基于NBR指数分析大兴安岭呼中森林过火区的林火烈度

基于TM影像和3S技术手段,利用NBR指数对1986—2010年大兴安岭呼中林区森林过火区林火烈度进行了定量评价,分析了林火烈度与植被类型、海拔、坡度和坡向等环境因子的关系.结果表明:呼中林区的林火发生次数和面积年际变化明显,每年6—8月是林火的高发期,重度火烧区占总过火面积的84.2%.过火区中,兴安落叶松林占89.9%;海拔1000～1500m区域占68.8%;东、南、西、北4个坡向的过火面积占62.5%,阴、阳坡过火面积差异不明显;坡度15～25°的斜坡区域过火面积占38.4%.不同程度林火烈度的过火面积由大到小依次为重度火>中度火>轻度火>未过火,其中,重度火过火面积>70%,中度火过火面积在10%左右,轻度火和未过火的过火面积<5%.呼中林区林火烈度以重度火为主,对森林资源的破坏程度极大.在大兴安岭林区的林火管理中,应尽早开展森林可燃物处理工作,以降低林火烈度,保障森林生态系统的安全.     

火干扰对大兴安岭呼中林区地上死木质残体碳储量的影响

基于野外样点实测数据,分析了不同烈度火烧对大兴安岭呼中林区地上死木质残体碳储量的影响.结果表明:不同烈度的火烧会对地上死木质残体碳储量产生显著影响.兴安落叶松林和针阔混交林(落叶松与白桦)中死木质残体碳储量大小为重度火烧>轻度火烧>未火烧,而白桦林中死木质残体碳储量大小为重度火烧>未火烧>轻度火烧.火干扰能显著改变森林中死木质残体碳储量的组成百分比.随着火烧烈度的增加,枯立木比重显著增大,枯落物比重显著减小,而不同火烧烈度下倒木和树桩的碳储量比重变化不显著.不同烈度的火烧对死木质残体碳储量特征的影响不同,轻度火烧下死木质残体碳储量的空间变异性最高,重度火烧下空间变异性最弱.不同火烧烈度下大兴安岭森林死木质残体碳储量差异显著,在进行森林死木质残体碳储量估算时,需要充分考虑这种差异性.     

地形对大兴安岭北坡林火迹地森林景观格局影响的梯度分析

198 7年大兴安岭“5 .6”特大森林火灾 ,过火面积 1.33× 10 6 hm2 。火后 ,不同的火烧强度区和岛状的未火烧区形成了一个异质镶嵌体 ,然而在自然演替和人为干扰作用下 ,十几年过去之后这种异质镶嵌体格局已经发生了明显变化。以大兴安岭北坡 ,图强林业区的育英和奋斗两个林场为研究区 ,总面积 1.2× 10 5hm2 ,在景观尺度上 ,以遥感和地理信息系统为技术手段 ,将地形因子进行梯度划分 ,并运用分布指数和偏相关分析探讨了大兴安岭在 1987年大火后森林景观在地形梯度上的变化情况。研究结果表明 :森林景观在地形梯度上的格局发生了明显的变化 ,但是不同的景观斑块类型变化幅度不同 ,不同的地形因子对不同森林景观斑块类型变化的影响强度也迥异 ;偏相关分析表明地形对主要森林景观斑块类型之间的变化影响最大的是坡度 ,其次是海拔 ,坡向的影响不明显。     

火干扰强度对大兴安岭森林地上植被碳储量的影响

以大兴安岭呼中林区不同强度的火烧迹地为研究对象,对森林地上植被(乔木层、灌木层和草本层)碳储量进行分层采样,采用异速生长方程和生物量收获法获得各层生物量并转换为碳储量,分析了不同火烧强度下研究区地上植被碳储量的差异.结果表明: 火烧强度显著影响研究区森林地上植被碳储量,表现为未火烧＞轻度火烧＞中度火烧＞重度火烧.相同火烧强度下,各林层碳储量变化状况表现为乔木层＞灌木层＞草本层.乔木层碳储量在不同火烧强度下表现为未火烧＞轻度火烧＞中度火烧＞重度火烧;灌木层碳储量在不同火烧强度下表现为轻度火烧>未火烧>中度火烧>重度火烧;草本层的碳储量在不同火烧强度下表现为轻度火烧>未火烧>重度火烧>中度火烧.火烧强度显著影响森林生态系统乔木层和草本层的碳储量,对灌木层碳储量的影响不显著.     

