来源于麦氏喙枝孢霉的玉米赤霉烯酮水解酶在毕赤酵母中的高效表达及活性分析

【背景】玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)及其衍生物是一群具有雌激素活性的霉菌毒素,广泛存在于被霉菌污染的谷物中,造成食品业和畜牧业的巨大损失。利用专一性高的水解酶进行生物转化可有效去除玉米赤霉烯酮。【目的】构建高效表达玉米赤霉烯酮水解酶的酵母系统,以促进玉米赤霉烯酮水解酶的研究和工业应用。【方法】将来源于麦氏喙枝孢霉(RhinocladiellamackenzieiCBS650.93)的Rmzhd基因转入毕赤酵母中,筛选获得高效表达菌株,通过高效液相色谱分析发酵液中重组酶的性质。【结果】发酵液中Rm ZHD对ZEN的酶活力为16.67 U/m L,对α-ZOL的酶活力为9.85 U/m L。SDS-PAGE检测表达产物的分子量,与理论值30.7k D符合,且发酵上清液蛋白纯度高。Rm ZHD的最适p H值为9.6,最适温度为45°C,并具有较好的耐热性。【结论】研究结果为玉米赤霉烯酮水解酶的异源表达及其潜在的工业应用提供了一定的指导。     

玉米赤霉烯酮降解菌的鉴定及其降解特性

【背景】玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN)是一种具有类雌激素作用的霉菌毒素,常会污染谷物和饲料,严重威胁动物和人类的健康。生物脱毒作为理想的去除ZEN的方法,广受关注,然而相关菌株较少,仍有待进一步筛选。【目的】明确一株玉米赤霉烯酮降解菌的生物学分类地位,并优化其赤霉烯酮降解菌降解条件。【方法】通过菌株的16S rRNA基因序列比对,构建系统发育进化树,并开展了相关培养条件的单因素优化和玉米赤霉烯酮降解动力曲线的绘制。【结果】实验菌株WLB-29经鉴定为斯塔普氏菌属(Stappia),其16S rRNA基因序列在GenBank上登录号为MT196321,该序列与模式菌株Stappia indica B106T相似性最高为97.47%,初步确定为斯塔普氏菌属潜在新种。单因素优化表明,菌株降解玉米赤霉烯酮的最佳条件为LB培养基、37℃培养、pH 8.0、2%接种量和玉米赤霉烯酮初始浓度为10mg/L,在此条件下培养144h后,玉米赤霉烯酮的降解率最高可达92.56%。【结论】菌株WLB-29具有较好的ZEN降解作用,为进一步解析菌株降解ZEN作用机理提供了研究基础,也为进一步开发利用菌株开展ZEN的生物脱毒提供了新的菌株资源。     

一种来源于Phialophora attae的玉米赤霉烯酮内酯水解酶ZHD11F的酶学表征和结构特点

玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)是一种雌激素类真菌毒素,可以与动物的雌激素受体竞争性结合,导致动物生殖系统内的激素紊乱。ZEN内酯水解酶(ZEN lactone hydrolase,ZHD)可以水解ZEN中的内酯键,进而使其转化为无雌激素毒性的产物。【目的】利用生物信息学分析以及酶学性质探索,鉴定出一个具有新特性的ZEN内酯水解酶。【方法】构建pET28a-zhd11f表达载体,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达ZHD11F,利用Ni-NTA纯化得到ZHD11F,对其酶学性质进行分析,并通过结构模拟和分子动力学分析阐明ZHD11F低温活性的机制。【结果】ZHD11F以ZEN为底物,比酶活为40.04 U/mg,最适反应温度与pH值分别为35 °C和8.0,在pH 6.0–9.5的范围内具有超过60%的酶活力,在35 °C以下具有较好的热稳定性,能够耐受多种金属离子。ZHD11F在10 °C和20 °C时,其活性分别保持20%和40%。更多的loop区增加了结构的柔韧性是该酶稳定性较差、在低温活性比较高的主要原因。【结论】Phialophora attae是瓶霉属的一种真菌,目前此真菌来源的酶极少被鉴定。关于本研究将Phialophora attae来源的ZEN内酯水解酶ZHD11F,在大肠杆菌中成功可溶性表达并得到纯酶,表征分析显示该酶是目前报道的第一个低温ZEN内酯水解酶,为研究此类酶的耐冷机制、广温度范围提供了候选,同时拓展了Phialophora attae来源酶的功能研究。     

