优质鲜食型甘薯新品种‘徐薯32’的选育及特性分析

甘薯新品种‘徐薯32’是以品质性状良好的‘徐薯55-2’为母本、‘红东’为父本,经有性杂交培育而成。该品种于2015年通过河南省农作物品种审定委员会审定。通过对‘徐薯32’农艺性状特征、生产力、抗病性、品质性状等进行研究,结果表明:‘徐薯32’地上部短蔓,薯块萌芽性好,耐贮藏,熟食口感佳;抗黑斑病,中抗根腐病与茎线虫病;鲜薯产量与对照‘徐薯22’相当,薯干和淀粉产量较对照分别增产15.24%和18.99%;‘徐薯32’块根主要营养物质含量均高于‘徐薯18’,其淀粉最高粘度值与崩解值较‘徐薯18’分别高6.52%和12.40%,糊化温度则略低于‘徐薯18’;淀粉粒径表面积与体积分布呈三峰、数目分布呈单峰,三类分布中淀粉颗粒总平均粒径均低于‘徐薯18’,降低幅度分别为12.22%、13.18%和2.22%。因此,‘徐薯32’具有良好的农艺性状与品质特性,可为鲜食型甘薯品种改良和应对市场需求奠定基础。     

甘薯全生育期耐盐种质筛选与耐盐性评价

将200份甘薯材料同时种植在江苏省盐城市盐渍试验田和培肥地,通过比较这些材料在盐渍地和培肥地苗期成活率、单株结薯数、单株产量、商品薯率、薯块干物率等产量和品质指标,对这些甘薯材料进行全生育期的耐盐性综合鉴定。结果表明,在盐渍条件下,大部分甘薯材料的单株结薯数增加,而苗期成活率、单株产量、商品薯率和薯块干物率降低。相关性分析结果显示,甘薯的耐盐指数与苗期相对成活率和单株产量、单株结薯数、商品薯率的耐盐系数呈极显著正相关,而与薯块干物率呈显著负相关。根据耐盐指数的高低将参试材料的耐盐性进行分级,共筛选出19份耐盐性较强的甘薯材料,为之后甘薯的耐盐机理研究和耐盐育种提供了材料基础。     

高淀粉多抗甘薯新品种徐薯25的选育及特性评价

高淀粉多抗甘薯新品种徐薯25利用高产综合性状较好的徐薯18为母本,高干高抗优异材料徐781为父本,通过人工控制授粉杂交、多点综合鉴定筛选育成;2007年通过国家甘薯新品种鉴定,鉴定编号为国品鉴甘薯200702;2008年通过山东省品种审定,审定编号为鲁农审2008040.通过对徐薯25特征特性、生产力、抗病性、品质性状以及产量形成的生理特点进行深入研究表明:鲜薯产量与高产兼用品种徐薯18持平,薯干产量比徐薯18增产15%以上,薯块干物质含量则比徐薯18高4.24%;徐薯25在总光合势、净同化率等方面与徐薯18相似,其获得高产主要依赖于光合产物合理的分配,物质生产属"经济系数型";徐薯25高抗茎线虫病、根腐病、蔓割病;薯块粗蛋白、薯块还原糖、薯块可溶性糖和叶片粗蛋白均高于徐薯18.     

高粱种质材料幼苗期耐盐碱性评价

采用Hoagland营养液砂培法,以NaCl和Na2CO3组成的混合盐碱对高粱幼苗进行胁迫处理,建立高粱幼苗期耐盐碱评价方法,并评价了66份高粱种质材料的耐盐碱性.结果表明:盐浓度在8.0～12.5 g·L-1时,高粱耐盐碱品种‘TS-185’与盐碱敏感品种‘Tx-622B’在幼苗期的耐盐碱性差异明显,表明进行高粱幼苗期耐盐碱性评价时适宜的盐浓度范围为8.0～12.5 g· L-1.在10.0和12.5 g·L-12个盐浓度下,66份高粱种质材料的相对存活率、相对地上部鲜质量和相对株高的差异均达显著水平,表明不同品种的耐盐碱性不同.其中,‘三尺三’为高度耐盐碱品种,‘MN-2735’等16个品种为耐盐碱品种,‘EARLY HONEY’等32个品种为中等耐盐碱品种,‘Tx-622B’等16个品种为盐碱敏感品种,‘MN-4588’为高度盐碱敏感品种.苏丹草类型高粱一般具有较高的耐盐碱性,而保持系对盐碱较为敏感.     

