纳米酶:疾病治疗新选择

纳米酶是一类具有类酶活性的纳米材料,自2007年中国科学家首次发现Fe_3O_4纳米颗粒具有内在类过氧化物酶活性后,纳米酶研究领域逐渐发展起来.截至目前,已有540种不同组成、结构的纳米材料被发现具有类酶活性.相比天然酶,纳米酶结构更加稳定,制备和保存工艺更加经济,功能更加多样化,并且具有可调节的催化活性.它们已被广泛应用于分子检测、疾病诊断、环境治理等领域.除此之外,近年来纳米酶被发现对生物体中的活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species, ROS)具有调节作用,随之纳米酶在活性氧相关疾病治疗中的研究也逐渐深入.本文主要就纳米酶在疾病治疗中的最新研究进展进行了综述,并对本领域的未来发展方向进行了讨论和展望.     

Mn_3O_4纳米酶用于活体炎症治疗

正纳米酶(nanozyme)是指具有类似天然酶活性的纳米材料.与天然酶相比,纳米酶具有稳定性高、催化活性可调、易于大规模制备和储存,有利于进行表面修饰等特点,因而受到研究人员的广泛关注.自阎锡蕴及合作者[1]于2007年报道首例基于四氧化三铁纳米酶     

二维过渡金属硫化物纳米复合材料的模拟酶特性及应用（英文）

纳米酶是一个非常令人兴奋和有希望的研究领域,旨在使用各种纳米材料模仿天然酶的一般原理,并在许多领域提供了大量实际应用.天然酶具有一些内在的缺点,如成本高、稳定性低、储存困难,以及催化活性对环境条件的敏感性.而纳米酶显示出低成本,高稳定性和高效活性.各种过氧化物酶和/或氧化酶模拟物已经取得了很大的进展.本综述介绍了关于二维过渡金属硫化物纳米复合材料的纳米酶特性的最新研究进展.     

基于纳米酶的无抗生素抗菌策略

抗生素是抵抗细菌感染的有力武器，然而抗生素的过量使用和滥用加速了细菌耐药性的发展，严重威胁人类健康。开发高效和广谱的无抗生素抗菌策略迫在眉睫。以过氧化氢(H₂O₂)为代表的活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)能氧化多种生物分子，使其结构和活性改变而发挥广谱抗菌作用，是无抗生素抗菌策略之一。然而，临床常用的H₂O₂浓度较高(0.5%～3%),会刺激皮肤和延缓伤口愈合。利用过氧化物酶催化H₂O₂生成氧化性更强的羟自由基(·OH),可大幅提高ROS抗菌策略的性能。然而，天然酶生产成本高、稳定性低等缺点限制了该策略的推广。纳米酶是具有类似天然酶催化活性的纳米材料的统称。与天然酶相比，纳米酶具有制备简单、成本低和易储存等优势，是开发基于ROS的无抗生素抗菌策略的良好选择。贵金属、金属氧化物、金属硫化物、金属有机框架、碳基纳米材料等多种纳米材料具有过氧化物酶、氧化酶等的模拟催化活性，基于这些材料的纳米酶抗菌研究层出不穷，本文将对这些研究进...     

金属有机框架纳米酶的研究进展

纳米酶作为一种具有类酶活性的纳米材料,与天然酶相比,具有制备过程简单、受外界环境干扰小、对酸碱和温度具有较好的耐受性等优点.金属有机框架(metal-organic frameworks,MOFs),即多孔配位聚合物,具有结构多样性、高比表面积、孔隙率可控等独特性质.因有序框架的保护以及结构可调控的性质,基于MOFs构建的纳米酶受到研究人员的广泛关注.本文综述不同类型MOFs基的纳米酶,主要从原始MOFs、化学修饰的MOFs、MOFs基复合材料和MOFs衍生物等四大方面进行论述;随后,对4种类型MOFs基纳米酶的构建特点和生化分析应用进行归纳和比较;最后对其当前面临的挑战和未来的发展趋势进行讨论.     

