星天牛不同为害状态下山核桃挥发物成分的GC-EAD和行为反应

【目的】为了挖掘对星天牛Anoplophora chinensis有行为反应的山核桃Juglans mandshurica挥发物。【方法】采用动态顶空套袋吸附法收集不同为害状态[健康(CK)、天牛取食、产卵和钻蛀后]山核桃释放的挥发物,并运用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)、气相色谱-触角电位测量系统(GC-EAD)及"Y"型嗅觉仪技术分析鉴定出对星天牛产生电生理及行为反应的挥发物。【结果】GC-EAD反应结果表明:星天牛成虫对不同为害状态下山核桃释放的挥发物中的蒎烯、罗勒烯、对二乙苯、萜品烯、壬醛、α-萜品醇、五甲基苯、丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯、2,6-二甲基萘以及正十六烷10种挥发物产生显著的触角电位反应,对其他挥发物无反应,其中蒎烯和罗勒烯的反应较强。嗅觉反应结果表明:蒎烯仅对星天牛雄虫产生显著的引诱作用(P≤0.05),罗勒烯对星天牛雌雄虫产生极显著的引诱作用(P≤0.01);丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯对星天牛雌虫产生显著的驱避作用(P≤0.05),对二乙苯仅对星天牛雄虫产生显极著的驱避作用(P≤0.01),壬醛对星天牛雄虫产生显著的驱避作用(P≤0.05)。【结论】本研究结果表明,罗勒烯对星天牛雌成虫产生较强的引诱作用,而丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯对其雌成虫产生较好的驱避作用;蒎烯和罗勒烯对星天牛雄成虫产生较强的引诱作用,而对二乙苯和壬醛则对其雄成虫产生较好的驱避作用。     

缓释单萜类挥发物对落叶松毛虫行为及落叶松主要防御蛋白的影响

单萜类植物挥发物能够影响昆虫行为,为了延长其作用时间并初步测定特定单一的单萜类挥发物是否为生物间的信号物质,选取落叶松挥发物α-蒎烯、月桂烯和莰烯,进行缓释处理后施用于兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)苗木并进行生测。将3种挥发物倒入缓释瓶中,挂于2年生落叶松苗木中下部;以用3种挥发物直接喷施落叶松苗为对照。通过室内Y形管嗅觉仪和室外苗木罩笼产卵试验,测定不同处理的落叶松苗对落叶松毛虫(Dendrolimus superans)雌成虫产卵寄主选择行为的影响。测定落叶松针叶内与抗虫相关的几种主要防御蛋白的活力。Y管嗅觉仪测定结果显示,用α-蒎烯和月桂烯喷施及缓释处理的落叶松对雌成虫有显著引诱作用;缓释处理的效果可持续5d;施用莰烯有显著驱避作用,缓释处理的效果可持续4d。室外笼罩试验结果表明,在分别施用α-蒎烯或月桂烯的树苗上,落叶松毛虫雌虫产卵量显著高于对照,缓释处理的效果可持续3d;施用莰烯的树苗上,落叶松毛虫雌虫产卵量显著低于对照,缓释处理的效果可持续3d。表明挥发物装于缓释瓶内与挥发物具有相同的作用效果,并可以有效延长挥发物的作用时间。各处理落叶松针叶内POD、CAT、PAL、PPO、CI和TI的活性均无显著变化,说明这3种单萜类挥发物不是兴安落叶松的预警信号物质,单一施用不能系统诱导增强落叶松的抗虫性,只起到落叶松毛虫行为干扰剂的作用。     