抗病高淀粉甘薯品种徐薯26的选育及产量形成特点

抗病高淀粉甘薯新品种徐薯26是中国农业科学院甘薯研究所以徐781为母本,通过集团杂交放任授粉、多年多点综合鉴定选育而成。该品种2009年通过国家甘薯新品种鉴定,鉴定编号为国品鉴甘薯2009003。对徐薯26的形态特征、品质性状、抗病性、生产力和产量形成的生理特点等进行了研究,结果表明:徐薯26全生育期长势平稳,薯干品质和食味较好,抗根腐病和蔓割病,薯干和淀粉产量与徐薯18相比增产极显著,生长后期薯块干物质积累较快,经济系数较高,适宜早栽和密植。     

枣品种耐盐性与叶片生物膜结合态多胺水平和H~＋-ATP酶活性的关系

120mmol·L^-1NaCl胁迫30d,耐盐性强的‘金丝小枣’叶片细胞质膜、液泡膜共价结合态腐胺（Put）、亚精胺（Spd）、精胺（Spm）含量及多胺（PAs）总水平与对照无显著性差异,但耐盐性弱的‘冬枣’叶片质膜共价结合态Put、Spd、Spm含量和PAs总水平及液泡膜Spd含量均显著降低;‘金丝小枣’叶片类囊体膜共价结合态Put含量、PAs总水平较对照显著降低,‘冬枣’则是Put、Spd、Spm含量及PAs总水平均显著降低。盐胁迫下,‘金丝小枣’叶片细胞质膜、液泡膜、类囊体膜非共价结合态Put、Spd、Spm含量及PAs总水平下降,但其中仅类囊体膜Spd含量显著低于对照,而‘冬枣’的3种膜上非共价结合态的这些多胺及其总水平均显著低于对照。与对照相比,盐胁迫下耐盐性不同的2个枣品种,叶片细胞质膜、液泡膜和类囊体膜H＋-ATP酶活性均降低,但降低幅度因枣品种和生物膜种类不同而异,且H＋-ATP酶活性与相应膜结合态多胺水平存在极紧密的正相关关系。结果表明,膜结合态多胺参与枣品种耐盐性的表达,调节盐胁迫下枣叶细胞中溶质的跨膜运输。     

甘薯幼苗对NaCl胁迫的生理响应及外源钙的缓解效应

以甘薯品种‘徐薯22’为试验材料,研究了不同浓度NaCI胁迫对甘薯幼苗生根、叶片抗氧化能力、渗调物质含量、光合气体交换参数、荧光参数及叶片离子含量的影响及不同浓度Ca^2＋处理对300mmol·L^-1NaCl胁迫的缓解效应。结果表明,低浓度NaCl（50和100mmol·L^-1）胁迫对甘薯幼苗生根及叶片相对电导率和MDA含量影响较小,随着盐度的增加,叶片SOD活性呈先增加后降低趋势,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量持续增加,叶片Pn、Tr、Gs、F√Fm、RC／CS0、TR0／CS0、ET0／CS0、ФE0及K^＋、Ca^2＋含量、K^＋／Na^＋不断降低,ФD0和Na^＋含量升高;高浓度NaCl（300mmol·L^-1）胁迫下,甘薯幼苗的正常生理代谢受到显著抑制。适当浓度外源ca2’能显著缓解Nacl胁迫对甘薯幼苗的毒害作用,能促进盐胁迫下甘薯幼苗生根,改善细胞的渗透平衡,提高渗透调节能力,降低膜脂过氧化程度,使甘薯叶片维持较高的Fv√Fm、RC／CS0、TR0／CS0、ET0／CS0、ФE0和较低的ФD0,增强光合作用和气孔蒸腾作用效率,说明外施Ca^2＋是提高甘薯耐盐性的一种有效方法。     