玉米赤霉烯酮脱毒菌PA26-7的分离鉴定及其应用效果评价

【背景】玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)是广泛污染粮谷类作物的一种雌激素类真菌毒素,不仅给农业经济带来巨大损失,还能通过食物链对人和动物健康造成危害。【目的】从微生态制剂中筛选获得能够高效降解玉米赤霉烯酮的菌株,优化其脱毒条件,测定其在饲料中的实际脱毒效果及对饲料中植酸、维生素含量变化的影响。【方法】从微生态制剂中分离出玉米赤霉烯酮降解菌,通过细胞计数试剂盒-8 (cell counting kit-8, CCK-8)测定菌株降解玉米赤霉烯酮产物的细胞毒性和雌激素活性,通过高效液相色谱法测定分离株在培养基和饲料中的解毒效果,以及分离株在霉变的豆粕、麸皮和成品饲料中固态发酵前后维生素的含量变化,通过三氯化铁比色法测定饲料脱毒前后植酸的含量变化。【结果】从微生态制剂中筛选出一株通过分泌胞外酶高效降解玉米赤霉烯酮的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis) PA26-7,该菌株在培养基起始pH 4.0-8.0、培养温度25-60℃条件下均可降解玉米赤霉烯酮,产物的细胞毒性和雌激素活性均较ZEN弱。PA26-7经固态发酵72h后,饲料原料(豆粕和麸皮)及霉变的成品鸡...     

基于柔性区域的计算设计改造玉米赤霉烯酮水解酶热稳定性

来源于粉红螺旋聚孢霉Clonostachys rosea的玉米赤霉烯酮水解酶 (ZHD101) 可以有效降解谷物农副产品和饲料中的霉菌毒素玉米赤霉烯酮 (Zearalenone,ZEN),但是,该酶的热稳定性较低,限制了其在工业中的应用。由于水解ZEN的反应没有吸光值的变化,不适合高通量筛选。本文以ZHD101为模式酶,进行计算虚拟突变并结合实验验证。通过比对不同温度下的分子动力学模拟轨迹,选取32个柔性位点;再通过位置特异性评分和酶构象自由能计算,从32个柔性位点上的608个虚拟饱和突变体中筛选出12个突变体。经实验验证,其中3个突变体N156F、S194T和T259F的热熔融温度有一定程度的提升 (ΔTm>4 ℃),且酶活性与野生型类似甚至更高 (相对酶活性为95.8%、131.6%和169.0%)。分子动力学模拟分析显示,导致3个突变体热稳定性提高的可能作用机理分别为NH-π作用力、盐桥重排和分子表面空穴填充。将3个突变体进行迭代组合突变,N156F/S194T表现出最高的热稳定性 (ΔTm=6.7 ℃)。这项工作表明基于柔性区域的虚拟饱和突变在酶稳定性改造上的可行性,探索计算虚拟改造结合实验验证的酶改造策略。     

结构指导的玉米赤霉烯酮水解酶的热稳定性改造

玉米赤霉烯酮是世界上污染最为广泛的一种镰刀菌(Fusarium)毒素,严重危害牲畜以及人类的健康。来源于粉红螺旋聚孢霉(Clonostachys rosea)的玉米赤霉烯酮水解酶(zearalenone hydrolase,ZHD)能有效降解饲料中的玉米赤霉烯酮,然而饲料加工中的高温环境限制了该酶的应用。基于结构特征的理性设计可为酶的热稳定性改造提供指导。本研究首先基于蛋白质结构比对(multiple structure alignment, MSTA)筛选ZHD的结构灵活区,随后基于序列保守性打分以及构象自由能计算设计突变文库,得到基于136号和220号残基的9个单点突变设计。结果表明,9个突变体的热熔融温度(Tm)提高了0.4–5.6℃,其中S220R和S220W热稳定性表现最好,Tm分别提高了5.6℃和4.0℃,45℃下的热半失活时间分别延长了15.4倍和3.1倍,相对酶活分别为野生型的70.6%和57.3%。分子动力学模拟分析表明突变位点及附近区域的作用力得到了增强,突变体S220R和S220W的220-K130氢键成键概率分别增加了37.1%和19.3%、K130-D223盐桥成键概率分别增加了30.1%和12.5%,为ZHD热稳定性的提高作出了贡献。这项工作表明结合天然酶的结构比对、序列分析及自由能计算的热稳定性改造策略的可行性,并获得了热稳定性增强的ZHD变体,为ZHD在工业上的应用打下基础。     

