咽拭子快速培养在肺炎支原体感染中的临床应用价值

目的:探讨咽拭子快速培养在肺炎支原体感染中的临床应用价值。方法:收集2014年2月~2016年2月期间我院收治的呼吸道感染患儿220例,用肺炎支原体专用液体培养基进行肺炎支原体快速培养,用胶体金法检测肺炎支原体MP-Ig M。比较两种方法的阳性率。结果:咽拭子培养快速培养阳性率与血清MP-Ig M检测阳性率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。MP-Ig检测显示,≤1岁阳性率最低,其阳性率随年龄增加不断增高(P0.05)。肺炎支原体咽拭子培养显示,≤1岁阳性率最高,2~8岁最低(P0.05)。病程≤7 d患者肺炎支原体咽拭子培养阳性率(34.21%)显著高于肺炎支原体MP-Ig检测阳性率(14.04%)(P0.05)。病程7 d患者肺炎支原体咽拭子培养阳性率(11.32%)显著低于肺炎支原体MP-Ig检测阳性率(52.83%)(P0.05)。肺炎支原体咽拭子培养的灵敏度性以及特异性显著高于肺炎支原体MP-Ig检测,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:咽拭子快速培养对肺炎支原体感染的早期诊断有一定临床应用价值,方法简单,无创伤,值得临床进一步研究和应用。     

支原体菌株低温保存活力稳定性研究

目的研究低温冻存时间及温度对支原体菌种保存稳定性和菌种活力的影响。方法用固体平板计数法计算不同冻存时间、温度下的口腔支原体、肺炎支原体菌落数差异,分析这2个因素对口腔支原体、肺炎支原体菌种活力的影响。结果口腔支原体在生长48 h后达到生长高峰,肺炎支原体生长较为缓慢,在103 h到达生长高峰。口腔支原体在-70℃冻存1个月时,菌落数由10¹² cfu/mL下降至10¹¹ cfu/mL,冻存1个月的菌落数和冻存3个月、12个月的菌落数比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。肺炎支原体在-70℃的冻存条件下,菌落数一直处于稳定水平;比较-35℃与-70℃的冻存条件下肺炎支原体的菌落数,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),口腔支原体在-70℃冻存条件下的菌种活力明显高于-35℃(P<0.05)。结论口腔支原体生长迅速,但对于储存温度的敏感性较高,肺炎支原体相较口腔支原体生长缓慢,停滞期较长,菌株对冻存温度和时间的敏感度较低,稳定性高。菌种冻存温度应选择较低温度,冻存周期在1年内较为稳定。     

一种肠道硫酸盐还原菌的增菌培养基

目的针对已经分离、纯化的肠道硫酸盐还原菌,建立一种能快速、高效地培养菌体的培养基。方法比较营养丰富的GAM肉汤与常用于培养硫酸盐还原菌的选择性培养基Postgate的培养效果,摸索在GAM肉汤中添加不同浓度的硫酸盐对两种肠道硫酸盐还原菌-Desulfovibrio desulfuricans和Desulfovibrio intestina—zis的培养效果。确定效果最佳的改良GAM培养基配方,并测定在该培养基中D．desulful＇icans的生长曲线。结果与Postgate培养基相比,GAM肉汤能在2d内快速培养D．desulfugicans,但培养至6d时细菌数量大幅降低。在GAM肉汤中添加Na2SO4与FeSO4,在实验浓度范围内,均显著地促进硫酸盐还原菌的生长。在此基础上改良GAM肉汤培养基,培养得到的细菌数量较GAM肉汤显著提高。D．desulfuricans的生长曲线显示,2d时细菌生长达到最高峰,数量可达3．5×10^7 CFU／mL;培养6d,细菌数量为7．3×10^6 CFU／mL。结论基于GAM肉汤改良而得到的增菌培养基,能快速、高效地培养肠道硫酸盐还原菌,为后续进一步研究肠道硫酸盐还原菌的生理功能提供了支持。     

胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清10型apxIC-/p36+弱毒株的构建与鉴定

摘要：【目的】构建血清10型胸膜肺炎放线杆菌弱毒菌株,为胸膜肺炎放线杆菌减毒活疫苗研究奠定基础。【方法】通过细菌接合转移和SacB负向筛选标记完成突变株的构建与筛选,用PCR、Western blot、重组位点序列对突变株进行鉴定分析。首先构建含肺炎支原体p36基因的pEICALDH重组转移质粒,并转化供体大肠杆菌( E. coliX7213),将转化的阳性克隆子与野生型APP血清10型亲本菌混合培养6 h;然后涂至含氯霉素抗性和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NAD）的TSA培养基培养,挑取阳性克隆,接种至无抗性的含NAD的TSB液体培养基,培养6～8 h后涂至含10%的蔗糖及NAD的TSA培养基,培养24 h后挑取蔗糖抗性的克隆,即得到目的突变株。【结果】小鼠毒力试验结果表明突变株比亲本株的毒力显著降低;生长特性分析结果显示突变株与亲本株的增殖能力无显著差异;同时免疫试验结果表明突变株与安全剂量的亲本株均可诱导小鼠产生较好的免疫反应,证明apxIC基因缺失并不影响APP的免疫活性。【结论】成功构建了含猪肺炎支原体p36基因的胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清10型突变株,所获得的突变株有望成为猪传染性胸膜肺炎弱毒疫苗株。     

肺炎支原体肺炎患儿口咽部菌群的改变

目的比较健康儿童与肺炎支原体肺炎患儿口咽部菌群的差异,分析肺炎支原体感染对儿童口咽部菌群变化的可能影响。方法采用高通量测序技术,对30例肺炎支原体肺炎患儿及30例健康儿童16SrDNA进行测序分析,比较两组间的菌群多样性及在门、属水平上菌群结构差异。结果健康儿童与肺炎支原体肺炎患儿在性别、年龄、抗生素使用等方面差异无统计学意义。肺炎支原体肺炎患儿口咽部菌群多样性比健康儿童明显降低。在门水平上,Proteobacteria(变形菌门)、Bacteroidetes(拟杆菌门)和Fusobacteria(梭杆菌门)在健康儿童中相对丰度显著高于肺炎支原体肺炎患儿组,而Firmicutes(厚壁菌门)、Tenericutes(柔膜菌门)和Actinobacteria(放线菌门)在肺炎支原体肺炎患儿组中相对丰度均显著高于健康儿童组;在属水平上,两组排在相对丰度前10位的属差异具有统计学意义,共有6个属在肺炎支原体肺炎患儿中显著增加,分别为Staphylococcus(葡萄球菌)、Actinomyces(放线菌属)、Acinetobacter(不动细菌属)、Atopobium(阿托波菌属)、Corynebacterium(棒状杆菌)和Abiotrophia(营养缺陷菌属)。结论肺炎支原体肺炎患儿口咽部菌群存在明显的改变,其口咽部菌群多样性比健康儿童明显降低,在门、属水平肺炎支原体肺炎患儿与健康儿童差异均有统计学意义。     

肺炎支原体液体培养法检测的实验评价

目的比较液体培养法和固体培养法平行检测肺炎支原体结果的一致性;评价液体培养法检测肺炎支原体的可靠性。方法采用液体培养基和固体琼脂培养基平行检测1 648份临床标本的肺炎支原体,比较同一份标本在2种培养基上的检测结果。结果液体培养法阳性296例,阳性率为18%;固体培养法阳性244例,阳性率为14.8%;液体培养法阳性而固体培养法阴性57例;固体培养阳性而液体培养法为阴性5例。2种方法的阳性检出率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论肺炎支原体快速液体培养法与固体培养有较好的一致性,具有方便、简单、准确且可以用于早期检测等优点,适合临床大批量标本筛查。需结合患者临床症状等排除真菌和耐药菌造成的假阳性。     

自制解脲与人型支原体培养基的实验研究

目的用自制解脲与人型支原体培养基对泌尿生殖道标本支原体进行检测,并与传统的培养基比较.方法培养基以布氏肉汤为基础,并增加小牛血清含量;将传统培养基中的抑菌剂青霉素改为万古霉素、氟康唑与多粘菌素B;将解脲培养基中的酚红指示剂改为氯酚红.结果用自制培养基对1 071例泌尿生殖道标本支原体检测,阳性346例,阳性率为32.3%,解脲、人型支原体与其混和感染,分别占阳性总数的63.3%、7.2%和29.5%.221例标本用传统与自制解脲培养基同时检测,传统培养基有尿素分解69例,其中32例有细菌生长,阳性检出率为16.7%.自制培养基有尿素分解82例,仅5例有细菌生长,阳性检出率为37.1%.结论自制培养基营养丰富、配制简单、选择性强和变色灵敏,与传统培养基比较,检出率高,污染小,临床应用效果满意.     