林火干扰对广东省桉树林生态系统碳密度的影响

林火作为森林非连续的生态因子,引起森林生态系统碳库碳储量与碳分配的变化,影响森林演替进程及固碳能力。以桉树林不同林火干扰强度的火烧迹地为对象,采用相邻样地比较法,以野外调查采样与室内试验分析相结合为主要手段,研究不同林火干扰强度对森林生态系统各碳库及生态系统碳密度变化和空间分布格局的影响,探讨林火干扰对生态系统碳密度与碳分布格局的影响机制。结果表明:林火干扰降低了植被碳密度(P<0.05),轻度、中度和重度林火干扰样地植被碳密度依次为67.88、35.68和15.50 t·hm^-2,相比对照分别下降了15.86%、55.78%和80.79%;在轻度、中度和重度林火干扰样地中,凋落物碳密度分别为1.43、0.94和0.81 t·hm^-2,相比对照分别降低了28.14%、52.76%和59.30%;不同林火干扰强度样地土壤有机碳密度均低于对照,且减少幅度随土壤剖面深度增加而逐渐变小,轻度、中度和重度林火干扰样地土壤有机碳密度分别为103.30、84.33和70.04 t·hm^-2,相比对照分别下降了11.67%、27.89%和40.11%;轻度、中度和重度林火干扰后桉树林生态系统碳密度分别为172.61、120.95和86.35 t·hm^-2,相比对照依次下降了13.53%、39.41%和56.74%;林火干扰降低了桉树林的碳密度,表现为随林火干扰强度增加,碳密度呈递减的规律;与对照相比,轻度林火干扰强度对桉树林碳密度的影响不显著(P>0.05),而中度和重度林火干扰强度对桉树林碳密度的影响差异显著(P<0.05)。     

兴安落叶松林火干扰后土壤有机碳含量变化

在大兴安岭兴安落叶松林区,选择不同恢复年限各种火烧强度(重度、中度、轻度)的火烧迹地进行调查并采集土壤样品,对火后有机层和矿质层有机碳含量变化进行研究,以期为进一步开展森林火灾对区域碳平衡影响的定量评估提供科学依据。研究结果表明:火干扰对土壤有机碳含量变化的影响包括火烧即时影响和火后生境条件变化带来的间接影响。火干扰样地有机层的积累与转化主要是通过火后林冠郁闭度的变化影响的,其有机碳总储量低于对照样地。对于矿质层土壤,重度和中度火干扰后,如果样地发生植被序列演替,即阔叶林植被入侵,样地郁闭度增加迅速,凋落物积累量增大,土壤有机碳含量将随着过火年限的增加而增加;如果样地发生自我更新,样地郁闭度增加缓慢,凋落物分解量大于积累量,土壤有机碳含量将会在一定时间内随着过火年限的增加而减少;但是,无论样地发生植被序列演替还是自我更新,土壤有机碳含量短时间内均无法恢复到火前水平。轻度火干扰后,土壤有机碳含量短期内先增加,随着植被更新情况的发展最终趋于平衡。     

火烧强度对兴安落叶松群落叶片功能性状及功能多样性的影响

林火是北方针叶林的重要生态因子,直接影响火烧迹地物种多样性及功能多样性,进而影响森林群落的演替.以牙克石地区火后自然恢复12年的兴安落叶松群落为研究对象,在群落尺度上分析火烧迹地土壤养分含量、叶片功能性状、物种多样性和功能多样性在不同火烧强度(轻、中和重度火烧)下的变化规律.结果表明: 火烧显著降低了土壤全氮含量,对土壤全磷含量无显著影响.轻、中度火烧有助于维持群落较高的物种多样性和功能多样性;中度火烧显著增加了群落的物种多样性,物种丰富度指数、Shannon指数、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数均在中度火烧时有最大值;火烧降低了群落的功能丰富度和功能离散度指数,二者分别在中、轻度火烧时最大(除未过火外),而群落的功能均匀度和二次熵指数在林火干扰后增加,轻度火烧后最大.随火烧强度增加,叶干物质含量、叶组织密度和叶磷含量总体呈显著增大趋势,而比叶面积、叶含水量、叶氮含量和叶N∶P则表现出未过火>中度火烧>轻度火烧>重度火烧的规律,叶片厚度呈先增大后减小的变化规律.火烧强度对森林群落的叶片功能性状和功能多样性均有显著影响,且适度的火干扰对森林群落的恢复具有促进作用.     

