性不显著转变,负关联显著程度先增强,后减弱;甘肃臭草种群从CK到D样地,种群领地密度先增大后减小,阿尔泰针茅种群领地密度逐渐减小。优势种替代过程中,种内竞争和种间竞争的相互转化影响格局的分布类型,竞争的不对称性影响关联性程度的强弱。     

祁连山高寒草原主要植物种群格局对冬季放牧的响应

以肃南裕固族自治县鹿场冬季牧场为研究对象,采用偏离系数及t检验方法结合Ripley''s K函数及蒙特卡罗随机模拟对紫花针茅种群与醉马草种群进行格局分析,进一步采用计盒维数与信息维数对紫花针茅种群与醉马草种群进行分形分析,揭示在放牧系统中优势植物的种群变化。格局分析结果表明：牧场植物的种群格局出现5种变化规律。紫花针茅种群的偏离系数在放牧率3.64 AUM/hm²时^#,出现最小值。醉马草种群的偏离系数在放牧率4.16AUM/hm²时,出现最大值。在0-1 m的研究尺度内,紫花针茅种群与醉马草种群的Ripley''s K函数结果均在蒙特卡洛随机模拟区间内,呈随机分布格局。分形分析结果表明：伴随放牧率增大,紫花针茅种群的计盒维数区间为[1.596,1.962],醉马草种群的计盒维数区间为[1.831,1.945];紫花针茅种群的信息维数区间为[1.590,1.899],醉马草种群的信息维数区间为[1.633,1.913]。在放牧率4.34 AUM/hm²时,紫花针茅种群与醉马草种群空间占据差值达到最大,信息维数相对较低,种群分布相对均匀,格局变化相对缓慢,经济效益与生态效益相平衡,最适合管理牧场。     

极小种群博罗红豆所在群落物种组成和空间分布格局

为保护博罗红豆（Ormosia boluoensis）资源,基于广东象头山国家级自然保护区建立的0.6 hm²固定样地,研究了博罗红豆所在群落的物种组成、径阶结构、空间格局、种内关联及其与群落优势种的种间关联。结果表明,样地内共调查到胸径≥1 cm的木本植物4 503株,隶属于38科57属84种。优势种有甜槠（Castanopsis eyrei）、密花树（Rapanea neriifolia）、密花山矾（Symplocos congesta）、深山含笑（Michelia maudiae）和赤楠（Syzygium buxifolium）等,博罗红豆的重要值仅为1.84%,径阶结构呈倒“J”型,空间分布格局在0~22.1 m的尺度上呈现聚集分布,在22.2~30.0 m的尺度上呈随机分布。博罗红豆与甜槠无关联性,与赤楠在个别尺度上有微弱的负相关性,与密花山矾主要呈负关联性,与密花树、深山含笑主要呈正关联性。博罗红豆的成树和幼苗在0~3.7 m的空间尺度上呈现强正关联,小树和幼苗在0~5.9 m的尺度上呈正关联性,而成树与小树的关联性较弱。因此,推测博罗红豆的空间分布格局受负密度制约、种子扩散限制和生境异质性的作用,在后期的管理中可以适当移植幼苗和对群落中的灌木及小乔木进行适度的疏伐。     

甘南高寒草甸不同海拔梯度乳白香青与长毛风毛菊的点格局分析

乳白香青(Anaphalis lactea)与长毛风毛菊(Saussurea hieracioides)是甘南高寒草甸的主要物种,该研究通过野外群落调查,采用点格局分析法,并应用Riple K函数对不同海拔梯度(2 900 m、3 500 m、3 800 m)的乳白香青和长毛风毛菊种群的空间分布及种间关联性进行分析,旨在了解高寒草甸种群的动态变化机制和发育、演替趋势。结果显示：(1)甘南高寒草甸的乳白香青与长毛风毛菊种群在3个海拔梯度上的分布差异显著,随着海拔的不断升高,长毛风毛菊种群的株数、盖度、生物量均逐渐显著降低,而乳白香青种群则呈先增加后减小的变化趋势。(2)不同海拔梯度的种群密度差异明显,长毛风毛菊种群的密度为海拔2 900 m＞3 500 m＞3 800 m,乳白香青种群密度为海拔3 500 m＞2 900 m＞3 800 m。(3)在海拔2 900 m草甸中,乳白香青种群在0～1.9 m尺度呈聚集分布,在1.9～3.9 m尺度呈随机分布,在3.9～5.0 m尺度表现为均匀分布,而长毛风毛菊种群在0～3.5 m尺度呈聚集分布,在3.5～5.0 m尺度范围内则表现为随机分布;在海拔3 500 m草甸中,乳白香青种群在整个研究范围内呈随机分布,而长毛风毛菊种群则表现为聚集分布;在海拔3 800 m草甸中,乳白香青种群在0～4.1 m尺度范围内均为聚集分布,随着研究尺度加大,在4.1～5.0 m尺度则表现为随机分布,长毛风毛菊种群在0～0.6 m和4.4～5.0 m尺度范围内均表现为随机分布,而在0.6～4.4 m尺度范围内呈聚集分布。(4)在2 900 m海拔草甸中,乳白香青种群与长毛风毛菊种群在0～1.9 m小尺度内无关联,在1.9～5.0 m较大尺度内呈负关联关系;在3 500 m海拔草甸中,两种群表现为无关联;在3 800 m海拔草甸中,两种群之间则表现为正关联关系。研究表明,乳白香青和长毛风毛菊种群的分布格局与海拔梯度的变化均密切相关,但不同种群对海拔梯度变化的响应策略不同。     