健康和虫害的红松挥发物对赤松梢斑螟及其寄生蜂寄主选择行为的影响

摘要：为了研究红松球果害虫赤松梢斑螟Dioryctria sylvestrella及其寄生蜂的寄主趋向机理,本文用Y型嗅觉仪测定了赤松梢斑螟成虫及其寄生蜂长距茧蜂Macrocentrus sp,对红松健康和梢斑螟幼虫危害的球果、主梢及侧枝的昼夜行为反应;并用GC-MS分析了健康和虫害球果、主梢及侧枝昼夜所释放挥发物的组份及含量变化。结果表明,赤松梢斑螟处女雌蛾、交尾雌蛾和雄蛾在夜晚对健康球果及主梢有较强的趋性。雌雄长距茧蜂白天对虫害红松球果、主梢有较强的趋性。红松各部位挥发物成分及含量在健康与虫害、白天与夜晚之间存在显著差异,主要表现为单萜类物质相对含量显著变化,如α-蒎烯、莰烯、β-水芹烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、罗勒烯、β-月桂烯、柠檬烯,以及产生特异性倍半萜类挥发物,如乙酸龙脑酯、石竹烯等。其中红松各部位单萜类挥发物含量变化是影响赤松梢斑螟及其寄生蜂的寄主选择行为的主要原因;而特异性倍半萜单体或组合,是否能够作为产卵刺激剂,协同单萜类挥发物调控二者的产卵行为,还需要试验的进一步证明。     

青杨脊虎天牛对植物源挥发物的EAG和行为反应

测定了青杨脊虎天牛Xylotrechus rusticus （L.）雌、雄成虫对其寄主杨树中的水杨醛（0.95 μmol/μL）和非寄主植物中0.3 μmol/μL的叶绿醇、0.4 μmol/μL的水芹烯和0.6 μmol/μL的 R 型α-蒎烯、S 型α-蒎烯、S型β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、罗勒烯、香草烯和松节油等10种植物挥发性气味物质的触角电位（EAG）反应。结果表明,与对照相比,这10种植物挥发物多能引起成虫明显的EAG反应( P<0.05,P<0.01 ),其中雌虫对松节油、水杨醛、R 型α-蒎烯和 S 型α-蒎烯的EAG反应较强; 雄虫对 R 型α-蒎烯的EAG反应最强,松节油次之。根据雌虫对这10种挥发物EAG反应的强弱,进一步测定了雌虫对0.00006、0.0006、0.006、0.06、0.6、0.12 μmol/μL的松节油、R 型α-蒎烯、S 型α-蒎烯以及0.000095、0.00095、0.0095、0.095、0.95、0.19 μmol/μL的水杨醛的EAG和行为反应。结果表明,雌虫对松节油、水杨醛和 R 型α-蒎烯的EAG反应随气味物质浓度的增加而增加,水杨醛浓度增加到0.95 μmol/μL、松节油和 R 型α-蒎烯浓度增加到0.6 μmol/μL以后,EAG反应值趋于平稳;对 S 型α-蒎烯的反应随浓度的增加而呈线性增加。水杨醛浓度低于0.095时,对雌虫没有明显的定向作用( P>0.05 ),高于此浓度时表现为驱避作用( P<0.05 ); 松节油在浓度低于或等于0.6 μmol/μL时对雌虫表现为驱避作用,浓度为0.6时驱避效果最佳（ P<0.01 ）。雌虫对 R 型α-蒎烯和 S 型α-蒎烯没有明显的定向行为反应。     