黑龙江大兴安岭呼中林区火烧点格局分析及影响因素

林火是森林生态系统景观格局、动态和生态过程的重要自然驱动力,理解林火发生空问格局与影响因素对于林火安全管理具有重要的作用.采用点格局分析方法,以黑龙江大兴安岭呼中林区1990-2005年火烧数据为研究案例,分析了火烧点空间格局及其影响因素.结果表明,火烧点在空间上的分布是不均匀的,呈现聚集分布,存在一些火烧高发区和低发区.呼中林区火烧概率是0.004--0.012次/(km2.a),平均火烧概率为0.0077次/(km2.a).人类活动因子、地形因子和植被凶子对林火的发生均具有重要作用.应用空间点格局分析方法表明,距离居民点和道路的距离、高程、坡度和林型是影响林火发生的显著因子.因此在进行森林防火管理时,仅仅通过控制人类活动对于降低林火火险的效果是有限的,地形和林型也是林火防控时重点要考虑的因素.     

2005—2007年大兴安岭林火释放碳量

根据野外火烧迹地调查,比较过火前后归一化植被指数的差异,计算2005—2007年大兴安岭林区各种可燃物类型的过火面积、火烧消耗的可燃物量,对森林火烧程度进行分级,并利用植物平均含碳率估算林火释放碳量.结果表明：2005—2007年大兴安岭林区总过火面积为436512.5 hm²,其中轻度、中度和重度火烧面积分别为207178.4、150159.2和79159.4 hm².这些火烧消耗可燃物量为3.9×10⁶ t,释放碳1.76×10⁶ t,其中落叶松林、针阔混交林、阔叶林和草地燃烧释放的碳量分别为0.34×10⁶、0.83×10⁶、0.27×10⁶和0.32×10⁶ t.     

呼中林区火烧点格局分析及影响因素

林火是森林生态系统景观格局、动态和生态过程的重要自然驱动力,理解林火发生空间格局与影响因素对于林火安全管理具有重要的作用。采用点格局分析方法,以黑龙江大兴安岭呼中林区1990-2005年火烧数据为研究案例,分析了火烧点空间格局及其影响因素。结果表明,火烧点在空间上的分布是不均匀的,呈现聚集分布,存在一些火烧高发区和低发区。呼中林区火烧概率是0.004-0.012次/(km² · a),平均火烧概率为0.0077次/(km² · a)。人类活动因子、地形因子和植被因子对林火的发生均具有重要作用。应用空间点格局分析方法表明,距离居民点和道路的距离、高程、坡度和林型是影响林火发生的显著因子。因此在进行森林防火管理时,仅仅通过控制人类活动对于降低林火火险的效果是有限的,地形和林型也是林火防控时重点要考虑的因素。     

Effects of heterogeneity of pre-fire forests and vegetation burn severity on short-term post-fire vegetation density and regeneration in Samcheok,Korea