外源氯胁迫对甘薯幼苗光合特性的影响

采用温室水培方法,以甘薯品种‘徐薯22’,‘苏薯11’和‘宁紫1号’为材料,外源氯(0、42.2、84.4、168.8、211mmol.L-1)胁迫处理7d、14d和21d,测定其生理生化及气体交换参数,探讨Cl-对甘薯幼苗生长以及光合特性的影响。结果表明:(1)‘徐薯22’叶面积与主蔓生长速率受外源氯胁迫而降低但仍维持在一定水平,而‘苏薯11’和‘宁紫1号’则在低浓度Cl-(≤84.4mmol.L-1)处理下高于对照。(2)3个甘薯品种叶片净光合速率(Pn)及光合色素含量在42.2mmol.L-1 Cl-处理下均高于对照;导致‘徐薯22’光合能力降低的主要因素为非气孔限制,而‘苏薯11’和‘宁紫1号’兼有气孔限制和非气孔限制因素,在短期或低浓度Cl-处理条件下以气孔限制因素为主。(3)处理21d时,甘薯幼苗根系氯离子含量低于14d且氯离子向地上部运输比率(SCl)上升;‘徐薯22’积累Cl-含量低于‘苏薯11’和‘宁紫1号’。研究发现:外源氯低浓度短期处理利于甘薯幼苗生长及光合作用的进行;在胁迫初期甘薯可有效抑制Cl-向地上部转运,但在处理第3周该抗逆性明显减弱;甘薯对氯胁迫的耐受性存在基因型差异,本实验中以‘徐薯22’耐性较强。     

甘薯新品种“遗306”简介

遗306是以南丰为母本、徐薯18为父本育成的甘薯新品种。它保持了母本的高干率特点,又具有父本的抗病高产性状,1987年在9个省市25个参试点试种,鲜薯产量平均比徐薯18增产8.2％,薯干增产22.8％,淀粉增产28.3％。1988年春薯25个参试点的鉴定结果,鲜薯产量平均比徐薯18增产16.0％,薯干增产30.5％,淀粉增产34.3％;夏薯10个参试点鉴定结果,鲜薯产量平均比徐薯18增产11.8％,薯干增     

高产淀粉型甘薯新品种徐薯27的选育及品质特性

高产淀粉型甘薯新品种徐薯27是以徐薯18为母本,选择遗传背景差异大的20个品种(系)为父本,放任授粉集团杂交后代中筛选。该品种2009年通过山东省农作物品种审定委员会审定。通过对徐薯27农艺性状特征、生产力、抗病性、品质特征性状以淀粉糊化特性等进行研究,结果表明:徐薯27萌芽性好,地上部长势平稳,耐贮藏;高抗根腐病,中抗茎线虫病;鲜薯和薯干产量对照徐薯18,最高增产分别达19.41%和19.21%,具有超高产潜力;徐薯27淀粉RVA谱为A型,不同肥料处理下RVA参数值差异明显,有机肥能明显降低其淀粉最高粘度值(PKV)、最低粘度值(HPV)和最终粘度值(CPV),糊化温度在较高的75～80℃范围。     

Evaluation and Exploration of Favorable QTL Alleles for Salt Stress Related Traits in Cotton Cultivars (G. hirsutum L.)

Soil salinization is one of the major problems in global agricultural production. Cotton is a pioneer crop with regard to salt stress tolerance, and can be used for saline-alkali land improvement. The large-scale detection of salt tolerance traits in cotton accessions, and the identification of elite quantitative trait loci (QTLs)/genes for salt-tolerance have been very important in salt tolerance breeding. Here, 43 advanced salt-tolerant and 31 highly salt-sensitive cultivars were detected by analyzing ten salt tolerance related traits in 304 upland cotton cultivars. Among them, 11 advanced salt-tolerance and eight highly salt-sensitive cultivars were consistent with previously reported results. Association analysis of ten salt-tolerance related traits and 145 SSRs was performed, and a total of 95 significant associations were detected; 17, 41, and 37 of which were associated with germinative index, seedling stage physiological index, and four seedling stage biochemical indexes, respectively. Of these associations, 20 SSR loci were simultaneously associated with two or more traits. Furthermore, we detected 117 elite alleles associated with salt-tolerance traits, 4 of which were reported previously. Among these loci, 44 (37.60%) were rare alleles with a frequency of less than 5%, 6 only existed in advanced salt-tolerant cultivars, and 2 only in highly salt-sensitive cultivars. As a result, 13 advanced salt-tolerant cultivars were selected to assemble the optimal cross combinations by computer simulation for the development of salt-tolerant accessions. This study lays solid foundations for further improvements in cotton salt-tolerance by referencing elite germplasms, alleles associated with salt-tolerance traits, and optimal crosses.     

