脂质组学分析方法进展及其在癌症研究中的应用

脂质占人体内源性代谢物的一半以上,种类繁多,结构复杂,因而具有多种生物功能,与多种生命活动密切相关。脂质组学是代谢组学分支的新兴学科,它可以通过比较不同生理状态下脂质含量的变化,寻找代谢通路中关键的脂质生物标志物,最终揭示脂质在各种生命活动中的作用机制。随着质谱技术的进步,脂质组学在疾病脂类生物标志物的识别、疾病诊断、药物作用机制的研究等方面已展现出广泛的应用前景。本文主要就脂质组学近几年的分析方法进展及其在癌症中的最新应用进行了综述。     

鸟枪脂组学研究进展及其应用

继基因组学之后,针对各种代谢物的组学研究蓬勃兴起,鸟枪脂组学(shotgun lipidom ics)作为脂类研究的重要新兴手段,在创立和初期发展的过程中便已经展示出惊人的潜力,随着相关技术的进一步完善和发展,必将成为系统生物学的组成部分,在生物医学的研究和应用中发挥难以替代的重要作用。鸟枪脂组学利用质谱技术对全部或单一脂类及其相关分子进行系统分析,研究其改变对生物体所产生的作用并探讨其作用机制。传统脂类分析中的瓶颈问题在以电喷射离子质谱为基础的脂组学方法出现后获得了突破,使脂类分析进入高通量、高精度和高效能的时代。脂类在生物体内分布广泛、种类众多,并且与人类疾病密切相关。将脂组学分析方法运用于疾病相关的特异脂类标志物的发现并揭示其在疾病发生发展等复杂过程中的作用,可能为疾病的诊断治疗提供新的思路和策略。     

脂质组学在毒理学研究中的应用

脂质作为细胞的主要组成部分,在细胞内物质运输、信号转导、细胞凋亡等多种生命活动中发挥重要作用。脂质组学通过对生物体内的脂质进行系统分析,从而了解其相互作用以及与其他生物分子之间的作用。主要介绍了脂质组学的研究方法,包括样品前处理方法、检测方法和仪器设备以及数据分析方法。同时,综述了脂质组学技术在神经毒性、肝脏毒性、免疫毒性以及内分泌干扰毒性中的研究进展,以期为研究化合物毒性作用机制提供思路和参考。最后,提出未来应利用脂质组学技术开展不同化合物的联合毒性作用研究,通过脂质组学筛选获得相关脂质生物标志物,为联合毒性作用的风险预警和相关毒性作用机制分析提供科学依据。     

代谢组学技术及其在毒理学研究领域中的应用

代谢组学是近几年发展起来的对某一生物或细胞所有低分子量代谢产物进行定性和定量分析的一门新学科,其研究对象主要是生物体液,研究手段主要是核磁共振和质谱。简要综述了代谢组学的概念、代谢组学在毒理学研究领域中的应用、当前代谢组学研究中存在的问题及今后的发展趋势,并探讨了代谢组学在研究毒物作用机制、药物的临床前安全性评价、确定毒物作用靶器官及器官特异性新的生物标志物中的实际应用。     

糖尿病肾病蛋白质组学研究进展

糖尿病肾病(diabetic kidney disease, DKD)是糖尿病的主要并发症之一,严重威胁人类健康与生命.截至目前, DKD的致病机制尚未阐释清楚,且临床常用诊断方法的灵敏性和准确性并不十分理想,从而导致DKD确诊后治疗方案的确定比一般性肾脏疾病更为棘手.蛋白质作为生命活动的主要承担者与体现者,直接参与和调控各种生命过程.从蛋白质组学水平开展DKD研究,能够从整体、动态、互作网络等视角探究该疾病相关分子机制.针对不同生理病理条件下的DKD临床样本开展蛋白质组学研究,可全面探查与DKD显著相关的关键蛋白质;通过对这些蛋白质进行深入分析和验证,能够更直观地理解DKD发生发展的分子机制,并获得DKD进程相关候选标志物和后续疾病的潜在治疗靶点,为DKD的早期诊断和治疗新方法的探究奠定基础.近年来,随着蛋白质组学技术的不断发展,在蛋白质分离、质谱鉴定、生物信息学分析等蛋白质组学核心技术基础上衍生出了许多新兴技术,进一步推动了蛋白质组学在疾病生物标志物筛选、致病分子机制揭示、药物作用蛋白质靶点等研究中的应用.本文基于蛋白质组学研究技术,主要从DKD致病机制研究、早期诊断潜在生物标志物筛选、治疗靶点及效果评估三个方面对蛋白质组学在DKD研究中的应用进展进行了系统性综述.尽管蛋白质组学在DKD研究中取得了长足的进步,但仍具有较大的发展空间,特别是现已识别的大量潜在DKD分子标志物的相关性分析、药物蛋白质作用靶点临床验证与应用将是DKD未来研究的重点.     

