哀牢山湿性常绿阔叶林林冠和林地腐殖质理化特性、微生物量及酶活性比较

在热带、亚热带和温带高海拔潮湿生境的山地森林林冠层中,积累有较为丰富的林冠腐殖质(Canopy humus),是构成山地森林生态系统景观结构的重要组分,为丰富的附生植物提供了重要的生长基质和营养物质.通过对云南哀牢山山地湿性常绿阔叶林林冠腐殖质和其相应林下地表腐殖质的分析测定结果表明,由于林冠和林下地表腐殖质的来源、组成和空间分布的不同,它们之间的理化特性存在较大的差异,其中林冠腐殖质中有机C、全N及全Ca的含量、C/N以及阳离子交换量显著高于林下地表腐殖质,而全K和全Mg的含量则显著低于后者,全P含量差异不明显;林冠腐殖质的微生物量C、N和呼吸强度,以及蔗糖酶、脲酶和蛋白酶的活性均显著高于林下地表腐殖质,说明林冠腐殖质是一种具有较高生物活性的有机土类物质,在山地森林生态系统养分循环、林冠附生植物多样性格局形成及其维持方面具有重要的作用.     

哀牢山不同类型亚热带森林地表凋落物及土壤节肢动物群落特征

分别于2005年4月（干热季）、6月（雨季）和12月（干热季）,采用样线法对哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林、山顶苔藓矮林和滇山杨次生林地表凋落物及其中的土壤节肢动物群落进行了调查.结果表明： 凋落物现存总量、C储量和C/N在干、湿季均表现为苔藓矮林＞滇山杨林＞常绿阔叶林,N储量差异不大.蜱螨目和弹尾目是3林地凋落物层节肢动物群落的优势类群,双翅目幼虫、鞘翅目、蚁类和同翅目为常见类群,3林地凋落物层土壤节肢动物群落相似性系数极高.3林地凋落物层土壤节肢动物群落密度(ind·m^-2)没有显著差异,但相对密度(ind·g^-1)呈现出常绿阔叶林和滇山杨林显著高于苔藓矮林;土壤节肢动物密度季节变化呈现干季（4月和12月）显著高于雨季（6月）,群落香农多样性指数差异不显著.干热季(4月)3林地枯枝落叶现存量与其土壤节肢动物群落和主要类群密度呈显著正相关关系,而在干冷季(12月)凋落物总现存量与其土壤节肢动物群落及蜱螨目相对密度则呈显著负相关关系;弹尾目和鞘翅目密度与地表凋落物层的N储量也有显著的正相关关系.哀牢山亚热带森林凋落物及其土壤节肢动物群落的发展与森林植被结构密切相关, 其群落个体数量和多样性受森林地表凋落物的调控, 但林内其他环境因素如温湿度对森林凋落物层土壤动物个体数的季节变动也有明显影响.     

热带亚热带常绿阔叶林维持酸性土壤有效磷水平的磷转化过程

热带和亚热带酸性土壤磷矿物的沉淀通常被认为会限制土壤有效磷的供应.选择以西双版纳山地季风常绿阔叶林和哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林为代表的热带亚热带酸性土壤,探讨两类森林维持土壤有效磷水平的磷转化过程.哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林腐殖质厚、而西双版纳山地季风常绿阔叶林的腐殖质几乎不存在.两地均显示土壤有效磷库随着土壤有机质含量的减少而降低.有机质含量较低的西双版纳表层矿质土（0～10 cm）的微生物生物量磷库大于有机质含量相对较高的哀牢山表层矿质土的微生物生物量磷库,且微生物对磷的固定占有效磷来源（磷矿物的溶解和有机磷的矿化）的比例为74%,高于哀牢山表层矿质土的63%.哀牢山表层矿质土的土壤有效磷库大于西双版纳,其土壤有效磷库可能更多的依赖于覆盖于其上的腐殖质分解后向下的磷输入.与两地的矿质土相比,哀牢山腐殖质具有高的磷净溶解率、总有机磷矿化速率和磷微生物固定速率.结果表明,热带山地季风常绿阔叶林主要通过微生物固定来避免土壤磷矿物的沉淀和保持土壤磷的有效供应;而亚热带中山湿性常绿阔叶林除具有较高的微生物固定外,地表腐殖质层的存在也帮助避免土壤磷矿物的沉淀而保持土壤有效磷的供应.     

