中国—东盟重大农业入侵有害生物预警与防控研究进展

中国—东盟自贸区的建设和运行,促进了东盟农产品特别是热带水果向中国的输入,随之极大地提高了东盟农业有害生物入侵中国的风险。如何保障东盟农产品输入中国同时又能有效阻断农业有害生物的入侵是亟需解决的重大难题。为此,2011年中华人民共和国科学技术部批准设立了国家国际科技合作重大专项"中国—东盟重大农业外来有害生物预警与防控平台",华南、云南地区及越南、泰国、菲律宾、缅甸、老挝、柬埔寨东盟6个国家的专家学者组建了联合攻关团队,建立了中国—东盟重大农业入侵有害生物预警与防控技术支撑平台,对东盟农业有害生物的基础数据库、风险评估、快速鉴定、口岸监测、检疫处理和应急防控等关键技术开展系统研究,创建了以"境外监测与指导防控、口岸检验与检疫处理和境内应急防控"为核心的防控东盟农业有害生物入侵的技术体系,并在中国—东盟自贸区内示范应用。     

有机物料厌氧发酵液中拮抗苹果再植障碍病原真菌的细菌筛选及其防治效果

有机物料厌氧发酵液(AFOF)能显著改善苹果再植障碍.本研究对AFOF中能拮抗苹果再植障碍主要病原菌(腐皮镰刀菌、层出镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌、串珠镰刀菌)的细菌进行了分离筛选,并对其作用效果进行了盆栽验证.结果表明: AFOF能显著抑制病原真菌的生长繁殖;对峙试验共得到4株具有较强拮抗作用的细菌(L11、L12、L13、L14),最高抑菌率达到57.3%,鉴定发现这4株细菌均属于芽孢杆菌属,相互之间没有明显的拮抗作用;在盆栽条件下,与连作土相比,溴甲烷熏蒸处理和拮抗菌菌液处理对平邑甜茶幼苗的生物量均有不同程度的促进作用;在幼苗的长势上,溴甲烷熏蒸处理效果要好于拮抗菌菌液处理;在根系活力上,拮抗菌菌液处理效果要好于溴甲烷熏蒸处理,根系长度、根尖数分别增加了25.1%、70.9%.与连作土处理相比,拮抗菌菌液和溴甲烷熏蒸均能显著降低土壤中的真菌数量,分别降低了71.2%和64.2%,拮抗菌菌液处理能显著增加土壤中的细菌和放线菌数量,分别增加了48.0%和140.2%,使土壤微生物结构向“细菌型”转化;而溴甲烷熏蒸处理显著降低了土壤中的细菌和放线菌数量,说明拮抗菌的确能够抑制土壤中病原真菌的生长.     

熏蒸剂溴甲烷对农田土壤微生物的影响

土壤微生物是反应土壤健康状况最敏感的生物学指标,溴甲烷残留不仅消耗臭氧层,影响生态平衡,还会造成土壤质量恶化和微生物群落结构的变化。为明确溴甲烷对农田土壤微生物群落结构及生态过程的影响,以兰州市红古区连续两年种植草莓的土壤为研究对象,测定熏蒸剂溴甲烷处理后土壤微生物量碳、基础呼吸、诱导呼吸和微生物代谢熵等相关指标,并运用磷脂脂肪酸法(PLFA)测定不同类群微生物的变化。结果表明:经溴甲烷熏蒸处理至培养结束(第90天)时土壤微生物基础呼吸和诱导呼吸分别下降0.6%和16.2%,并且与对照皆差异显著(P 0.05);微生物量碳培养结束时与对照差异显著(P 0.05),且减少5.6%;总体上微生物基础呼吸、诱导呼吸和微生物量碳都呈现先下降后逐渐恢复的趋势;微生物代谢熵(q CO_2)第15天后都高于对照,但随培养时间延长,处理组和对照组的差值逐渐降低,到培养期结束仍未恢复,相差5.1%。溴甲烷对土壤细菌(B)、真菌(F)和革兰氏阴性菌(GN)、革兰氏阳性菌(GP)都存在抑制作用; B、F含量分别较对照下降0.64%—8.72%、0.03%—5.61%;到培养期结束时,GP的量下降0.26%,GN下降10.42%,GN对溴甲烷的敏感性强于GP,且GN的变化具有滞后性;溴甲烷处理降低了B/F和GN/GP,但对GN/GP影响比对B/F的更为显著,土壤微生物压力指数增加。综上,说明施用溴甲烷使农田土壤微生物受到了长期的、持续的外源压力胁迫,溴甲烷在对有害微生物杀死的同时,也对有益微生物造成极大的伤害,不利于土壤优良性状的保持,使土壤中微生物丰富度和多样性下降。因此,实际应用中应充分考虑溴甲烷对土壤微生物带来的负面影响。     