综述与专论: 二维过渡金属硫化物纳米复合材料的模拟酶特性及应用

纳米酶是一个非常令人兴奋和有希望的领域,旨在模仿使用各种纳米材料的天然酶的一般原理,并在许多领域提供了大量实际应用。 天然酶具有一些内在的缺点,如成本高,稳定性低,储存困难,以及催化活性对环境条件的敏感性。 而纳米酶显示出低成本,高稳定性和高效活性。 各种过氧化物酶和/或氧化酶模拟物已经取得了很大的进展。本综述介绍了关于二维过渡金属硫化物纳米复合材料的纳米酶特性的最新研究进展。     

综述与专论: 纳米酶在疾病治疗中的最新进展

纳米酶是具有酶催化活性的纳米材料,对比天然酶,纳米酶具有价格便宜、制备工艺简单、稳定性好、循环利用率高等优势.早期的纳米酶研究主要集中在检测方面,包括检测离子、小分子、核酸、蛋白、癌细胞等,随着对纳米酶的深入了解,研究人员发现纳米酶在疾病治疗领域也具有巨大的应用前景.本论文将介绍纳米酶在杀菌、抗氧化研究领域的最新研究进展.     

纳米酶在疾病治疗中的最新进展

纳米酶是具有酶催化活性的纳米材料,对比天然酶,纳米酶具有价格便宜、制备工艺简单、稳定性好、循环利用率高等优势.早期的纳米酶研究主要集中在检测方面,包括检测离子、小分子、核酸、蛋白质、癌细胞等,随着对纳米酶的深入了解,研究人员发现纳米酶在疾病治疗领域也具有巨大的应用前景.本论文将介绍纳米酶在细菌感染、炎症、癌症、神经退行性疾病等治疗领域的最新研究进展.     

纳米生物催化的研究现状和发展态势

纳米生物催化领域包括:(ⅰ)利用纳米技术或纳米材料调控生物催化剂的效率;(ⅱ)直接利用纳米材料或技术实现生物催化功能,并拓展生物催化在非友好环境及疾病诊疗中的应用.纳米生物催化已成为纳米生物学重要的研究领域,主要涉及纳米载体固定化酶和纳米材料人工模拟酶(纳米酶).一方面,可以借助纳米技术或材料所具有的特殊纳米效应来增强生物催化剂的效率和稳定性.另一方面,从模拟酶的理念出发,借助纳米材料自身所具有的催化能力,直接实现对生化反应的催化,这类具有酶学特性的纳米酶被视为新一代人工模拟酶.近年来,基于纳米载体固定化酶和纳米酶技术的纳米生物催化已在疾病诊断和治疗、化工制药、环境处理等领域得到了广泛研究,并展示了其具有重要的应用价值.本文简要综述了纳米载体固定化酶和纳米酶的发展历程及应用进展.     

要闻聚焦: 铁基纳米材料类酶效应与急性髓系白血病诊疗技术国家重点研发项目简介

正纳米酶是一类具有类似天然酶催化活性的纳米材料,自2007年氧化铁基纳米酶被中国科学家发现并首次报道以来,迄今已有超过50种不同纳米酶被发现,并用于生物、医学、农业、环境治理、国防安全等多个领域的研究.近年来,纳米酶的应用研究已从体外检测发展到体内治疗,展示出其对现代生物医学技术的重要影响及广阔的应用潜力.2017年在国家重点研发专项"纳米计划"中,"铁基纳米材料类酶效应与急性髓系白血病诊疗技术"项目获得了立项,本项目旨在通过对铁基纳米     