哀牢山常绿阔叶林乔木树种的幼苗组成及时空分布特征

哀牢山自然保护区的常绿阔叶林面积达到504 km2,是我国亚热带常绿阔叶林保存面积最大的保护区之一.2008年,中国科学院两双版纳热带植物园在哀牢山自然保护区的中山湿性常绿阔叶林核心区建立了一块6 ha的森林动态监测样地.为了了解哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林树种幼苗组成和分布特征及其存活和死亡的规律,对样地中的幼苗分别进行了定位监测和动态研究.结果表明,重要值居前10位的林下幼苗中,有5种是重要值居前10位的树种.从雨季末期到旱季末期,幼苗的数量和种类都大量减少,因为可能是由于干旱胁迫的影响.在林窗中央和林窗边缘,新增的幼苗数量和种类都较多,死亡率较低,而林冠下新增的幼苗死亡率较高.可见,林窗的出现可能更有利于某些树种幼苗的定居,从而维持了森林树种的多样性.     

氮添加对南亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤微生物群落结构的影响

土壤微生物是生态系统元素循环的重要驱动者,但目前对我国南亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤微生物群落结构如何响应本区域迅速增加的氮(N)沉降的认识还比较薄弱。为此,在中国南亚热带鼎湖山自然保护区布设了一个野外模拟氮沉降实验,研究4种不同施氮水平(0(CK)、35(LN)、70(MN)、105(HN) kg~(-1)·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))下土壤微生物群落结构的响应及其影响因素。持续施氮3年后,分干、湿季(1、7月)采表层(0～10 cm)土壤样品,运用磷酯脂肪酸(PLFA)方法对土壤微生物群落结构进行了测定。结果发现:(1)施氮显著增加了微生物生物量。随施氮水平升高,主要微生物类群(细菌、放线菌、真菌)的生物量都增加,但细菌仍然是土壤微生物中的优势类群。(2)施氮对微生物的促进作用具有明显的季节差异。干季MN的促进作用最显著,而湿季HN下微生物生物量达到最大值。干季所有土壤微生物的生物量始终显著高于湿季。(3)施氮和季节均改变了土壤微生物的群落组成。干季土壤微生物的群落组成主要受可溶性有机碳和土壤含水量的影响,而湿季主要受pH和有效氮、磷含量的影响。以上结果表明,南亚热带地区氮添加增加会改变土壤微生物的群落组成,且施氮的影响具有明显的季节差异,进而可能影响这些微生物驱动的关键生态过程。因此,探究氮沉降对南亚热带常绿阔叶林的影响,需要综合考虑氮沉降水平、季节和微生物的响应等多种因素。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林林冠截留雾水和土壤水的关系

利用2002年1月-2003年12月在西双版纳热带季节雨林观测样地收集的林冠截留滴落雾水、雨水、浅层土壤水和地下水水样,对其氢、氧稳定性同位素比率δD和δ^18O的测定结果进行了分析,研究了林冠截留雾水对土壤水和地下水的影响。干季（11-翌年4月份）,热带雨林林冠截留雾水的稳定性同位素比率、过量氘（d-excess）值明显高于雨水的相应值,表明雾水水汽中包含了区域森林植被蒸发、蒸腾的再循环水汽。林下地表浅层土壤水的稳定性同位素比率介于雾水和雨水的同位索比率之间,表明浅层土壤水来源于雾水和雨水的补给,但是干季浅层土壤水包含更多的雾水。在降雨稀少的干季,浅层土壤水主要来自雾水的补给,表明了林冠滴落的雾水是林下幼树和耐阴树种生长和生存的重要环境因子。干季和雨季（5-10月份）地下水的稳定性同位素比率与雨水的均没有显著差别,表明雾水对地下水的补给没有贡献,其水分补给仅仅来自雨水。     

哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林不同生长基质苔藓植物的组成与分布特征

苔藓植物是构成山地原生常绿阔叶林结构及景观的重要组分之一,在生态系统生物多样性的维系等方面发挥重要的生态功能。本研究以云南哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林为对象,对林冠树干和林下木质残体、林地及岩石表面四类不同生长基质上苔藓植物的物种分布特征进行了调查研究,并运用Kendall一致性指数计算了各生长基质上苔藓植物物种之间的相关联程度,用聚类的方法对不同生长基质上苔藓植物物种进行了分类。研究结果表明：本区山地森林具有丰富的苔藓植物,共记录141种,分属38科69属,其中林冠树干上分布的苔藓植物的物种数量最多,为94种,林地上最少,仅29种;有27种苔藓植物同时分布在这3种以上的生长基质上。通过对不同类型生长基质之间苔藓植物种间关联程度的分析,发现在微生境的尺度上,随着优势苔藓植物种类间的关联程度的增加,苔藓植物多样性呈现出逐渐减少的趋势。     