溴甲烷土壤灭菌对大豆苗期根系生长的影响

利用溴甲烷田间土壤灭菌,研究灭菌对正茬、重茬大豆苗期根系生长和产量的影响.试验结果表明,灭菌处理后重茬(连续种植3a)地大豆根系生长良好,根系形态明显改善,总根长、主根长、植株鲜重和根瘤数增加、孢囊线虫孢囊数为0.而灭菌处理后,正茬地大豆根系前期生长受到一定抑制,主根长、总根长、植株鲜重和侧根数有降低的趋势,但随时间推移,抑制幅度降低.溴甲烷处理促进大豆结瘤.灭菌后,重茬大豆与正茬大豆根系生长差异减少.溴甲烷灭菌处理可作为克服大豆连作障碍问题措施之一.     

溴甲烷甲壤灭菌对大豆苗期根系生长的影响

利用溴甲烷田间土壤灭菌,研究灭菌对正茬、重茬大豆苗期根系生长和产量的影响。试验结果表明,灭菌处理后重茬（连续种植3a）地大豆根系生长良好,根系形态明显改善,总根长、主根长、植株鲜重和根瘤数增加、孢囊线虫孢囊数为0。而灭菌处理后,正葜地大豆根系前期生长受到一定抑制,主根长、总根长、植株鲜重和侧根数有降低的趋势,但随时间推移,抑制幅度降低,溴甲烷处理促进大豆结瘤。灭菌后,重葜大豆与茬大豆根系生长差异减少。溴甲烷灭菌处理可作为克服大豆连作障碍问题措施之一。     

广东省林业有害生物的发生与防控

本文介绍了广东省林业有害生物的发生和防控概况,阐述了广东省以林业有害生物生态控制和绿色防控为导向,在立体化监测的基础上,建立树种合理配植避灾、检疫御灾、持续控制与应急控制相结合减灾的防控技术体系,以及林业有害生物防控技术规范化、标准化,防控工作社会化的保障体系,切实保护森林资源。     

海洋中溴甲烷的研究进展

溴甲烷是大气中重要的痕量温室气体,对全球变暖和大气化学具有重要作用.海洋在溴甲烷的生物地球化学循环中作用复杂,海洋既是大气溴甲烷的源也是其汇,开展海洋环境中溶存溴甲烷的化学研究,对大气臭氧层的保护工作具有一定的指导意义,也可为在全球尺度上估算海洋环境中溴甲烷对全球环境变化的贡献提供理论依据.本文从溴甲烷的生物地球化学循环、分析测定方法、浓度分布、海-气通量、源汇平衡等方面综述了国内外海洋环境中溴甲烷的研究进展,探讨了目前该领域研究中存在的不足,并对未来的研究进行了展望.
     

浅议森林有害生物生态调控策略

人工林的增加大大改善了我国的生态环境, 但也同时增加了森林有害生物发生的风险。生态调控技术克服了传统控制策略的不足, 是目前森林有害生物管理的最佳策略之一。论文回顾了森林有害生物的管理策略思想的发展历程, 简述了生态调控(Ecological regulation)策略与森林有害生物可持续控制(Sustainable pest management in forest, SPMF)的理念与核心原则。通过对有害生物的实例研究的概括, 从森林生态系统自身特征、调控对象有害物质和森林生态系统的环境条件三个方面, 综述了森林有害生物生态调控的相应策略。文章也指出了该策略的发展前景及不足之处。     

营林技术对森林有害生物的防治研究

森林有害生物的生态控制以及森林有害生物综合管理是森林有害生物控制的主要方法。通过综合使用一系列的物理、化学、生物、生态等防治方法对森林中的有害生物进行防治控制保护森林资源与生态环境是营林技术的一个重要方面。     

大气溴甲烷的释放与控制研究

大气溴甲烷是破坏大气臭氧层的主要化合物之一,既有人为释放,也有自然释放,目前还存在着巨大的未知源。了解大气溴甲烷释放规律和控制措施,不仅对保护臭氧层具有重要意义,而且是大气溴甲烷含量的历史追溯和未来预测的重要基础,是全球变化研究热点。全面介绍了大气溴甲烷排放的途径和机制以及调控排放通量的主要措施,并分析了近期的优先研究领域。     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。