探讨接种时间和剂量对小鼠肺炎支原体肺炎模型建立的影响

目的 用不同时间和剂量建立BALB/c小鼠的肺炎支原体肺部感染模型,探索小鼠急性肺炎支原体感染的过程.方法 BALB/c小鼠随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ两组,Ⅰ组在0、1、2 d滴鼻接种肺炎支原体菌液3次,Ⅱ组在0 d滴鼻接种小剂量肺炎支原体菌液1次后于8、9 d再接种和Ⅰ组相同的肺炎支原体菌液2次,均设立不同剂量、批次的生理盐水对照组.全部实验动物在3～18 d内分批处死.所有小鼠均取肺组织做病理切片.以组织病理学评分来确定小鼠的肺部炎症反应程度.取肺组织匀浆及肺泡灌洗液(BALF)进行肺炎支原体培养做病原学检测.结果 接种后实验动物全部存活无死亡.实验组动物均出现不同程度的肺炎支原体肺炎样病理改变,组织病理学评分为1.5～14.3分,分别于第5、6天和第11天达到最高,平均分为4.9分;Ⅰ组实验组动物多呈轻、中度改变,Ⅱ组实验组动物多呈中、重度改变.所有实验组动物肺组织匀浆及BALF的肺炎支原体培养在接种后1月内先后出现阳性结果.对照组动物未出现明显肺部炎症改变,组织病理学评分为0～1分,肺炎支原体培养为阴性.结论 成功建立BALB/c小鼠的肺部肺炎支原体感染模型;组织病理学评分方法可用以评价肺部炎症反应的严重程度;不同接种时间和剂量所致的病变程度不同.     

猪喘气病病原支原体的分离培养

我国有代表性的猪喘气病济南强毒株及III乳适应株,均能用无细胞液体培养基分离传代。接种3天后,培养基的PH从7．5下降到6．9左右,产生轻徽混浊。培养物呈多形态,移种固体培养基能生成菌落。不同代次的培养物均能使健康仔猪发生典型的猪喘气病肺炎。根据培养物生长特征、形态、染色观察及抗青霉素和醋酸铊等特性,确定为支原体;高度稀释(相当于原始接种材料的10-21’)的长期孵育传代(最长89天)培养物能诱发肺炎,从实验感染猪的肺或肺门淋巴结能再分离到相同的支原体,从而确定其为猪喘气病病原体。     

阿奇霉素与红霉素治疗小儿支原体肺炎临床效果分析

分析阿奇霉素与红霉素治疗小儿支原体肺炎的临床疗效。方法:从我院2013年1月~2014年1月收治的小儿支原体肺炎患儿中抽取64例作为本次研究的对象;分为两组,阿奇霉素组和红霉素组,分别给予其阿奇霉素和红霉素治疗,并对两组临床治疗效果进行回顾性分析。结果:治疗后,阿奇霉素组体温恢复正常的时间、肺部湿啰音消失的时间、咳嗽消失时间、平均住院天数以及总有效率等,均优于红霉素组,比较差异显著存在统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:应用阿奇霉素治疗小儿支原体肺炎的效果优于红霉素治疗的效果,值得在临床上推广应用。     

Pneumonia due to mycoplasma in gnotobiotic mice. I. Pathogenicity of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma salivarium, and Mycoplasma pulmonis for the lungs of conventional and gnotobiotic mice

Lutsky, Irving I. (Marquette University School of Medicine, Milwaukee, Wis.), and Avrum B. Organick. Pneumonia due to mycoplasma in gnotobiotic mice. I. Pathogenicity of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma salivarium, and Mycoplasma pulmonis for the lungs of conventional and gnotobiotic mice. J. Bacteriol. 92:1154-1163. 1966.-Two species of mycoplasma of human origin, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and M. salivarium, were tested for their ability to produce respiratory disease in the Ha/ICR mouse when inoculated by the intranasal route. The mouse pathogen M. pulmonis was studied as a positive control. Conventional and gnotobiotic Ha/ICR mice were employed, the latter to provide a system free from indigenous mycoplasma and bacteria. Pneumonia from which mycoplasma were isolated was produced in all groups of the conventional Ha/ICR mice, including those inoculated with sterile broth. Only M. pulmonis produced disease when inoculated intranasally into the gnotobiotic mice, and the gross and microscopic lesions resembled those described in conventional mice. The gnotobiotic mouse provided a tool to study the pathogenicity of different mycoplasma species, and indicated marked differences in host specificity that could not be clearly seen when conventional mice were used.     