内蒙半干旱低山区不同纯林土壤腐殖质分异特征及其与其他生物化学性质的关系

纯林土壤腐殖质含量及其构成是否会因枯落叶组成的单一性和单优群落环境的特殊性而发生分异变化是关系到森林可持续经营的关键问题.本文以内蒙半干旱低山区的6种典型纯林为研究对象,研究了不同树种纯林土壤腐殖质分异特征及其与其他生物化学性质的关系.结果表明：云杉和白桦林地土壤的腐殖质含量、缩合程度和稳定性均较高,其次为小叶杨和落叶松林地,再次为白榆林地,而油松林地土壤的腐殖质含量和缩合程度均最低、稳定性最差.土壤微生物生物量和磷酸酶活性与腐殖质各组分的积累及其稳定性存在相互促进作用;过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶活性则与土壤腐殖质存在相互抑制作用,且脱氢酶活性的提高可能破坏腐殖质的稳定性.速效N含量与腐殖质积累及其稳定性呈正相关,而全量Cu、Fe、Zn含量与腐殖质呈负相关,全Cu、Fe的增加可能会破坏腐殖质的稳定性.纯林环境及其枯落叶性质的特殊性是造成腐殖质分异的重要原因,混交改造或增加林下植被是改善土壤腐殖质构成的根本措施.     

哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林与林外草地太阳辐射比较

太阳辐射是森林生态系统的主要能量来源,为探讨亚热带常绿阔叶林对太阳辐射的影响,本研究利用哀牢山亚热带森林生态系统研究站太阳辐射观测数据,对林外草地、林冠上的太阳辐射平衡各分量的年、季节变化特征进行了分析.结果表明:森林辐射的季节变化因随植被的变化而与林外草地辐射有所差异.森林有效辐射占总辐射的比率、反射率均低于林外草地,导致净辐射占总辐射比率高于后者.与我国各地的辐射分配率相比,哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林的净辐射占总辐射比率较高,反射率较低.总辐射与相近纬度同植被类型的鼎湖山、鹤山相比,分别高207.7和357.5MJ·m-2,这对生长在海拔2200m以上、温凉潮湿环境下的亚热带常绿阔叶林来说,显得异常重要.     

哀牢山和猫儿山中山常绿和落叶阔叶树光合特性对季节温度变化的响应

研究调查了云南哀牢山中山常绿阔叶林和广西猫儿山中山落叶水青冈林中共生的常绿和落叶阔叶树光合特性在2005年的季节变化,探讨了两地温度气候差异对植物优势度的影响。在夏季,同一生境下的常绿植物和落叶植物之间以及两个生境树种之间的光合速率没有显著差别。当温度下降时,两个生境内的常绿和落叶植物的光合速率都下降,这与气孔的部分关闭和光系统Ⅱ活性的下降有显著的关系。气孔的部分关闭有利于减少水分蒸腾损失,但落叶树气孔关闭程度明显高于常绿植物而且无法避免严重的光抑制。常绿植物通过气孔调节来提高光合水分利用效率和通过光系统Ⅱ活性调节来降低光合机构的损伤来维持叶片四季常绿,但是猫儿山中山森林冬季低温严重损害气孔和光系统Ⅱ的功能而使常绿植物生长受到严重制约并限制其在群落中成为优势种,与之相反,哀牢山中山森林冬季相对暖和导致常绿植物能积累更多的光合产物并促进其在群落中形成优势。     

Pollination and phenology of flowers in the canopy of two contrasting rain forest types in Amazonia,Colombia