This study investigated the combined effects of heterogeneity of pre-fire forest cover and vegetation burn severity on post-fire vegetation density and regeneration at an early stage in Samcheok, Korea. To measure the spatial heterogeneity of pre-fire forests, spatial pattern metrics at a landscape level and class level were adopted, and a regression tree analysis for post-fire vegetation density and regeneration was used to avoid spatial autocorrelation. Two regression tree models were estimated for post-fire vegetation density and post-fire vegetation regeneration with the same independent variable sets, including heterogeneity of pre-fire forest cover and vegetation burn severity. The estimated model suggested that the percentage of Japanese red pine and burn severity were the most significant variables for post-fire vegetation density and regeneration, respectively. The compositional and spatial heterogeneity of pre-fire forest and burn severity, as well as the degree of burn severity, was found to have significant impacts on post-fire vegetation density and regeneration. Overall, more rapid vegetation regeneration can be expected in more severely burned areas. However, this rapid vegetation regeneration at an early stage is due mostly to perennials and shrubs, not to the sprouting or regrowth of trees. The study results strongly indicated that a susceptible forest cover type and its spatial patterns directly influence the heterogeneity of burn severity and early vegetation density and regeneration. Hence, the management of susceptible forest cover types is particularly critical for establishing more fire-resilient forests and for post-fire forest restoration.     

Habitat Use and Selection by California Spotted Owls in a Postfire Landscape

ABSTRACT Forest fire is often considered a primary threat to California spotted owls (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) because fire has the potential to rapidly alter owl habitat. We examined effects of fire on 7 radiomarked California spotted owls from 4 territories by quantifying use of habitat for nesting, roosting, and foraging according to severity of burn in and near a 610-km²fire in the southern Sierra Nevada, California, USA, 4 years after fire. Three nests were located in mixed-conifer forests, 2 in areas of moderate-severity burn, and one in an area of low-severity burn, and one nest was located in an unburned area of mixed-conifer-hardwood forest. For roosting during the breeding season, spotted owls selected low-severity burned forest and avoided moderate- and high-severity burned areas; unburned forest was used in proportion with availability. Within 1 km of the center of their foraging areas, spotted owls selected all severities of burned forest and avoided unburned forest. Beyond 1.5 km, there were no discernable differences in use patterns among burn severities. Most owls foraged in high-severity burned forest more than in all other burn categories; high-severity burned forests had greater basal area of snags and higher shrub and herbaceous cover, parameters thought to be associated with increased abundance or accessibility of prey. We recommend that burned forests within 1.5 km of nests or roosts of California spotted owls not be salvage-logged until long-term effects of fire on spotted owls and their prey are understood more fully.     

黑龙江省大兴安岭林区火烧迹地森林更新及其影响因子

林火干扰是大兴安岭森林更新的影响因子之一,研究火烧迹地森林更新的影响因子(立地条件、火前植被、火干扰特征)对理解生态系统的结构、功能和火后演替轨迹具有重要意义。选取呼中及新林林业局55个代表性火烧样地,利用增强回归树分析法分析了火烧迹地森林更新的影响因素。结果表明:(1)立地条件是影响针、阔叶树更新苗密度的主要因素;海拔对针叶树更新苗密度的影响最大;坡度对阔叶树更新苗密度影响最大;(2)距上次火烧时间对针叶树更新苗比重影响最大,其次是林型;(3)中度林火干扰后森林更新状况好于轻度和重度火烧迹地。根据火烧迹地森林更新调查分析可知:林型影响火后演替模式,火前为针叶树或阔叶树纯林,火后易发生自我更新(火后树种更新组成与火前林型相同),而针阔混交林在火干扰影响下易于发生序列演替(火后初期以早期演替树种更新为主)。     

Consistent spatial scaling of high-severity wildfire can inform expected future patterns of burn severity

Increasing wildfire activity in forests worldwide has driven urgency in understanding current and future fire regimes. Spatial patterns of area burned at high severity strongly shape forest resilience and constitute a key dimension of fire regimes, yet remain difficult to predict. To characterize the range of burn severity patterns expected within contemporary fire regimes, we quantified scaling relationships relating fire size to patterns of burn severity. Using 1615 fires occurring across the Northwest United States between 1985 and 2020, we evaluated scaling relationships within fire regimes and tested whether relationships vary across space and time. Patterns of high-severity fire demonstrate consistent scaling behaviour; as fire size increases, high-severity patches consistently increase in size and homogeneity. Scaling relationships did not differ substantially across space or time at the scales considered here, suggesting that as fire-size distributions potentially shift, stationarity in patch-size scaling can be used to infer future patterns of burn severity.     