真菌毒素玉米赤霉烯酮生物降解的研究进展

玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN)及衍生物是一类主要由镰刀菌属的真菌产生的非甾体雌激素类真菌毒素,广泛存在于玉米、大麦、小麦和高粱等谷物饲料及其副产品中,严重危害牲畜及人类健康,迫切需要相关的技术对ZEN进行降解脱毒。传统的物理化学方法不能有效去除谷物中的毒素,并会破坏谷物的营养成分,影响食物口感,甚至造成二次污染,因此利用生物工程技术对ZEN及其衍生物进行脱毒是未来解决这一问题的主要方法。文中简要介绍了ZEN及衍生物和降解ZEN的微生物种类、降解特性,然后详细介绍了目前研究的ZEN降解酶种类、解析唯一的蛋白结构及其异源表达和应用情况,以期为通过分子酶工程和发酵工程等生物工程技术降低ZEN降解酶的成本提供指导,从而提高食品安全。     

玉米赤霉烯酮生物合成和降解的研究进展

介绍了玉米赤霉烯酮及其6个衍生物的分子结构,以及玉米赤霉烯酮的生物合成途径。阐述了玉米赤霉烯酮生物合成的基因序列群以及基因簇的表达方式。论述了玉米赤霉烯酮钝化和降解过程, 探讨了玉米赤霉烯酮水解酶在基因工程中的应用研究, 并为今后玉米赤霉烯酮生物工程降解研究提出了建议。     

玉米赤霉烯酮降解酶毕赤酵母表达载体的构建及其表达

目的构建毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9-ZEN-jjm,筛选高效分泌表达活性目的蛋白的菌株。方法克隆ZEN-jjm基因,经EcoRⅠ和NotⅠ双酶切连接至pPIC9中,电转化至毕赤酵母GS115。利用RDB培养基和甲醇诱导表达进行筛选。HPLC检测表达蛋白降解玉米赤霉烯酮的活性。结果测序表明ZEN-jjm成功插入pPIC9中,SDS-PAGE表明获得1株高效表达目的蛋白的重组酵母,其分子量约29 kDa。HPLC表明其能有效地降解玉米赤霉烯酮。结论玉米赤霉烯酮降解酶在毕赤酵母中获得了高效分泌表达。     

微生物降解玉米赤霉烯酮的研究进展

玉米赤霉烯酮（zearalenone,ZEN）是霉变谷物中常见的霉菌毒素之一,主要出现在霉变的玉米、小麦等谷物中,给畜禽和人类带来一定程度的健康危害,如生殖毒性、免疫毒性、肝毒性和肾毒性等。目前,解决玉米赤霉烯酮污染问题的方法包括物理、化学和生物3个途径。虽然传统的物理和化学脱毒方法已经运用在许多的饲料生产中,但同时也存在着二次污染的风险。生物降解法是一种利用微生物吸附和降解玉米赤霉烯酮的脱毒方法,具有安全环保、高效、特异性强和脱毒率高的特性,且不影响谷物的营养价值,已成为玉米赤霉烯酮降解研究的热点。本文主要介绍了近年来降解玉米赤霉烯酮的微生物种类,并将其归纳分类,从微生物的脱毒能力、脱毒方法和脱毒产物进行了叙述,综述了微生物脱毒的优点及前景,以期为微生物降解玉米赤霉烯酮的理论研究及实际应用提供新的视角。     

Recent advances in the improvement of enzyme thermostability by structure modification

Abstract

Thermostability is considered to be an important parameter to measure the feasibility of enzymes for industrial applications. Generally, higher thermostability makes an enzyme more competitive and desirable in industry. However, most natural enzymes show poor thermostability, which restricts their application. Protein structure modification is a desirable method to improve enzyme properties. In recent years, tremendous progress has been achieved in protein thermostability engineering. In this review, we provide a systemic overview on the approaches of protein structure modification for the improvement of enzyme thermostability during the last decade. Structure modification approaches, including the introduction of non-covalent interactions and covalent bonds, increase of proline and/or decrease in glycine, reinforcement of subunit–subunit interactions, introduction of glycosylation sites, truncation and cyclization have been highlighted.     