The main objective of this investigation was to study the pollination characteristics of two types of Amazonian rain forest at plant community level. Seasonally inundated forest was compared with upland (tierra firme) forest. The study focused on plant species in the canopy. The pollination spectra show that in both forests most canopy trees and lianas are pollinated by small bees, large bees, butterflies or by small, relatively unspecialized insects. In the upland forest small bees are the most important pollinators (32% of all species of trees and lianas are pollinated by them), whereas large bees are predominant in the floodplain (22%). Other pollinators, like hummingbirds, bats, moths, and beetles are less common (>10%), but always somewhat more important in the flood plain than in the upland forest. Bees are the most common pollinators of epiphytes. In the flood plain forest, flies are also important as epiphyte pollinators (19%), whereas in the upland forest hummingbirds pollinate more epiphytes. The phenological patterns are quite similar in both the upland and the flood plain. We found a peak in flowering in the transition period between the wet and the dry season. Flowering activity was lowest during the wet season. Differentiation in sexual systems was correlated with life form. Dioecy and monoecy were found mostly among tree species. Most species of all life forms though were hermaphroditic. No difference with respect to the relative importance of sexual systems was found between the two forest types.     

Nitrogen fixation of epiphytic plants enwrapping trees in Ailao Mountain cloud forests, Yunnan, China

Epiphytic plants play an important role in the nutrient cycle of forest ecosystems. There had been fewer studies in subtropical regions than in other climate zones. Prior research showed that the canopy epiphyte could fix nitrogen combined with microorganism in tropical forest. The epiphytic plants enwrapping trees in canopy layer are very abundant in the subtropical mountainous cloud forest of Ailao Mountain (central and southern Yunnan Province, SW China). This forest lacks widespread nitrogen-fixing plants, and the nitrogen origin is elusive. Maybe there also exist such nitrogen-fixing systems in epiphyte community. Nitrogen-fixing potentials of canopy epiphytes increased greatly from dry season to wet season. There occurred an obvious difference on the epiphytic nitrogen fixation abilities between upper canopy layer and sub-canopy layer in alternant period between wet season and dry season. Epiphytic nitrogen-fixing potentials for the subtropical moist forest in Ailao Mountains ranged between 0.027 and 2.24 kg ha^?1?year^?1. Our results indicate that the canopy epiphytes in the subtropical moist forest of Ailao Mountains can fix a significant amount of atmospheric nitrogen. This finding suggests a new nitrogen source for the subtropical forest ecosystem, thus can have profound impact on the studies of nitrogen cycling.     

Factors affecting the initiation and growth of aboveground adventitious roots in a tropical cloud forest tree: an experimental approach

Some of the proximate factors that would induce aboveground stems to produce adventitious roots were investigated experimentally on Senecio cooperi, a tropical cloud forest tree. Stem segments were air-layered with different treatments to promote root formation, and the number of roots initiated and rates of root growth were monitored for 20 weeks. Treatments were the application of wet epiphytes or dry epiphytes plus associated humus, sponges wetted with either water or nutrient solutions, or dry sponges. Controls (stem segments with nothing applied) were also monitored. Numbers of adventitious roots formed and rates of subsequent root growth differed among treatments. Wet epiphyte/humus and nutrient solutions were most effective in producing roots, which suggests that epiphytes and the nutrients they intercept and retain within the canopy may cue adjacent host tissue to exploit this resource.     

三种不同类型亚高山森林凋落物输入对土壤腐殖化的影响

森林凋落物既是土壤腐殖质的主要来源,也可以通过新鲜凋落物中易降解组分的输入激发土壤原有腐殖质的降解,导致其相互关系并不明确。以王朗国家级自然保护区内的典型亚高山针叶林、针阔混交林以及阔叶林为研究对象,开展土壤原位培养试验,设置允许凋落物正常输入和去除凋落物两种处理,分析2017年-2019年期间不同凋落物处理下森林土壤可提取腐殖物质的光密度特征,研究土壤腐殖化程度与凋落物的关系。结果表明,在2年的试验过程中,3种森林土壤的腐殖化程度整体表现为针叶林>混交林>阔叶林,均展现出在冬季降低,生长季增加的动态规律;凋落物对3个森林的土壤腐殖化程度均无显著影响,但凋落物输入明显改变了土壤腐殖化程度的季节性变化趋势,且在冬季的阔叶林和混交林中表现更为突出。冬季凋落物的输入使得阔叶林和混交林土壤的腐殖化程度明显降低,而生长季凋落物输入对3种森林土壤腐殖化程度无显著影响。这些结果表明气候变暖情景下冬季温度的上升可能导致土壤的腐殖化程度增加,但凋落物的存在可以减缓增加的趋势。这些结果对于具有明显季节性冻融且对气候变化敏感的亚高山森林土壤肥力管理及可持续经营具有一定的科学意义。     

