林业剩余物资源量评估方法

根据近十年来相关文献报道,分析了前人所建方法的合理性,结合中国林业生产实际,完善了林业剩余物资源潜力的计算方法。主要贡献包括:林业剩余物第二级分类的10个主要类型,即林木苗圃剩余物、林木修枝剩余物、木材采伐剩余物、木材造材剩余物、木材加工剩余物、竹材加工剩余物、薪材、废旧竹材、废旧木材、香蕉和菠萝残体;将经济林采伐和进口原木产生的剩余物计入相关木材剩余物计算范围;首次建立了包括木本水果在内的林木修枝剩余物的计算方法,以及多年生草本水果剩余物即香蕉和菠萝残体产量的计算方法;确定计算公式中参数所需要数据的来源;建议今后重点研究相关系数取值、林业剩余物资源量及其空间分布和相关行业标准等。     

中国主要树种木材物理力学属性的地理格局及其环境控制

木材的物理力学属性制约树木生长发育的重要过程,也是决定木材用途的主要依据.研究木材的物理力学属性及其影响因素,可为合理应用木材、科学开展林木选育、改进林业管理等提供必要参考.目前已有的研究多关注单一的木材密度指标,且缺乏多种影响因子的比较.本研究通过建立中国木材物理力学属性及影响因素综合数据库,对自然状态下我国主要树种木材力学属性的分布格局及其驱动因素进行了探讨.结果表明,选择气干密度、弦向干缩系数和冲击韧性作为评估木材物理力学属性的基础指标,比单一木材密度指标更准确,解释率更高;在选用的生活型、气候和土壤等3类因素中,生活型是影响木材力学物理属性变化的最重要因素,气候因子次之,土壤因子基本可忽略,并且气候和土壤因子的作用被生活型所掩盖,这意味着气候因子对于木材物理力学属性的影响是通过影响物种分布而产生作用的.     

漂白前后塔拉纤维剩余物的酶动力学分析

对塔拉纤维剩余物和漂白塔拉纤维剩余物的酶动力学进行了研究,采用Lineweaver-Burk双倒数法对底物样品浓度倒数和酶促反应速度倒数作图构建米氏方程,通过计算两种底物的K_m值,即塔拉纤维剩余物K_m为12.73 mg·mL^-1,漂白塔拉纤维剩余物K_m为192 mg·mL^-1,表明塔拉纤维剩余物比漂白后的塔拉纤维剩余物更适合做纤维素酶的酶解底物;红外光谱图分析表明漂白塔拉纤维剩余物中木质素成分含量明显降低。     

板皮形状与尺寸的数学描述理论

本文为制材、剩余物利用等行业需要的板皮数控加工提供数学描述理论,提出的这些理论将为板皮裁边的数控加工数学模型建立提供编程的数学方程,为板材最优下锯的视频再现提供数学方法.本文提出的理论还将为锯切、板皮材积精确检测提供理论依据,与制材工艺结合起来,将使传统加工工艺数学化,为科学管理和数字化控制提供了理论.本文是木材工业中用板皮数学描述加工过程的开始.通过本文的研究,可以推进木材工业加工过程数学描述研究的开展.     

模拟地表火行为对燃烧剩余物水溶性碳氮的影响

燃烧剩余物是火烧迹地土壤表面必然存在的残留物,可以通过降水过程以及地表径流释放其所含有的矿物质和有机质至土壤生态系统,从而在一定时间内持续地对火后生态系统恢复过程造成影响。但不同火行为下,相同的可燃物所产生的燃烧剩余物可能具有不同的生态学功能,为了认知火行为对燃烧剩余物的影响,进一步了解二者对火烧迹地生态恢复过程中养分循环和能量流动的潜在影响,探究了火行为对燃烧剩余物水溶性碳氮化学计量特征的影响。以红松人工林地表可燃物为实验材料,通过设置不同坡度和含水率为火行为的驱动因子,进行了森林可燃物床层地表上坡火和下坡火的室内模拟燃烧实验。用独立样本T检验、单因素方差分析、多因素方差分析探究了火环境对燃烧剩余物水溶性碳氮和火行为的影响,用基于距离的冗余分析(db-RDA)探究了火行为对燃烧剩余物水溶性碳氮化学计量特征的影响。上坡火实验组的燃烧剩余物水溶性碳氮含量明显高于下坡火实验组(P<0.01);5°实验组中,燃烧剩余物的水溶性碳含量随着可燃物预设含水率的升高而升高(P<0.05)。进一步的数据分析发现火行为与燃烧剩余物水溶性碳氮化学计量特征关系密切,火焰宽度是影响燃烧剩余物水溶性...     