Comparison of selective and non-selective enrichment media in the detection of Listeria monocytogenes from meat containing Listeria innocua

AIMS: This study investigated whether the higher incidence of recovery from meat of Listeria innocua compared with L. monocytogenes could be due to the laboratory media used, leading to an artificially lower detection of the pathogenic species, L. monocytogenes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Minced beef was inoculated with L. monocytogenes, L. innocua, or a mixture of these species, and stored at 0 or 10 degrees C under vacuum or aerobic conditions for up to 28 days. Listeria were recovered from the minced beef using selective (University of Vermont Medium, UVM) and non-selective (Buffered Peptone Water, BPW) enrichment broths after 0, 14, and 28 days of storage. In general, there were no significant differences (P < 0.05) between the numbers of L. monocytogenes recovered from minced beef samples after 24 h enrichment in BPW and the numbers recovered using UVM. In addition, the presence of L. innocua in meat samples containing L. monocytogenes did not significantly (P < 0.05) affect the numbers of L. monocytogenes recovered using either enrichment broth. In most cases there were no significant differences (P < 0.05) between the numbers of L. innocua recovered from minced beef samples after 24 h enrichment in BPW compared with numbers recovered using UVM. CONCLUSION: Listeria innocua was found to have no significant competitive advantage over L. monocytogenes in selective or non-selective enrichment media. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results suggest that, in some instances, the use of a selective enrichment broth offers no advantage over a non-selective enrichment broth for the recovery of Listeria species from minced beef.     

COMPARISON OF MODIFIED SALMONELLA-TEK ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY AND MODIFIED GENE-TRAK SALMONELLA ASSAY FOR RECOVERY OF SALMONELLA FROM SELECTED LOW-MOISTURE FOODS

The sensitivity of the original versus the modified Salmonella-Tek enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was compared for recovery of Salmonella spp. from selected low-moisture foods. Serial tenfold dilutions were inoculated into incubated post enrichment media (dilution-to-extinction approach). Results indicated no significant difference between the original and modified Salmonella-Tek EIAs. A comparison of the modified Salmonella-Tek EIA and the modified GENE-TRAK Salmonella assay, using the same approach, also showed no significant differences.
The effectiveness of the assays was then compared using a second approach (dry bulk inoculation). A lyophilized culture was inoculated into bulk food. Replicate 25-g test portions were used in a 3-way comparison of the effectiveness of the modified Salmonella-Tek EIA, the modified GENE-TRAK Salmonella assay, and the standard culture method approved by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) International and recommended in the Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual. Of 460 test portions examined, 307 gave positive reactions with the modified Salmonella-Tek EIA, 298 with the modified GENE-TRAK Salmonella assay, and 292 with the AOAC/BAM culture method.     

Cross comparison of rapid mycoplasma detection platforms

The use of animal and plant derived raw materials in mammalian cell culture processes may provide a possible route of entry for adventitious contaminants such as mycoplasma. Mycoplasma contaminations of cell culture represent a serious challenge to the production of biotechnology derived therapeutics. The slow growing nature of mycoplasma can disguise their infection of cultures since cells may continue to proliferate, though at reduced levels and with lesser output of engineered protein. Rapid identification of mycoplasma contaminated cell cultures and materials enables a faster response time to prevent the spread of the contamination. We describe here the comparison of different mycoplasma detection methods: two nucleic acid-based technologies, the standard mycoplasma culture procedure, and a hybrid culture-quantitative PCR assay. In this study, a cell line infected with two species of mycoplasma was used to compare the different detection methods. Our data demonstrates that the two nucleic acid-based techniques are robust methods for detection of mycoplasma and have similar detection capability. In contrast, no mycoplasma was detected in the standard culture assay or in a hybrid culture-quantitative PCR assay. This shows a potential limitation of the culture assay that relies on the ability of mycoplasma to grow in broth media.     

Media with yeast RNA for isolating Shigella flexneri from feces]

The authors demonstrated a considerable, in comparison with the control, increase of the biomass of Sh. flexneri causative agent, when growing in meat-peptone broth with 1-4 mg of NaRNA, and of the number of colonies in the feces of the patients and of healthy persons artificially contaminated with Sh. flexneri when inoculated in Ploskirev's agar or Endo medium with 4 mg/ml of NaRNA. Using media with NaRNA for laboratory diagnosis of dysentery is recommended.     

Tofu Wastewater as Efficient Nutritional Source in Biocementation for Improved Mechanical Strength of Cement Mortars

Biocementation is an eco-friendly process in sustainable construction; however, the associated cost of nutrients is major obstacle in it. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to utilize tofu wastewater (TW) in biocementation to grow Bacillus cereus and desirable characteristics were compared with that in commercial nutrient broth. There was no significant difference in bacterial growth between two media with TW as preferable media for growth and urease activity on which biocementation depends. Further, an improved compressive strength of sandstone and mortars was achieved with TW, showing important insights into the greater feasibility of TW as biocementation source.     

Development of a two-step enrichment procedure for recovery of Yersinia enterocolitica from food.