桥山林区麻栎种群不同发育阶段空间格局及关联性

为探究麻栎种群不同发育阶段的空间分布特征及关联性,以黄土高原南部桥山林区麻栎天然次生林为研究对象,用L(r)函数对麻栎种群不同发育阶段空间分布特征及关联性进行分析。结果表明:(1)样地内麻栎种群各发育阶段数量结构均为不规则倒"J"型,种群结构稳定,能实现持续更新。(2)麻栎种群总体的空间分布特征受生境异质性影响较大,纯林样地中,种群在0—10 m尺度上表现为高强度聚集分布,5—35 m尺度表现为低强度聚集;混交林样地中,0—5 m尺度上表现为高强度聚集分布,5—35 m尺度上则表现为低强度聚集分布。(3)随着种群的发育及尺度的增大,麻栎种群空间聚集强度减弱,纯林样地内,麻栎幼苗在0—6 m的小尺度表现为聚集分布,6—12 m尺度上表现为随机分布;幼树在各尺度上均表现为聚集分布;中龄树与成龄树在各尺度上均表现为随机分布。混交林样地中,仅幼苗在0—6 m尺度上表现为聚集分布,其余各阶段在各尺度下均趋于随机分布。(4)种群不同发育阶段不同尺度空间关联性不同,纯林样地中,幼苗与幼树在1—2 m小尺度上呈负相关,幼树与中龄树在8 m尺度呈正相关,其余各生长阶段之间在任意尺度上均无关联性;混交林样地中,幼树与中龄树在2—12 m尺度上表现为正相关,其余各生长阶段之间在各尺度上均无关联。在未来的森林经营中,应对不同发育阶段、不同生境的种群进行不同抚育措施,促进种群良性发育。     

Evolutionary relationships among aquatic anamorphs and teleomorphs: Lemonniera, Margaritispora, and Goniopila

The hypothesis that similar conidial morphologies in aquatic hyphomycetes are a result of convergent evolution was tested using molecular sequence data. Cladistic analyses were performed on partial sequences of 28S rDNA of seven species of Lemonniera, one species of Margaritispora and one species of Goniopila. Lemonniera has tetraradiate conidia with long arms, whereas Margaritispora and Goniopila have typically globose (isodiametric) conidia, with short conical protuberances in a stellate or quadrangular arrangement. Lemonniera and Margaritispora have phialidic conidiogenesis and both produce dark, minute sclerotia in culture whereas Goniopila has holoblastic conidiogenesis and does not produce sclerotia in culture. Goniopila produces a microconidial phialidic synanamorph in culture. All three genera have schizolytic conidial secession. Molecular analyses demonstrate that Lemonniera species are placed in two distinct clades: one within Leotiomycetes; the other within Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes. Margaritispora is placed with Lemonniera species within Leotiomycetes. Goniopila and Lemonniera pseudofloscula are placed within Dothideomycetes. No morphological character was entirely congruent with the molecular derived phylogeny. This suggests that for the group of species studied, conidial shape is not a reliable indicator of phylogeny but more likely the result of convergent evolution in response to the aquatic environment.     