星天牛对青皮垂柳挥发物的电生理及行为反应

【目的】考察星天牛Anoplophora chinensis对不同生理状态青皮垂柳Salix ohsidare挥发物的选择偏好性,深入探究星天牛对虫害青皮垂柳与健康青皮垂柳行为选择差异的原因。【方法】利用动态顶空吸附法,分别收集虫害和健康两种生理状态下的青皮垂柳枝条挥发物,通过气相色谱 质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对收集的挥发物样品进行鉴定与分析,采用触角电位仪(EAG)和Y型嗅觉仪分别分析星天牛对挥发物样品中鉴定的主要化合物的标准化合物的电生理以及行为反应,通过大笼行为实验和林间诱捕试验分析单一挥发性化合物及其双组分和三组分配方对星天牛成虫的诱捕效果。【结果】健康青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中共鉴定出3种主要化合物,包括α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和樟脑,而虫害青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中鉴定出5种主要化合物包括α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、β-罗勒烯和樟脑。另外虫害青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中的樟脑含量显著高于健康青皮垂柳枝条中的,3-蒈烯在两种挥发物中含量差异不显著,而健康青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中的α-蒎烯含量显著高于虫害青皮垂柳枝条中的。EAG实验表明,星天牛成虫对α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和β-罗勒烯3种化合物的EAG反应相对值较高,并且随这3个化合物浓度的升高而逐渐增大;星天牛成虫对β-蒎烯和樟脑的EAG反应相对值差异不大,且这2个化合物浓度变化对EAG反应相对值无明显影响。Y型嗅觉仪实验表明,在1 mg/mL浓度下,α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和β-罗勒烯吸引星天牛雄成虫数量均显著高于对照组（石蜡油）,β-罗勒烯吸引的星天牛雌成虫数量显著高于对照组;在10 mg/mL浓度下,3-蒈烯吸引的星天牛雄成虫数量显著高于对照组。大笼行为实验表明,三组分虫害配方D(α-蒎烯∶3-蒈烯∶β-罗勒烯=42∶30∶103)、α-蒎烯和β-罗勒烯吸引的星天牛成虫数量最多,显著高于双组分健康配方H(α-蒎烯∶3-蒈烯=105∶38)和3-蒈烯吸引的成虫数量。林间诱捕试验表明,α-蒎烯和虫害配方D对星天牛成虫的诱捕效果最好,诱捕的成虫数显著高于β-罗勒烯和健康配方H诱捕的成虫数,而3-蒈烯和空白对照组没有诱捕到星天牛成虫。【结论】虫害和健康青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中共有的α-蒎烯和虫害青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中特有的β-罗勒烯是对星天牛成虫具有引诱作用的两种重要寄主植物挥发性化合物,而3-蒈烯抑制了α-蒎烯对星天牛成虫的引诱作用。我们推测,虫害青皮垂柳挥发物中特有的β 罗勒烯是造成虫害青皮垂柳比健康青皮垂柳更容易受到星天牛危害的原因之一。     

嘉宝果不同发育期花果叶的挥发性成分分析

为了解嘉宝果(Myrciaria cauliflora)的挥发性成分,利用顶空-气相色谱/质谱联用技术对其不同发育期的花、果、叶的挥发性成分进行测量。结果表明,萜烯类是花、果、叶的主要挥发性成分,随开花进程呈增加趋势,随果实和叶片成熟进程而下降,单萜类是其中的优势成分,主要有α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、D-柠檬烯、β-罗勒烯等;花苞期、初花期和嫩叶以β-蒎烯含量最高,盛花期和老叶以α-蒎烯最高,末花期和果实中均以D-柠檬烯含量最高,嫩叶中α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯的总含量高达62.07%。酯类在花期中以初花期含量最高(16.92%),在果实中以完熟期含量最高(14.81%),老叶中酯类含量(4.35%)显著高于嫩叶(0.26%)。因此,α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯是花、果、叶共有主香成分,柳酸甲酯和苯乙醇是花苞期和初花期特征主香成分,毕澄茄烯是完熟果特征风味物质,β-石竹烯是嫩叶特征主香成分,桉叶油醇和β-胡椒烯是老叶特征主香成分。     