Two new enrichment media were formulated for the recovery of Yersinia enterocolitica from foods: (i) yeast extract-rose bengal broth for preenrichment at 4 or 10 degrees C; and (ii) bile-oxalate-sorbose broth, a selective enrichment incubated at 22 degrees C. Comparison of these media in a two-step enrichment procedure against cold enrichment and modified Rappaport broth showed improved and more rapid recovery of human strains of Y. enterocolitica from inoculated foods. The use of bile-oxalate-sorbose broth as a selective enrichment also improved the performance of cold enrichment with phosphate-buffered saline. Determination of the best enrichment system for recovery of Y. enterocolitica from samples of retail pork and fresh pork tongues depended on whether the criterion was the number of positive samples, the variety of different serotypes recovered, or the ability to recover the important human serotype O:3. A single enrichment system with the widest selectivity would include preenrichment at 4 degrees C with either phosphate-buffered saline for 14 days or yeast extract-rose bengal broth for 9 days followed by selective enrichment with bile-oxalate-sorbose broth at 22 degrees C for 5 days.     

Effect of environmental conditions during heating on commercial spore strip performance.

Commercial biological indicator spore strips in glassine envelopes, produced by three manufacturers, were evaluated by fraction-negative procedures after being heated at 121.0 +/- 0.05 degrees C. Only one type of spore strip met the manufacturer's specifications. The strips of one manufacturer were further evaluated by fraction-negative and survivor curve-plate count procedures after being heated under several conditions (enclosed in glassine envelopes, in trypticase soy broth plus 0.0015% bromocresol purple, in Trypticase soy broth alone in Water for Injection, directly); Trypticase soy broth plus bromocresol purple and tryptic soy agar, respectively, were used as recovery media. The heating condition affected the D-value of the spore strip. Recovery procedures also had an effect; in all cases, the D-values obtained from the survivor curve tests were larger than those obtained from fraction-negative tests carried out under the same conditions. To determine if the differences in D-values between the two evaluation procedures were caused by the recovery media, we evaluated, by both methods, one type of spore strip heated directly and in glassine envelopes, using tryptic soy agar plus bromocresol purple and Trypticase soy broth plus 1.5% agar, respectively, as the recovery media. The survivor curve results showed that for both enclosed and unenclosed spore strips, there was a marked difference between the two recovery media; however, there was no difference when fraction-negative tests were used.     

Pneumonia Due to Mycoplasma in Gnotobiotic Mice III. Lesions in the Lungs of Gnotobiotic Mice After Multiple Intranasal Inoculations of Broth Cultures of Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Lung lesions characterized by extensive peribronchial and perivascular round cell infiltration and intrabronchial plugging with polymorphonuclear leukocytes were produced in 5 of 44 Ha/ICR gnotobiotic mice sacrificed 3 to 10 days after three intranasal inoculations of broth cultures of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. After 10 days, no significant lesions were seen, and the proportion of lungs positive for M. pneumoniae dropped off sharply. M. pneumoniae persisted for longer periods (up to 24 days) in the trachea, nasopharynx, and anterior nares. These findings would seem to represent a self-limited respiratory infection due to M. pneumoniae in gnotobiotic mice. Ring forms within granular alveolar pneumocytes were seen by electron microscopy in the lungs of triply inoculated gnotobiotic controls receiving sterile horse-serum broth as well as in the lungs of mice receiving broth cultures of M. pneumoniae. Ring forms must now be considered to be part of the nonspecific cellular reactions of pneumocytes to foreign substances in the lungs of mice rather than intracytoplasmic developmental forms of mycoplasma as previously proposed.     

Dental health and dental care in children with cerebral palsy

The aim of this study was to determine a difference between children with cerebral palsy (CP) and healthy children, regarding health condition of teeth and oral tissuses. Disfunction of masticatory system, in children with CP, causes many problems with mastication. Nonfunctional mastication is related with the consumption of mushy food and decreased selfcleaning of occlusal and aproximal surfaces. All that leads to higher incidence of dental caries. Comparing the DMTF/dft (decayed, missing, filled tooth) index, it is evident that there is no statistically significant difference in a tooth morbidity between the group of healthy children and group of children with CP. The healthy children have statistically significant more teeth with fillings with respect to children with CP. Extractions are more common in children with CP. There is no statistically significant difference between those two groups regarding decayed teeth, one of components of DMFT index. Decayed components are more common than the extractions and fillings in both groups, which shows the insufficient curative care for all children in both groups. It can be concluded that there is a certain need of early beginning and a better organization of the preventive pediatric and dental care, in order to decrease the appearence of dental decay and increase the level of dental health, in this challenged population.