不同强度火干扰下盘古林场天然落叶松林的空间结构

基于2011年7月大兴安岭外业调查数据以林隙为主要研究对象,选取景观生态学中斑块类型指数分析样地内林隙状况,并结合林木分布状态,分析不同强度林火干扰对天然落叶松林空间结构的影响。结果表明:在受中度林火干扰的林分内,只保留了少量的落叶松中径木、大径木,先锋树种在林分内呈现聚集分布;在未受林火干扰的林分和受林火轻微干扰的林分内,天然落叶松均呈现显著聚集分布;由于受到不同强度的林火干扰,林下区域与林隙区域出现不同程度的相互转化,林分空间结构发生了改变。林分按照所受林火干扰强度的递减,在同一时间不同空间上表现出了森林循环过程中所经历的林隙阶段状态、建立阶段状态、成熟阶段状态。     

Forest responses to the large-scale east coast fires in Korea

The east coast forest fires of April 2000 were Koreas largest recorded fires. This, along with the fact that they took place in the region most frequently affected by fire, attracted a great deal of attention. Due to the variations in wind, topography and pre-fire forest stands, a heterogeneous landscape mosaic of burn severity was created across the region. It turned out to be an excellent opportunity to study various landscape-scale impacts of fires on forest dynamics. Therefore, we investigated stands in the 23794ha of burned forest region, in terms of burn severity, vegetation regeneration and forested landscape change as a measure of community stability. Using the geographic information system technique, we analyzed the differential severity and post-fire recovery of pre-fire forest types of different stand age both at stand and species level. Analysis showed that pre-fire vegetation was composed of mainly pine (Pinus densiflora) stands that occupied 70% of the whole forested area, while pine-hardwood and hardwood stands occupied only 28% and 3%, respectively. In addition, two-thirds of all stands were less than 30-years-old. Pine stands were the most severely burned, while conversely pine-hardwood and hardwood stands were less vulnerable. This implied that pine forests had fire-prone characteristics. Vegetation recovery went the opposite way; that is, the regenerating vegetation cover was 71% at pre-fire hardwood stands, and 65% and 53% at pine-hardwood and pine stands, respectively. However, these recovery rates were strikingly fast, considering that investigation took place about 3months after the fires. Fire did not initiate successional processes, but tended to accelerate the predicted successional changes by releasing pre-fire understory species that survived the fires and regenerated by sprouting. The dominant pre-fire tree species (P. densiflora) was susceptible to fire and not resilient enough to reestablish in competition with oak species. Contrary to pines, the abilities of oak species, mainly Quercus mongolica and Q. variabilis, to survive fires and to resprout vigorously made them dominant at most post-fire stands. These shifts in species abundance caused drastic changes to the landscape: from pine-dominated to oak-dominated stands without any notable change in species composition. The patterns in forest regeneration that we observed in Korea may be representative of forest responses to any long-term repeated disturbances, including fire.     

大兴安岭北部地区原始林白桦种群的世代结构

在景观火干扰历史重建的基础上,该文研究了大兴安岭北部地区原始林白桦(Betula platyphylla)种群的世代结构及其与火干扰、立地条件之间的关系。结果表明:白桦种群基于世代数的世代结构类型丰富,从一代型到五代型都有,空间分布呈斑块镶嵌状。以一代型与二代型为主要类型,空间分布集中,其它类型的世代结构空间异质性较高。世代数受火干扰频率、火干扰强度及两者的综合影响,相对来说以火干扰频率的影响更为显著。低频或高强类的火干扰易造成种群的世代数减少;高频或低强类的火干扰易造成世代数增多。世代数还随林型组类型而变化,以溪旁林组>赤杨(Alnus mandshurica)林组>杜香(Ledum palustre)林组。     

Forest Fire Impacts on Carbon Uptake, Storage, and Emission: The Role of Burn Severity in the Eastern Cascades, Oregon