22Na influx is significantly lower in salt tolerant groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) varieties

Distinct varieties differing in salt tolerance were initially identified from two separate green house experiments using two systems; solution as well as soil culture. The first screening involved a diverse group of 27 cultivars. Several physiological traits; Chlorophyll Stability Index (CSI), Salt Tolerance Index (STI) and ion content were determined to screen the cultivars for differences in salt tolerance using solution culture in the first experiment. A set of six varieties (three tolerant and three susceptible) were selected from this experiment and then subjected again to salt stress adopting a natural soil system in the second experiment which involved a screening approach essentially similar to that of the first experiment. In the third experiment using two distinct cultivars differing in salt tolerance selected from experiment II, ²²Na influx rate was determined in the root and shoot at the end of a 24 h salt imposition in Hoagland’s nutrient system containing 180 KBq of ²²Na. The results suggested that there were distinct differences in ²²Na influx rate into root and concurrently in the shoot. The salt tolerant Spanish improved and one of the moderately tolerant Trombay variety TAG 24, showed good regulation of ²²Na influx resulting in low ²²Na concentration. The salt susceptible variety JSP39 had nearly 7–8 fold higher root ²²Na content as compared to the tolerant and moderately tolerant cultivars. The results have highlighted the importance of Na exclusion as an important determinant of salt tolerance in groundnut.     

高粱耐盐性评价方法研究及耐盐资源的筛选

本文用50mmol/L的配比盐水溶液对3-5叶期高粱幼苗进行处理,用幼苗相对成活率对568份高粱种质进行分级,结果显示：5%的种质具有3级以上的耐盐性。此法可以用来进行大量种质的苗期耐盐筛选。根据植株在不同含盐量的盐碱地上生长的性状差异,对成株期的高粱进行耐盐鉴定,利用处理间性状的差异及各性状与穗重和秆重的相关性构建一个耐盐指数来评价材料对盐碱的耐性,从而对18个高粱品种和品系进行了分级,适合于盐碱地推广品种的筛选。     

转10kD玉米醇溶蛋白基因甘薯蛋白质及农艺性状分析

目的:检测转10kD玉米醇溶蛋白基因甘薯蛋白质及农艺性状的变化,初步证明外源目的基因在转基因甘薯中能够表达。方法:以转基因甘薯和非转基因甘薯无菌苗及田间栽培苗为试材,对两者叶片、叶柄、茎、根不同器官醇溶性和水溶性蛋白质含量,以及田间栽培中植株农艺性状的变化作了比较研究。结果:离体培养20d转基因植株根中醇溶性蛋白质含量较对照增加了330.43%,是对照的4.30倍;田间栽培45d转基因植株叶片、茎、根中醇溶性蛋白质含量分别是对照植株的8.38倍、4.60倍、5.19倍,较对照分别高出738.30%、360.26%、418.60%;田间栽培中转基因植株的形态及生长状况分析表明,转基因植株中外源遗传物质的存在对植株生长状况影响不显著。结论:初步证实了转基因甘薯中外源目的基因能够特异表达。     

An Ipomoea batatas Iron-Sulfur Cluster Scaffold Protein Gene,IbNFU1, Is Involved in Salt Tolerance

Iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis involving the nitrogen fixation (Nif) proteins has been proposed as a general mechanism acting in various organisms. NifU-like protein may play an important role in protecting plants against abiotic and biotic stresses. An iron-sulfur cluster scaffold protein gene, IbNFU1, was isolated from a salt-tolerant sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) line LM79 in our previous study, but its role in sweetpotato stress tolerance was not investigated. In the present study, the IbNFU1 gene was introduced into a salt-sensitive sweetpotato cv. Lizixiang to characterize its function in salt tolerance. The IbNFU1-overexpressing sweetpotato plants exhibited significantly higher salt tolerance compared with the wild-type. Proline and reduced ascorbate content were significantly increased, whereas malonaldehyde (MDA) content was significantly decreased in the transgenic plants. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and photosynthesis were significantly enhanced in the transgenic plants. H₂O₂ was also found to be significantly less accumulated in the transgenic plants than in the wild-type. Overexpression of IbNFU1 up-regulated pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS) and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR) genes under salt stress. The systemic up-regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging genes was found in the transgenic plants under salt stress. These findings suggest that IbNFU1gene is involved in sweetpotato salt tolerance and enhances salt tolerance of the transgenic sweetpotato plants by regulating osmotic balance, protecting membrane integrity and photosynthesis and activating ROS scavenging system.     