甘菊ClHSP70与ClHSP90基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以甘菊(Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium)为实验材料,通过RT-PCR方法从甘菊转录组数据中分离出热激蛋白合成相关基因,命名为ClHSP70和ClHSP90。序列分析表明,ClHSP70基因ORF全长为2 559bp,编码852个氨基酸,蛋白功能区预测表明含有典型的HSP70蛋白NBD和SBD保守结构域;ClHSP90基因ORF全长为2 094bp,编码697个氨基酸,含有HATPase结构域和HSP90保守结构域。生物信息学分析表明,甘菊ClHSP70与大豆(Glycine max)和烟草(Nicotiana tomentosiformis)HSP70蛋白有较高的一致性,ClHSP90基因编码的氨基酸序列与紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)HSP90高度相似;实时荧光定量表达分析表明,在42℃处理不同时间,甘菊叶片中ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因表达均在0.5h时显著增加,1h达到最大值,2h后缓慢下降;不同组织表达分析表明,甘菊在42℃处理1h后,ClHSP70在成熟叶中的表达量显著高于嫩叶和根等其他组织;ClHSP90在成熟茎中的表达量最高。研究说明,ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因具有热激蛋白特征,参与了甘菊热胁迫应答过程,该研究结果为以后深入研究其基因功能奠定了基础。     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

下延叉蕨和芽胞叉蕨配子体发育的研究

利用光学显微镜详细观察了叉蕨属(Tectaria)下延叉蕨(Tectaria decurrens)和芽胞叉蕨(T.fauriei)的配子体发育过程,记录了配子体各发育阶段的特征。结果表明:(1)下延叉蕨和芽胞叉蕨的孢子均为单裂缝,具周壁,由周壁形成纹饰,孢子极面观椭圆形,赤道面观豆形或肾形。(2)孢子萌发方式为向心型。(3)原叶体发育方式为三叉蕨型。(4)成熟原叶体心脏形,两翼向斜上方扩展。(5)均具单细胞和多细胞毛状体,在丝状体或片状体阶段出现。研究认为,从配子体发育角度看,叉蕨属是较进化的陆生真蕨类;毛状体的类型、位置和出现时间等特征在叉蕨属种间存在差异,可作为该属种间分类的特征。     

The phylogenetic placement of the Leucogastrales, including Mycolevis siccigleba (Cribbeaceae), in the Albatrellaceae using morphological and molecular data

The morphology of many hypogeous fungi converges on a homogeneous reduced form, suggesting that disparate lineages are subject to a uniform selection pressure. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the morphology and infer the phylogeny of the Leucogastrales with Mycolevis siccigleba using a Bayesian methodology. A comprehensive morphological assessment was used for an a priori phylogenetic inference to guide the sequencing effort. All structures except spore ornamentation pointed to the Albatrellaceae as the most likely sister taxon. Polyporoletus sublividus, a close relative of Albatrellus, produces ornamented basidiospores with a similar structure to M. siccigleba basidiospores. The ITS from 30 taxa was used for the molecular phylogenetic analysis. P. sublividus was found sister to Mycolevis. Leucophleps spinispora and L. magnata formed a group sister to the Polyporoletus/Mycolevis group, whereas Leucogaster was polyphyletic with respect to the core of the Leucogastrales and sister to A. caeruleoporus. This relationship was expected as previously undescribed chlamydospores produced by members of Albatrellus had a similar morphology to the basidiospores of L. rubescens.     

New species of Phaeoramularia, Pseudocercospora and Stenella from Western Ghats of India

Four new species of the hyphomycete genera Phaeoramularia viz. Ph. caesalpinae, Pseudocercospora viz., Ps. tiliacearum, Stenella, viz. S. argyreiae and S. grewiae occurring on Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming (Caesalpiniaceae), Grewia sp. (Tiliaceae), Argyrea sp. Lour (Convolvulaceae) and Grewia sp. L. (Tiliaceae), respectively are described and illustrated here. All these fungi were collected from Western Ghats of India.     

Molecular and morphological characterization of Leveillula (Ascomycota: Erysiphales) on monocotyledonous plants

Leveillula on monocotyledonous plants have been recorded as L. taurica by several authors, whereas the fungus on Allium has been described as an independent species, namely L. allii, by some authors. We sequenced ca 600 bp of the rDNA ITS region for two Leveillula specimens from Allium and Polianthes (both from monocotyledons) and compared them with several already published sequences from Leveillula isolates from dicotyledons. Pair-wise percentages of sequence divergences were calculated for all Leveillula isolates. The ITS sequence of the Polianthes isolate was identical to L. taurica on Helianthus and Vicia. The sequence of the Allium isolate was 99.5 % identical to L. taurica on Euphorbia, Haplophylum, Peganum, etc. These results suggest close relationships between monocot and dicot pathogenic Leveillula species. The identity between two monocot isolates was 98.4 %. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two monocot isolates do not group into a clade together. This result suggests that Leveillula acquired parasitism to monocots at least twice independently.