Protein-protein interaction conferring stability to an extracellular acetyl (xylan) esterase produced by Termitomyces clypeatus

Acetyl esterase (AE) activity present in the culture filtrate of Termitomyces clypeatus was separated into lower molar mass (LMM) and higher molar mass (HMM) protein fractions during BioGel P-200 gel chromatography. AE was purified as a 30 kDa nonglycosylated protein from LMM fractions by CM-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography and HPGPLC. Although the HMM fraction had a number of enzyme activities (sucrase, beta-xylosidase, beta-glucosidase, and alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase) other than AE, protein present in the fraction was eluted as a single protein peak in HPGPLC and gave a single band in native PAGE. The fraction, subsequently purified by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, was a SDS-PAGE homogeneous 80 kDa glycoprotein, but with both AE and cellobiase activities. The aggregate dissociated during ConA-Sepharose chromatography and 30 kDa AE and 56 kDa glycosylated cellobiase were purified separately. The dissociation caused significant loss of cellobiase activity but not that of AE. AE purified from both HMM and LMM fractions was characterized to be the same enzyme in terms of molar masses, pI (7.3), and other physicochemical properties. AE as an aggregate with cellobiase showed higher thermostability, temperature optimum, and resistance toward chemical denaturants than those of purified AE. Compared to cellobiase purified earlier from the same fungus, the enzyme present with AE in the aggregate also showed higher catalytic activity, thermostability, and temperature optimum. The study indicated that the formation of such SDS-resistant enzyme aggregate was associated with significant changes in the physicochemical properties of the enzymes, mainly toward improvement of rigidity of enzymes, and sometimes with the improvement of catalytic activity.     

Hydrophobic interaction network analysis for thermostabilization of a mesophilic xylanase

One widely known drawback of enzymes is their instability in diverse conditions. The thermostability of enzymes is particularly relevant for industrial applications because operation at high temperatures has the advantage of a faster reaction rate. Protein stability is mainly determined in this study by intra-molecular hydrophobic interactions that have a collective and 3-dimensional clustering effect. To interpret the thermostability of enzymes, network analysis was introduced into the protein structure, and a network parameter of structural hierarchy, k of k-clique, was used to discern more developed hydrophobic interaction clusters in the protein structure. The favorable clustering conformations of hydrophobic residues, which seemed to be important for protein thermostability, were discovered by the application of a network analysis to hydrophobic interactions of GH11 xylanases. Coordinating higher k-clique hydrophobic interaction clusters through the site-directed mutagenesis of the model enzyme, Bacillus circulans xylanase, stabilized the local structure and thus improved thermostability, such that the enzyme half-life and melting temperature increased by 78 fold and 8.8 °C, respectively. This study highlights the advantages of interpreting collective hydrophobic interaction patterns and their structural hierarchy and the possibility of applying network analysis to the thermostabilization of enzymes.     

Extracellular production of recombinant thermolysin expressed in Escherichia coli, and its purification and enzymatic characterization

Thermolysin is a representative zinc metalloproteinase derived from Bacillus thermoproteolyticus and a target in protein engineering to understand the catalytic mechanism and thermostability. Extracellular production of thermolysin has been achieved in Bacillus, but not in Escherichia coli, although it is the most widely used as a host for the production of recombinant proteins. In this study, we expressed thermolysin as a single polypeptide pre-proenzyme in E. coli under the original promoter sequences in the npr gene, the gene from B. thermoproteolyticus, which encodes thermolysin. Active mature thermolysin (34.6 kDa) was secreted into the culture medium. The recombinant thermolysin was purified to homogeneity by sequential column chromatography procedures of the supernatant with hydrophobic-interaction chromatography followed by affinity chromatography. The purified recombinant product is indistinguishable from natural thermolysin from B. thermoproteolyticus as assessed by hydrolysis of N-[3-(2-furyl)acryloyl]-glycyl-L-leucine amide and N-carbobenzoxy-L-asparatyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester. The results demonstrate that our expression system should be useful for structural and functional analysis of thermolysin.     

Induction of creatine kinase in immature rat uteri by zearalenone, an estrogenic mycotoxin

Intraperitoneal administration of alpha-zearalenone (ZEN) to female immature rats induced synthesis of a uterine protein which has been identified as creatine kinase. The induced enzyme was purified to homogeneity by chromatography on DEAE Sephacel and Hydroxyapatite Ultrogel. Guinea pig antiserum against estrogen-induced uterine, rat uterine creatine kinase crossreacted with the ZEN-induced enzyme, indicating that ZEN exhibits an early estrogenic response in a manner analogous to natural estrogens.     