大豆种质资源农艺性状和产量的年份间差异及其关系

明确大豆种质资源农艺性状的变化及其与产量的关系对大豆遗传育种具有重要的意义。以249份大豆种质资源为材料,应用多元统计方法分析了大田条件下两年间大豆农艺性状与产量的变化。结果表明,大豆种质资源的农艺性状和产量两年变异系数分别为6.2%~78.0%和6.3%~48.5%,变异较大。生育日数因在黄淮海区域生态类型较接近,变异系数较小;而主茎节数变异系数也较小。株高、有效分枝数、底荚高度、单株荚数、单株粒数、每荚粒数、单株粒重、百粒重、单位面积产量则相对变异较大。品种之间农艺性状和产量差异均显著。不同年份间生态因子（温度、降水量及日照时数）对大豆农艺性状和产量的影响较大,年份间不同指标差异亦显著。分别对两年农艺性状采用主成分分析,简化为4个与产量相关的独立指标,并建立了产量与农艺性状之间的方程Y=17.5-1.76x1+1.32x2+0.30x3+2.50x4和Y=198.8-3.12x1+7.71x2+0.08x3+2.71x4以表达其量化关系;采用聚类分析方法将两年中249份大豆种质资源分别聚为5类,并分析了各类品种的特性,为高产稳产大豆新品种的选育以及高产栽培措施的调控提供理论依据。     

Avenues for increasing salt tolerance of crops,and the role of physiologically based selection traits

Increased salt tolerance is needed for crops grown in areas at risk of salinisation. This requires new genetic sources of salt tolerance, and more efficient techniques for identifying salt-tolerant germplasm, so that new genes for tolerance can be introduced into crop cultivars. Screening a large number of genotypes for salt tolerance is not easy. Salt tolerance is achieved through the control of salt movement into and through the plant, and salt-specific effects on growth are seen only after long periods of time. Early effects on growth and metabolism are likely due to osmotic effects of the salt, that is to the salt in the soil solution. To avoid the necessity of growing plants for long periods of time to measure biomass or yield, practical selection techniques can be based on physiological traits. We illustrate this with current work on durum wheat, on selection for the trait of sodium exclusion. We have explored a wide range of genetic diversity, identified a new source of sodium exclusion, confirmed that the trait has a high heritability, checked for possible penalties associated with the trait, and are currently developing molecular markers. This illustrates the potential for marker-assisted selection based on sound physiological principles in producing salt-tolerant crop cultivars.     

小麦农艺性状与品质特性的多元分析与评价

估算96个小麦品种(系)的11个农艺性状和10个品质特性参数的主成分,并以主成分和欧氏距离为基础,分别作二维排序分析和聚类分析。农艺性状的前4个主成分反映了85.3450%的原始数据信息量;品质特性的前4个主成分代表了89.1483%的原始数据信息量。以96个材料的主成分得分绘制二维排序图,27个小麦品种(系)表现为矮秆、子粒和旗叶较大,丰产性较好、综合农艺性状优良;32个小麦品种(系)表现为铁、锌含量较高,加工品质较好、综合品质特性优良。在系统聚类图中,农艺性状和品质特性分别被聚成5类。综合农艺性状较好的材料主要集中在第Ⅲ类和第Ⅳ类;综合品质特性较好的材料主要集中在第Ⅰ类和第Ⅱ类。综合分析发现,同时兼顾丰产性较好且子粒铁、锌含量较高,品质特性较好的小麦品种(系)有:泰山9818、西农822、轮选719、杨-31、西安837和中育9383。将聚类分析和二维排序分析结合起来,能较好的对小麦的性状组成做出综合评价,鉴定和评价出优质、高产、综合性状优良的小麦品种(系),为小麦遗传育种提供优良的种质资源,为合理选配亲本提供参考。