竹炭食品的真相

正竹炭食品排毒只是一种营销概念,商家宣称具有排毒养颜的功效,只是一种噱头,其不仅不能排毒,多吃反而对胃肠不宜。据国家现行标准,竹炭既不能作为食品原料,也不能作为食品添加剂……什么是竹炭食品?竹炭食品因为声称有排毒养颜功效,在近两年悄然兴起,也成为许多爱美人士的时尚食品。那到底什么是竹炭食品呢?让我们先了解一下什么是竹炭。竹炭,是用老龄竹和竹材加工剩余物经高温无氧干馏而成,质地细密,比重大,孔隙多,矿物质含量丰富,比表面积每克     

混料设计优化黑木耳菌丝生长的农业剩余物配方

【背景】菌林矛盾日益突出,农业剩余物资源丰富,可作为食用菌栽培主要基质。【目的】筛选出适合黑木耳菌丝生长的农业剩余物配方。【方法】以大豆秸秆、油菜秸秆、玉米秸秆、花生秸秆、小麦秸秆和杂木屑等6种基质为原料,运用单纯形格子法进行配方设计,分析不同基质交互作用对黑木耳菌丝生长速率、菌丝生长指数、漆酶酶活、多酚氧化酶酶活和纤维素酶酶活的影响。【结果】在这些农业剩余物基质中,大豆秸秆基质最适合黑木耳菌丝生长,其次是油菜秸秆。3种主料共同作用可以优化出最适合黑木耳菌丝生长的基质配比。【结论】最终优化出一个适合黑木耳菌丝生长的农业剩余物配方：杂木屑49.4%、油菜秸秆16.4%、大豆秸秆12.2%、麦麸20%、蔗糖1%、CaSO₄ 1%。本研究为“以草代木”栽培黑木耳提供了理论基础。     

纤维剩余物酶解工艺研究

富含单宁的塔拉豆荚经水解制备没食子酸,其剩余物中富含纤维素。本研究探讨了酶解各因素对塔拉纤维剩余物还原糖产率的影响,在单因素实验的基础上,进行料液比、酶解温度、p H和酶解时间四因素L16(4)5正交优化实验,其优化工艺条件为料液比1∶6 g·m L-1,酶解温度55℃,p H6,酶解时间48 h。在此条件下,酶解塔拉纤维剩余物还原糖产率均值为43.95%。     

麻竹材化学成分的变异

麻竹(ＤｅｎｄｒｏｃａｌａｍｕｓｌａｔｉｆｌｏｒｕｓＭｕｎｒｏ)是我国南方著名笋竹两用竹种,竹秆粗大通直,大量用于制浆造纸,是我国纸浆材培育的主要竹种之一。化学成分是研究竹材材性的基础和竹材利用的依据。有关麻竹材化学成分的研究未见报道。本文应用正交试验方?..     