Isolation and Characterization of S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine:Tetrahydroberberine-cis-N-Methyltransferase from Suspension Cultures of Sanguinaria canadensis L

As part of a continuing study of the induction of alkaloid biosynthesis, we report the isolation to homogeneity and characterization of S-adenosyl-L-methionine:tetrahydroberberine-cis-N-mehtyltransferase from suspension cultures of Sanguinaria canadensis that were induced to produce alkaloids by hormone depletion. This enzyme catalyzes the stereospecific transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the tertiary nitrogen of the protoberberine alkaloid tetrahydroberberine (canadine). The enzyme was purified 315-fold by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel permeation chromatography, affinity dye chromatography, and both diethylaminoethyl and Mono-Q ion-exchange chromatography. The enzyme was further purified to an optimum specific activity of 225 nkat/mg of protein (3500-fold) and electrophoretic homogeneity by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). In contrast to previous reports with partially purified enzyme, the isolated protein was found to have a pH optimum of 7.0, a temperature optimum of 25 to 30[deg]C, and an isoelectric point of 5.1. Furthermore, the molecular weight of the homogeneous protein was found to be 39,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE. The homogeneous enzyme preferred tetrahydroberberine over all other substrates tested, showing an apparent Km of 2.1 [mu]M, but also showed partial activity with tetrahydrojatrorrhizine and tetrahydropalmatrubine.     

Immobilization of Exo-maltotetraohydrolase and Pullulanase

A dual enzyme system of exo-maltotetraohydrolase [EC 3.2.1.60] and pullulanase [EC 3.2.1.41] was studied for the continuous production of maltotetraose. Porous chitosan beads were selected from among many carriers as the best carrier to immobilize both enzymes.

The properties of the immobilized enzymes were examined and compared with those of the native enzymes. For exo-maltotetraohydrolase, the optimum pH of the immobilized enzyme shifted slightly to the acidic side and the pH stability was improved on the alkaline side. The optimum temperature of the immobilized enzyme increased by about 15°C and thermostability was improved by about 10°C. As for pullulanase, very little difference in thermostability was observed.

The effects of operating conditions on the continuous production of maltotetraose using exo- maltotetraohydrolase immobilized on the porous chitosan beads were examined. Porous chitosan beads were recognized to be superior to Diaion HP-50.

The continuous production of maltotetraose was accomplished using the dual immobilized enzyme system. The dual enzyme system proved to be effective to increase the maltotetraose content in the product. A stable operation was successfully continued for more than 60 days.     

玉米赤霉烯酮降解酶多拷贝毕赤酵母菌株的构建及高效表达

通过密码子优化、体外多拷贝构建实现玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN)降解酶基因(zlhy-6)在毕赤酵母GS115菌株中的高效表达。按酵母密码子偏好性优化zlhy-6基因的密码子,与α因子信号肽编码序列一起合成,插入到pAO815质粒中,通过酶切酶连构建含1–6个表达盒的表达质粒,将其转入毕赤酵母GS115菌中,获得ZEN降解酶重组菌株。重组蛋白分子量为28.9 kDa,与预期一致。重组菌用甲醇诱导3 d,蛋白浓度达最高,之后下降;在pH 5.0、4.5条件下诱导培养,表达量最高;每天添加0.8%的甲醇、接种量10%表达水平最高;4拷贝的转化子表达水平最高,三角瓶发酵3 d,酶活性达到10 U/mL。在1 g玉米渣中添加0.1–0.5 mL发酵上清液,水解24 h,玉米渣中ZEN的降解率为44.08%–75.51%。研究结果为ZEN降解酶工业生产及在食品饲料中的应用奠定了基础。     

嗜水气单胞菌J-1株弹性蛋白酶的表达、纯化及特性分析

摘要：【目的】表达、纯化嗜水气单胞菌J-1株弹性蛋白酶,并对弹性蛋白酶的性质进行分析。【方法】以pET-32a为表达载体将弹性蛋白酶基因ahyB转化至大肠杆菌BL21菌株中进行诱导表达,表达重组酶用His TaqNi2+亲和层析柱纯化并用6 mol/L盐酸胍进行复性;利用硫酸铵分级沉淀、阴离子交换层析和分子筛层析对嗜水气单胞菌培养上清液中的弹性蛋白酶进行纯化。将【结果】从嗜水气单胞菌培养上清液中获得的弹性蛋白酶原酶的最适pH 为8.5,而表达重组酶为 10.0;对热的稳定性,原酶高于表达酶。两种形式酶的性