综述与专论: 纳米酶在肿瘤催化诊疗方面的应用

作为一个特殊的交叉学科前沿,纳米酶在近几年来引起了科学界的广泛关注。自2007年首次发现四氧化三铁纳米材料具有类似辣根过氧化物酶的催化特性以来,纳米酶的研究迅速兴起。其特殊的在纳米尺度的理化性质赋予它们优越的催化性能,以用于各方面的应用,例如癌症的诊断和治疗。本文重点介绍近年来催化化学的发展所促进的纳米医学在肿瘤诊疗方面的应用,以及纳米酶的研究现状和未来的展望。通过合理地将催化化学与临床纳米诊疗医学相结合,这些新型的纳米酶及其在肿瘤成像和治疗方面优越的催化性能,将会极大地促进纳米医学新子学科的产生。     

Recent advances in nano-carrier immobilized enzymes and their applications

Enzymes have been widely used because of their catalytic properties, and immobilization is a promising technique to improve their catalytic activity and stability. Due to their large specific surface areas, exceptional chemical, mechanical, thermal and cost effective characteristics, nanomaterials should be ideal carriers for the immobilization of enzymes. Enzymes immobilized on nano-carriers are more robust and stable, and can be recycled and reused. This review focuses on the nanomaterial immobilized enzymes and their applications. The introduction addresses the advantages of immobilized enzymes and the features of enzyme immobilization nanocarriers. The next section covers carbonaceous nanomaterials used in enzymes immobilization, with subsections on carbon nanotube, graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. The third section treats metallic nanomaterials for enzymes immobilization, with subsections on metal (gold), metal oxide (titanium dioxide, zinc oxide) and metal hydroxide (layered double hydroxide) nanomaterials. Then, the next section summarizes the applications of nanomaterial immobilized enzymes. A concluding section discusses the challenges and prospects of nanomaterial immobilized enzymes.     

内质网在纳米材料毒性效应形成中的作用及机制

随着纳米材料在食品、药物、生物医学等多领域的应用,其在生产使用过程中对人类健康的影响引起了广泛关注.内质网是蛋白质折叠与加工修饰、脂质合成以及Ca~(2+)储存的主要场所,是维护细胞内稳态的重要细胞器.内质网作为纳米材料的主要靶细胞器之一,在纳米材料引起的毒性效应中起重要作用.本文结合近年来国内外相关研究进展,阐述了纳米银(Ag-NPs)、纳米金(Au-NPs)、纳米二氧化钛(TiO_2-NPs)、纳米氧化锌(ZnO-NPs)、纳米二氧化硅(SiO_2-NPs)、富勒烯(C_(60))、单壁与多壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs/MWCNTs)以及石墨烯与氧化石墨烯(GO)等典型纳米材料对内质网结构与功能的影响,并归纳总结了内质网在不同纳米材料诱导的毒性效应中的作用及其异同点.纳米材料可通过引起内质网应激诱导细胞凋亡、炎症反应以及细胞自噬,还可通过激活IP_3信号通路诱导内质网Ca~(2+)释放激活钙依赖的细胞凋亡.纳米材料可在内质网中积累造成结构损伤及功能障碍,还可诱导内质网自噬.     

Molecular engineering of industrial enzymes: recent advances and future prospects

Many enzymes are efficiently produced by microbes. However, the use of natural enzymes as biocatalysts has limitations such as low catalytic efficiency, low activity, and low stability, especially under industrial conditions. Many protein engineering technologies have been developed to modify natural enzymes and eliminate these limitations. Commonly used protein engineering strategies include directed evolution, site-directed mutagenesis, truncation, and terminal fusion. This review summarizes recent advances in the molecular engineering of industrial enzymes and discusses future prospects in this field. We expect this review to increase interest in and advance the molecular engineering of industrial enzymes.     

Functional Superoxide Dismutase Mimics Become Diverse: From Simple Compounds on Prebiotic Earth to Nanozymes

Inorganic solids with enzyme-like activity are promising to overcome many restrictions of native enzymes in application.Especially attractive are nanoparticles with superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity,due to their ability to reduce the damaging properties of reactive oxygen species within cells and organism.This review discusses the necessary requirements for nanoparticles to have SOD activity and reveals a close relationship between catalysis on prebiotic earth and the recent SOD mimics.This review also aims to highlight the progress in the development of SOD mimicking nanoparticles.We give a broad overview of nanoparticles with SOD activity,based on their material make-up,to underline their increasing diversity.     