木材检验工作的改进对策

在绿化工程不断实施的今天,林业企业面临着重大的挑战,如何利用有限的林木资源并获得最大的企业效益,就要注意紧抓木材检验工作。本文论述了木材检验工作的重要性,并提出了合理化措施。     

Plant distribution and the temperature coefficient of metabolism

The spatial distribution of a plant species is limited by the range of climatic conditions to which the species can adapt. Temperature is one of the most significant determinants of plant distribution, but except for the effects of lethal limits, little is known about physiological changes in responses to differences in environmental temperature. In this study, temperature coefficients of non-photosynthetic metabolism have been determined in the normal environmental temperature range for selected annual and perennial plants. Distinct differences were found in the temperature coefficient of metabolism of woody perennial plants from high latitudes and high elevations and closely related low-latitude and low-elevation plants. Low-latitude and low-elevation woody perennials have Arrhenius temperature coefficients for metabolism that are larger than those for congeneric high-latitude and high-elevation plants. The Arrhenius temperature coefficient is not rapidly adapted to new environments. A simple function was developed relating Arrhenius temperature coefficient to latitude and elevation for accessions of three, woody, perennial species complexes of plants collected from a wide geographic range but grown in common gardens. Within these taxa, plants that experience broader ranges of temperature during growth in their native habitat have smaller temperature coefficients. Temperature coefficients also varied with growth stage or season. No similar relationship was found for annuals and herbaceous perennials. For the plants tested, Arrhenius temperature coefficients are high during early spring growth, but shift to lower values later in the season. The shift in Arrhenius temperature coefficients occurs early in the season for southern and low-elevation plants and progressively later for plants from further north or higher elevation. The changes in Arrhenius temperature coefficients result largely from increases in plant metabolic rates at lower temperatures while little change occurs in the rates at higher temperatures. Altering the temperature dependence of the control of metabolic rate is apparently an important means of response to climate change.     

成都地区竹木用材蛀虫种类及危害情况调查初报

我们自１９９４～１９９７年对成都市范围内各区县的竹木用材蛀虫危害情况进行了初步调查。调查发现成都地区对竹木用材危害性最大的蛀虫是竹长蠹（Ｄｉｎｏｄｅｒｕｓ ｍｉｎｕｒｕｓ Ｆａｂｒｉｃｉｕｓ）,其次是象甲（Ｃｕｒｃｕｌｉｏｎｉｄａｅ）。受害对象主要是竹材及其制品,而木材及其制品的受害程度较轻。     

Interception of photosynthetic photon flux density by woody elements in a hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa [Sieb. et Zucc.] Endl.) stand

A hinoki stand was divided into the following two layers: one was a leafed upper layer consisting of leaves and woody elements, such as stems, living branches and dead branches; the other was a leafless layer consisted of woody elements, such as stems and dead branches. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) penetrating through the stand was measured in relation to the silhouette area of leaves and woody elements. The silhouette area, on a ground area basis, was 11.2 ha ha⁻¹ for leaves (leaf area index), 0.26 ha ha⁻¹ for stems, 0.40 ha ha⁻¹ for living branches and 0.69 ha ha⁻¹ for dead branches, yielding a total wood silhouette area of 1.35 ha ha⁻¹. The apparent extinction coefficient,K, was computed to be 0.420 ha⁻¹ ha for the leafed layer, while the extinction coefficient of woody elements,K _c, was computed to be 1.01 ha⁻¹ ha for the leafless layer. The cumulative wood silhouette area density from the top of the canopy down to a given depth increased with an increase in the corresponding leaf area density within the leafed layer. The extinction coefficient of leaves,K _F, was estimated to be 0.367 ha⁻¹ ha. Of the PPFD extinguished within the canopy, the fraction (K _F/K) due to leaves alone was evaluated to be 87.4%.     

Diversity of wood-inhabiting Agaricomycotina on wood of different size classes in riparian forests of Uruguay

Many Agaricomycotina species are saprobes, playing a fundamental role in nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems by decomposing wood. Little is known about factors affecting diversity of wood-inhabiting fungi in the neotropical, warm temperate native forests of Uruguay. Most of these native forests are riparian harboring about 300 tree species. In this study, we assessed the diversity of wood-inhabiting fungi on wood of different size classes in riparian forests of Uruguay. We recovered 186 species of Agaricomycotina, including 113 corticioid and 58 polyporoid taxa. Eleven taxa accounted for 38% of the all the samples. The highest number of species was found on fine woody debris (FWD, 2–10 cm diam) than coarse woody debris (CWD, >10 cm diam) and very fine woody debris (VFWD, <2 cm diam). Species-accumulation curves did not reach an asymptote for any of the groups or wood diameter classes studied. Polyporoids were more frequently recorded on CWD (61% of collections) and corticioids on VFWD (77%). Species richness estimated by non-parametric estimators indicates an Agaricomycotina species richness between 450 and 700 taxa. Our results show that Uruguayan riparian forests, despite its limited area and fragmentation, support a wood-inhabiting Agaricomycotina diversity comparable to less fragmented forests with more plant diversity.     