Observations of canopy bromeliad roots compared with plants rooted in soils of a seasonal tropical forest,Chamela, Jalisco,Mexico

Roots of canopy bromeliads of a seasonal tropical forest were observed for mycorrhizal activity and compared with plants rooted in the soil during the later part of the growing season. No vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae or ectomycorrhizae were observed in the bromeliads. However, some interesting septate fungi were observed within the cortex of all samples where the roots were present in organic matter trapped in the canopy. All 15 soil-rooted plant species we observed were vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal. While no known mycorrhizal types were apparently present in these canopy epiphytes, we cannot rule out the possible formation of symbioses between canopy epiphytes and other fungi in these habitats.     

Microbial biomass and growth kinetics of microorganisms in chernozem soils under different land use modes

The carbon content of microbial biomass and the kinetic characteristics of microbial respiration response to substrate addition have been estimated for chernozem soils under different land use: arable lands used for 10, 46, and 76 years, mowed meadow, natural forest, and forest shelter belt. Microbial biomass and the content of microbial carbon in humus (C_mic /C_org) decreased in the following order: soils under forest cenoses—mowed meadow—10-year arable land—46- and 75-year arable land. The amount of microbial carbon in the long-plowed horizon was 40% of its content in the upper horizon of natural forest. Arable soils were characterized by a lower metabolic diversity of microbial community and by the highest portion of microorganisms able to grow directly on glucose introduced into soil. The effects of different scenarios of carbon sequestration in soil on the amounts and activity of microbial biomass are discussed.     

桂北不同林龄桉树人工林土壤微生物数量和酶活性特征研究

为探讨桉树不同林龄土壤微生物活性的响应特征,该研究采用时空互代法,选择广西北部低山丘陵地区1～5年生桉树人工林为研究对象,分析了土壤微生物、酶活性在不同土层和季节的变化规律。结果表明:(1)土壤微生物和酶活性在土层中有明显的垂直分布特征,均随土层加深而趋于降低,且各土层间差异显著。(2)细菌、放线菌数量随季节的大小顺序为秋季>夏季>春季>冬季,真菌的变化规律为春季>夏季>秋季>冬季,而酶活性随季节变化表现为夏季、秋季活性较高,春季、冬季活性较低。(3)细菌、真菌、脲酶、过氧化氢酶随林龄增大表现出先减小后增大的趋势,放线菌则呈现先减小后增大再减小的趋势,而蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶随林龄的增大趋于增大。(4)林地土壤中三大类群微生物与四种土壤酶之间存在极显著正相关关系,说明土壤微生物与土壤酶活性相互影响,两者之间关系密切,共同影响土壤的质量。综上可知,不同土层土壤微生物和酶活性的季节响应特征差异较大,总体在冬季最低,主要与气温、水分条件、凋落物养分的归还等有关。不同季节、土层、林龄之间的交互作用对土壤微生物和酶活性有显著影响。     

Seasonal patterns of acid fluctuations and resource storage in the arborescent cactus Opuntia excelsa in relation to light availability and size

Summary We investigated relationships between light availability, diel acid fluctuation, and resource storage in the arborescent cactus Opuntia excelsa growing in western Mexico. We compared canopy and understory individuals from a deciduous forest as well as open-grown plants of the same approximate size as those in the understory. During the wet season light availability and daily fluctuations in titratable acidity (an index of carbon uptake) were lower in the understory than in unshaded habitats. In the dry season all plants had reduced levels of acid fluctuation, with the smallest individuals, regardless of habitat, showing the greatest reduction. These data suggest that light availability in the forest understory constrains carbon assimilation during the wet season, but that a factor associated with plant size, possibly water status, limits carbon gain during the dry season. Plants in all habitats remained physiologically active for at least five months into the dry season. We suggest that this was possible due to the maintenance of constant concentrations of water and nitrogen in the photosynthetically active chlorenchyma. Parenchyma in terminal cladodes showed a different seasonal pattern of resource storage; water content and nitrogen concentration were reduced from the wet to the dry season in the parenchyma. Using the parenchyma to supply photosynthetic tissues during times of reduced resource availability allows O. excelsa to assimilate carbon during times of the year when most other trees in the forest are leafless.