烟蓟马成虫对不同植物挥发物的行为选择

【目的】评价不同植物挥发物对烟蓟马Thrips tabaci雌性成虫的行为调控作用,解析烟蓟马成虫嗅觉识别行为,为研发成虫引诱剂或驱避剂提供科学依据。【方法】利用嗅觉行为测定装置测试烟蓟马雌性成虫对不同种类、不同浓度植物挥发物的室内选择行为,筛选出具有高引诱或驱避活性的挥发物。【结果】与溶剂正己烷相比,烟蓟马雌性成虫对浓度为1μg/μL的γ-癸酸内酯、(+)α-蒎烯、芳樟醇、2-乙酸苯乙酯、(-)α-蒎烯没有显著的行为选择（P>0.05）,而壬醛、马鞭草烯酮、香茅醛、橙花醇和桉树脑对烟蓟马表现出显著的吸引作用（P<0.05）,4-乙酰吡啶、邻茴香醛、δ-癸酸内酯、顺-3-己烯醇、香叶醇和1-辛烯-3-醇的吸引作用极显著（P<0.001）;但水杨醛、香芹酚、顺茉莉醛、丁香酚和对烯丙基苯甲醚对烟蓟马表现出显著的驱避作用（P<0.05）,水杨酸甲酯、茉莉酸甲酯、百里酚和异戊醛4种挥发物具有极显著的驱避作用（P<0.001）。同时,随着测试浓度的增加,大部分挥发物对烟蓟马雌性成虫的吸引或驱避作用明显增强。【结论】δ-癸酸内酯、香叶醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、邻茴香醛和4-乙酰吡啶对烟蓟马雌性成虫具有强烈吸引作用,水杨酸甲酯、茉莉酸甲酯和百里酚则具有明显驱避效应,为开发烟蓟马行为调控剂奠定了重要基础。     

褐飞虱对水稻特异性挥发物的行为反应

【目的】本研究通过测试褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (St?l)对水稻特异性挥发物的行为反应,研究水稻特异性挥发物对褐飞虱选择行为的影响,寻找出对褐飞虱有驱避或引诱功效的水稻挥发物成分,为稻田褐飞虱综合治理提供理论基础。【方法】选择水稻十一烷、十六烷、十七烷、芳樟醇、植醇、2-乙基-1-葵醇、柠檬烯、月桂烯、壬醛、葵醛、2-十二酮、水杨酸甲酯12种挥发物,以正己烷作为溶剂分别配置1、10和100μL/mL 3种浓度处理,采用四臂嗅觉仪测试3种浓度的12种水稻挥发物对褐飞虱行为反应。【结果】发现6种水稻挥发物包括芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯、植醇、壬醛、葵醛及2-十二酮显著驱避褐飞虱,仅发现月桂烯1种水稻挥发物成分可显著引诱褐飞虱。其中,芳樟醇和水杨酸甲酯在测试的3个浓度中均显著驱避褐飞虱,依照由低到高浓度,褐飞虱对化合物的选择率相较于对照分别下降92.3%、122.2%、242.9%（芳樟醇）,57.1%、70.6%、188.9%（水杨酸甲酯）,而其它4种驱避剂和1种引诱剂都在浓度达到100μL/mL时才显著影响褐飞虱行为反应。【结论】水稻中存在对褐飞虱具有较好驱避或引诱作用的特异性植物挥发物,可用于生产中开发有效植物源驱避剂或引诱剂用于水稻褐飞虱生态防控。     

二化螟盘绒茧蜂及稻虱缨小蜂对挥发物的嗅觉反应

【目的】揭示二化螟盘绒茧蜂Apanteles chilonis Munakata与稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae对单一水稻挥发物组分的选择行为,了解水稻挥发物在其寄主搜寻过程中的作用,为水稻害虫寄生蜂引诱剂的研发提供技术基础。【方法】利用Y型嗅觉仪测定了二化螟盘绒茧蜂与稻虱缨小蜂对11种水稻挥发物组分(反-2-己烯醛、α-蒎烯、乙酸叶醇酯、芳樟醇、β-石竹烯、反-3-己烯醛、水杨酸甲酯、罗勒烯、苯甲醛、2-壬酮、柠檬烯)的嗅觉行为反应。【结果】β-石竹烯(10、50μg/kg)、罗勒烯(0.1、1、10μg/kg)、2-壬酮(10μg/kg)及反-2-己烯醛(50μg/kg)对二化螟盘绒茧蜂行为具有显著影响;稻虱缨小蜂对反-2-己烯醛(50μg/kg)、反-3-己烯醛(1、10、50μg/kg)、芳樟醇(0.1、1、10μg/kg)、β-石竹烯(0.1、50μg/kg)、罗勒烯(1μg/kg)、α-蒎烯(1μg/kg)和水杨酸甲酯(0.1、1、10、50μg/kg)有显著的嗅觉反应。【结论】寄生蜂对水稻挥发性气味的识别与挥发物的种类和浓度有很大关系,研发水稻害虫寄生蜂的引诱剂时需考虑挥发物的种类与浓度。     