基于投入产出表的北京市产业生态效率

提高生态效率对协调经济发展与环境保护的关系至关重要。为了了解北京市产业转型过程中各产业部门生态效率的变化趋势,识别提高影响北京市产业生态效率的关键部门,基于北京市投入产出表,运用指标体系法,选取水资源效率,以及废水、二氧化硫、工业固体废弃物的环境效率作为生态效率的衡量指标,核算了北京市2007、2010和2012年各部门的水资源效率以及2005、2007和2010年各部门的环境效率,并比较分析了各部门的水资源的完全用水系数以及污染物的完全排放系数,计算各部门之间完全排放量的相互贡献比例,识别了提高生态效率的关键部门。研究结果:(1)2007—2012年,北京市各部门水资源效率和2005—2010年废水、二氧化硫(SO_2)、工业固体废弃物的环境效率整体呈波动上升趋势。(2)农林牧渔业和废品废料部门是提高水资源效率的关键部门。(3)水的生产和供应业、化学工业、食品制造及烟草加工业、纺织业和造纸印刷及文教体育用品制造业是提高废水环境效率的关键部门。(4)石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业、非金属矿物制品业、金属冶炼及压延加工业、电力及热力的生产和供应业是提高SO_2环境效率的关键部门。(5)煤炭开采和洗选业、金属矿采选业、木材加工及家具制造业、非金属矿物制品业、金属冶炼及压延加工业、电力及热力的生产和供应业、水的生产和供应业是提高工业固体废弃物环境效率的关键部门。     

Bamboo dominance reduces tree regeneration in a disturbed tropical forest

Human disturbance may change dominance hierarchies of plant communities, and may cause substantial changes in biotic environmental conditions if the new dominant species have properties that differ from the previous dominant species. We examined the effects of bamboos (Bambusa tulda and Cephalostachyum pergracile) and their litter on the overall woody seedling abundance, species richness and diversity in a mixed deciduous forest in northeastern Thailand. These bamboo species are gaining dominance after human disturbance. Our results show that seedling abundance and species richness were reduced by bamboo canopies. Seedling abundance and species diversity under bamboo canopies were affected by bamboo litter, whereas seedling abundance and species diversity outside bamboo canopies did not respond to the mixed-tree litter manipulation. Removal of bamboo litter increased seedling abundance and species diversity. However, bamboo litter addition did not affect seedling abundance or species diversity compared to either control or litter removal. This may indicate that the effect of natural amount of bamboo litter is as high as for litter addition in preventing seedling establishment by woody species and hence in minimizing resource competition. We conclude that undergrowth bamboos and their litter affect tree seedling regeneration differently from mixed-tree litter, causing changes in plant community composition and species diversity. Increased human disturbance, causing a shift in dominance structure of these forests, may result in a concomitant reduction in their overall woody species abundance, richness and diversity. Thus, management of bamboos by controlling their distribution in areas of high bamboo density can be an important forest restoration method.     

Functional assembly of tropical montane tree islands in the Atlantic Forest is shaped by stress tolerance,bamboo presence,and facilitation