This study quantifies the short-term effects of low-, moderate-, and high-severity fire on carbon pools and fluxes in the Eastern Cascades of Oregon. We surveyed 64 forest stands across four fires that burned 41,000 ha (35%) of the Metolius Watershed in 2002 and 2003, stratifying the landscape by burn severity (overstory tree mortality), forest type (ponderosa pine [PP] and mixed-conifer [MC]), and prefire biomass. Stand-scale C combustion ranged from 13 to 35% of prefire aboveground C pools (area ? weighted mean = 22%). Across the sampled landscape, total estimated pyrogenic C emissions were equivalent to 2.5% of statewide anthropogenic CO₂ emissions from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes for the same 2-year period. From low- to moderate- to high-severity ponderosa pine stands, average tree basal area mortality was 14, 49, and 100%, with parallel patterns in mixed-conifer stands (29, 58, 96%). Despite this decline in live aboveground C, total net primary productivity (NPP) was only 40% lower in high- versus low-severity stands, suggesting strong compensatory effects of non-tree vegetation on C uptake. Dead wood respiratory losses were small relative to total NPP (range: 10–35%), reflecting decomposition lags in this seasonally arid system. Although soil C, soil respiration, and fine root NPP were conserved across severity classes, net ecosystem production (NEP) declined with increasing severity, driven by trends in aboveground NPP. The high variability of C responses across this study underscores the need to account for landscape patterns of burn severity, particularly in regions such as the Pacific Northwest, where non-stand-replacement fire represents a large proportion of annual burned area.     

Bat Response to Differing Fire Severity in Mixed-Conifer Forest California,USA

Wildlife response to natural disturbances such as fire is of conservation concern to managers, policy makers, and scientists, yet information is scant beyond a few well-studied groups (e.g., birds, small mammals). We examined the effects of wildfire severity on bats, a taxon of high conservation concern, at both the stand (<1 ha) and landscape scale in response to the 2002 McNally fire in the Sierra Nevada region of California, USA. One year after fire, we conducted surveys of echolocation activity at 14 survey locations, stratified in riparian and upland habitat, in mixed-conifer forest habitats spanning three levels of burn severity: unburned, moderate, and high. Bat activity in burned areas was either equivalent or higher than in unburned stands for all six phonic groups measured, with four groups having significantly greater activity in at least one burn severity level. Evidence of differentiation between fire severities was observed with some Myotis species having higher levels of activity in stands of high-severity burn. Larger-bodied bats, typically adapted to more open habitat, showed no response to fire. We found differential use of riparian and upland habitats among the phonic groups, yet no interaction of habitat type by fire severity was found. Extent of high-severity fire damage in the landscape had no effect on activity of bats in unburned sites suggesting no landscape effect of fire on foraging site selection and emphasizing stand-scale conditions driving bat activity. Results from this fire in mixed-conifer forests of California suggest that bats are resilient to landscape-scale fire and that some species are preferentially selecting burned areas for foraging, perhaps facilitated by reduced clutter and increased post-fire availability of prey and roosts.     

Change in Vegetation Patterns Over a Large Forested Landscape Based on Historical and Contemporary Aerial Photography

Changes to vegetation structure and composition in forests adapted to frequent fire have been well documented. However, little is known about changes to the spatial characteristics of vegetation in these forests. Specifically, patch sizes and detailed information linking vegetation type to specific locations and growing conditions on the landscape are lacking. We used historical and recent aerial imagery to characterize historical vegetation patterns and assess contemporary change from those patterns. We created an orthorectified mosaic of aerial photographs from 1941 covering approximately 100,000 ha in the northern Sierra Nevada. The historical imagery, along with contemporary aerial imagery from 2005, was segmented into homogenous vegetation patches and classified into four relative cover classes using random forests analysis. A generalized linear mixed model was used to compare topographic associations of dense forest cover on the historical and contemporary landscapes. The amount of dense forest cover increased from 30 to 43% from 1941 to 2005, replacing moderate forest cover as the most dominant class. Concurrent with the increase in extent, the area-weighted mean patch size of dense forest cover increased tenfold, indicating greater continuity of dense forest cover and more homogenous vegetation patterns across the contemporary landscape. Historically, dense forest cover was rare on southwesterly aspects, but in the contemporary forest, it was common across a broad range of aspects. Despite the challenges of processing historical air photographs, the unique information they provide on landscape vegetation patterns makes them a valuable source of reference information for forests impacted by past management practices.