芹菜植株挥发物对蔬菜烟粉虱的驱避作用

为了进一步明确芹菜挥发物对烟粉虱的驱避作用,应用固相微萃取法提取和GC/MS分析,对芹菜植株挥发物进行了鉴定,分别用1 000 mg/m~3、2 000 mg/m~3和4 000 mg/m~3的柠檬烯、α-蒎烯和β-石竹烯3种物质对烟粉虱的嗅觉反应进行了测定,在此基础上,应用4 000 mg/m~3的柠檬烯和α-蒎烯作为驱避剂分别进行模拟大棚辣椒的驱虫试验。结果表明,不同生育期芹菜茎叶中的挥发物在种类和含量上均有差异,苗期芹菜茎叶中分离到挥发物14种,而抽薹期芹菜茎叶中分离出20种,且包含苗期的全部物质;苗期茎叶中柠檬烯和α-蒎烯的相对含量高于抽薹期。嗅觉实验发现,较高浓度的柠檬烯和α-蒎烯对烟粉虱具有较强的驱避作用,而β-石竹烯对烟粉虱的驱避作用不明显。柠檬烯田间驱虫试验研究表明,在一端开口的小区中,柠檬烯对田间辣椒烟粉虱的驱避效果随着距离的延长而下降。在开口的一端再种苘麻诱集植物,处理4 h后,第1行、第4行和第7行的虫口减退率分别比没有诱集植物的提高了13.19%、78.43%和122.85%。小区远端封闭时,驱避剂附近的辣椒上烟粉虱虫量下降,但烟粉虱聚集在小区的远端辣椒上。α-蒎烯与柠檬烯对不同小区辣椒上的驱虫作用基本一致,但驱虫效果较柠檬烯弱。结果证明柠檬烯和α-蒎烯是芹菜重要的驱烟粉虱的活性物质。大棚中应用驱避剂驱虫时,必须有烟粉虱的迁出通路,或有诱集避难场所供烟粉虱栖息。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology

The family Sordariaceae incorporates a number of fungi that are excellent model organisms for various biological, biochemical, ecological, genetic and evolutionary studies. To determine the evolutionary relationships within this group and their respective phylogenetic placements, multiple-gene sequences (partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA, nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA and partial nuclear β-tubulin) were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Analyses of different gene datasets were performed individually and then combined to generate phylogenies. We report that Sordariaceae, with the exclusion Apodus and Diplogelasinospora, is a monophyletic group. Apodus and Diplogelasinospora are related to Lasiosphaeriaceae. Multiple gene analyses suggest that the spore sheath is not a phylogenetically significant character to segregate Asordaria from Sordaria. Smooth-spored Sordaria species (including so-called Asordaria species) constitute a natural group. Asordaria is therefore congeneric with Sordaria. Anixiella species nested among Gelasinospora species, providing further evidence that non-ostiolate ascomata have evolved from ostiolate ascomata on several independent occasions. This study agrees with previous studies that show heterothallic Neurospora species to be monophyletic, but that homothallic ones may have a multiple origins. Although Gelasinospora and Neurospora are closely related and not resolved as monophyletic groups, there is insufficient evidence to place currently accepted Gelasinospora and Neurospora species into the same genus.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.