AimsAmidst the Campos de Altitude (Highland Grasslands) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, woody communities grow either clustered in tree islands or interspersed within the herbaceous matrix. The functional ecology, diversity, and biotic processes shaping these plant communities are largely unstudied. We characterized the functional assembly and diversity of these tropical montane woody communities and investigated how they fit within Grime''s CSR (C—competitor, S—stress‐tolerant, R—ruderal) scheme, what functional trade‐offs they exhibit, and how traits and functional diversity vary in response to bamboo presence/absence.MethodsTo characterize the functional composition of the community, we sampled five leaf traits and wood density along transects covering the woody communities both inside tree islands and outside (i.e., isolated woody plants in the grasslands community). Then, we used Mann–Whitney test, t test, and variation partitioning to determine the effects of inside versus outside tree island and bamboo presence on community‐weighted means, woody species diversity, and functional diversity.ResultsWe found a general SC/S strategy with drought‐related functional trade‐offs. Woody plants in tree islands had more acquisitive traits than those within the grasslands. Trait variation was mostly taxonomically than spatially driven, and species composition varied between inside and outside tree islands. Leaf thickness, wood density, and foliar water uptake were unrelated to CSR strategies, suggesting independent trait dimensions and multiple drought‐coping strategies within the predominant S strategy. Islands with bamboo presence showed lower Simpson diversity, lower functional dispersion, lower foliar water uptake, and greater leaf thickness than in tree islands without bamboo.ConclusionsThe observed functional assembly hints toward large‐scale environmental abiotic filtering shaping a stress‐tolerant community strategy, and small‐scale biotic interactions driving small‐scale trait variation. We recommend experimental studies with fire, facilitation treatments, ecophysiological and recruitment traits to elucidate on future tree island expansion and community response to climate change.     

Effects of woody debris on the habitat of juvenile masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) in northern Japanese streams

1. The effects of woody debris on stream habitat of juvenile masu salmon ( Oncorhynchus masou ) were examined at two spatial scales, stream reach and channel unit, for first to thirdorder tributaries of the Teshio River in northern Hokkaido, Japan. The fortyeight study reaches were classified into three distinct types: coarsesubstrate steppool (CSP), coarsesubstrate poolriffle (CPR) and finesubstrate poolriffle (FPR) reaches. Each reach type included reaches with different riparian settings, broadly classified as forest (relatively undisturbed forest and secondary forest after fires) or grassland (bamboo bushland and pasture).
2. The reachscale analyses showed that neither total pool volume nor pooltopool spacing was correlated with woody debris abundance in any of the three reach types. Masu salmon density was positively correlated with both woodydebris cover area and total cover area, but not with total pool volume in the reaches.
3. Channelunitscale analyses revealed that woody debris reduced nonpool velocity, increased pool depth and retained fine sediment in pools in FPR reaches, where the size of woody debris was very large relative to the substrate material size. However, woody debris did not influence any of the hydraulic variables (depth, velocity, substrate) in either nonpools or pools of CSP and CPR reaches. Habitat use by masu salmon in nonpools or pools was affected by woodydebris cover area or total cover area rather than by hydraulic variables in any of the reach types.
4. The effects of woody debris on habitat at the reach and channelunit scales in the study area were less than those indicated by previous work in the Pacific Northwest, North America, owing to the relatively small size of the riparian trees. However, the overall results suggested that woody debris in the study area contributed to masu salmon habitat by providing cover at the smaller, microhabitat scale.     

Maximum Residue Levels: Fact or Fiction?

Maximum residue levels (MRLs) are trading standards that represent the maximum residue that could be found if a crop protection product (CPP) is applied according to critical good agricultural practice (cGAP). Foodstuffs are monitored for MRL compliance and exceedence can have economic, social and political consequences. There is a trade-off when calculating MRLs, as low MRLs prevent misuse of CPPs and high MRLs prevent an ‘unlucky’ farmer exceeding the MRL by chance. Chance exceedence has not been previously investigated despite the high probability of exceedence due to small data sets and calculation method. In this study, MRL calculation methods were investigated and policy for using these methods to control chance exceedence was defined. The shape and parameters of the residue distribution, LOQ and number of trials all affected the accuracy and precision of the estimated MRL. The two European methods were least accurate and precise at small numbers of trials and high CVs, with up to four different MRLs possible. Eight to 16 trials gave the best estimate of the MRL, but exceedence by chance could occur in up to 45% of samples. Policy was defined for using existing methods, and involved calculation of the MRL by both methods and taking the highest.