Site-directed chemically-modified magnetic enzymes: fabrication,improvements, biotechnological applications and future prospects

Numerous enzymes of biotechnological importance have been immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) via random multipoint attachment, resulting in a heterogeneous protein population with potential reduction in activity due to restriction of substrate access to the active site. Several chemistries are now available, where the modifier can be linked to a single specific amino acid in a protein molecule away from the active-site, thus enabling free access of the substrate. However, rarely these site-selective approaches have been applied to immobilize enzymes on nanoparticles. In this review, for the first time, we illustrate how to adapt site-directed chemical modification (SDCM) methods for immobilizing enzymes on iron-based MNP. These strategies are mainly chemical but may additionally require genetic and enzymatic methods. We critically examine each method and evaluate their scope for simple, quick, efficient, mild and economical immobilization of enzymes on MNP. The improvements in the catalytic properties of few available examples of immobilized enzymes are also discussed. We conclude the review with the applications and future prospects of site-selectively modified magnetic enzymes and potential benefits of this technology in improving enzymes, including cold-adapted homologues, modular enzymes, and CO₂-sequestering, as well as non-iron based nanomaterials.     

Nanoparticles as tools to study and control stem cells

The use of nanoparticles in stem cell research is relatively recent, although very significant in the last 5 years with the publication of about 400 papers. The recent advances in the preparation of some nanomaterials, growing awareness of material science and tissue engineering researchers regarding the potential of stem cells for regenerative medicine, and advances in stem cell biology have contributed towards the boost of this research field in the last few years. Most of the research has been focused in the development of new nanoparticles for stem cell imaging; however, these nanoparticles have several potential applications such as intracellular drug carriers to control stem cell differentiation and biosensors to monitor in real time the intracellular levels of relevant biomolecules/enzymes. This review examines recent advances in the use of nanoparticles for stem cell tracking, differentiation and biosensing. We further discuss their utility and the potential concerns regarding their cytotoxicity. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 746–752, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

纳米酶的抗菌作用及其机制研究进展

抗生素类药物的发现和使用给人类提供了抗击细菌感染的强大武器。但是,抗生素长期使用导致的细菌耐药问题限制了其在临床上的应用。开发新型的基于纳米酶(Nano-Enzyme)的新型抗菌剂为解决上述问题提供了新思路。将纳米酶可以归为两大类:一类是酶和纳米材料的复合材料;另一类是纳米材料本身具有类酶活性。因为银(Ag)纳米粒子是历史最悠久且研究最广泛的纳米抗菌剂,而且其抗菌机制多样化,因此将Ag纳米粒子的抗菌机制和最新进展单独论述。纳米抗菌剂可以组合多种抗菌机制协同抗菌,从而提高其抗菌性能。因此,在这篇综述中系统介绍了Ag纳米粒子和上述2种类型纳米抗菌剂的最新研究进展和抗菌机制,重点介绍了纳米材料的物理性质对抗菌活性和生物安全性的影响。最后,该综述还强调了该领域目前面临的问题和挑战,并对该领域的发展前景进行了展望。     

综述与专论: Functional Superoxide Dismutase Mimics Become Diverse: From Simple Compounds on Prebiotic Earth to Nanozymes

Inorganic solids with enzyme-like activity are promising to overcome many restrictions of native enzymes in application. Especially attractive are nanoparticles with superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, due to their ability to reduce the damaging properties of reactive oxygen species within cellsand organism. This review discusses the necessary requirements for nanoparticles with SOD activity and reveals a close relationship between catalysis on prebiotic earth and the recent SOD mimics. Furthermore, the review aims to highlight the progress in the development of SOD mimicking nanoparticles. We give a broad overview of nanoparticles with SOD activity, based on their materialmake-up, to underline their increasing diversity.