生物质谱鉴定中药活性成分靶标蛋白质的研究进展

传统中药具有毒副作用低,药物资源广泛,不易产生耐药性以及多靶点协同作用等优点.然而,中药临床应用中存在的作用物质基础不清,药物吸收、分布和代谢途径不确定,活性成分作用机制不明确等问题,在很大程度上限制了中药进一步的临床应用.因此,发现和确认中药活性成分的作用靶标,阐明中药活性成分的药效物质基础和分子作用机制是中药现代化研究中亟待解决的关键科学问题.基于软电离技术的生物质谱具有高灵敏度、高特异性、高通量、低样品消耗等优势,已成为现代药物发现领域药物靶标鉴定的有力工具,在中药活性成分靶标鉴定中也得到越来越多的应用.本文总结、评述近年来应用生物质谱分析新方法、新技术,筛选鉴定中药活性成分靶标蛋白的最新研究进展,旨在阐述生物质谱技术研究中药活性成分作用机制的基本策略和取得的研究成果,以期进一步促进生物质谱技术在中药现代化研究领域中的应用.     

基于代谢组学技术探讨特色傣药肾茶的“雅解”作用机制

中药代谢组学是本草基因组学重要的组成部分,基于代谢组学技术研究中药及民族药作用机理已成为中药现代化研究的重要手段之一.傣药为中国"四大民族药"之一,具有完善的理论体系,其中"雅解"理论是其最具特色的医药理论."雅解"为傣语,意译为解药;肾茶是傣药"解药"之一,傣族人民长期代茶饮,临床上具有显著的保健和"解毒"作用.本研究应用液相色谱-质谱联用技术检测给予正常大鼠(Rattus norvegicus)肾茶提取物后大鼠尿液和血清中代谢物的变化,质谱数据采用正交偏最小二乘法判别分析方法寻找正常组和给药组之间的代谢物差异,并通过变量重要性投影选取潜在生物标志物,结合质谱信息和数据库检索对潜在生物标志物进行鉴定,将鉴定到的生物标志物输入MetPA数据库中构建代谢通路和关联网络.结果表明,两组大鼠尿液和血清中代谢物模式识别得到了很好的区分,分别发现并鉴定了39个尿液的潜在生物标志物和26个血清的潜在生物标志物,尿液的生物标志物主要与三羧酸循环、氨基酸代谢、辅酶A生物合成、脂类代谢、嘌呤代谢、胆汁酸合成等13条代谢通路相关,血清的生物标记物主要与氨基酸生物合成、氨基酸代谢、脂类代谢等5条代谢通路相关.该研究发现,口服肾茶提取物后可能提高机体基础代谢水平及免疫能力,同时提高机体对毒素的分解能力从而发挥其"解毒"机制.本研究为阐明肾茶的"雅解"机制提供了科学依据,同时为扩大肾茶的临床应用以及傣药中其他"雅解"类品种的开发提供了借鉴,也为丰富传统医药中"治未病"理论的科学内涵提供了参考.     

生物质谱分析法在脂质组学的应用

脂质与许多慢性病(如糖尿病、高血压)和精神系统疾病(如阿尔茨海默病)等有关。脂质组学是以现代生物技术为手段,对生物体中的全脂质进行定性和定量的一门新兴学科。目前,生物质谱分析法是对脂质谱进行分析和定量的最有效方法,国内对脂质组学的系统研究还比较匮乏。综述脂质组学的概念与分类,探究不同的生物样品前处理方法,系统介绍近几年国际上生物质谱分析法在脂质组学的应用,并对脂质组学的发展趋势进行展望。     

Adioophilin在动脉粥样硬化中的作用机制

adipophilin是脂滴周围相关蛋白,能促进脂质蓄积和细胞内脂滴的形成,在泡沫细胞的形成中起到重要作用,是动脉粥样硬化脂质蓄积的一个标记物。但目前对其脂质蓄积机制的研究不是十分明确。本文对adipophilin在调节脂质蓄积过程中的机制做一综述,以期为动脉粥样硬化治疗提供新的理论依据和药物靶点,推动动脉粥样硬化治疗方法的发展。     

18O标记法在定量蛋白质组学中的应用

基于质谱技术去识别和检测蛋白质表达差异是一个热点,有助于生物过程和体系的分子机制的研究。近年来各种基于质谱技术的定量蛋白质组学研究方法发展较快,相对其他方法而言,18O标记法是一种较为理想、相对容易实现并且在不断完善的体外标记方法,最近在定量蛋白质组学研究中应用较多。现对18O标记法原理、特点以及技术方法的优化和应用进展进行综述。     

Surface analysis of lipids by mass spectrometry: More than just imaging

Mass spectrometry is now an indispensable tool for lipid analysis and is arguably the driving force in the renaissance of lipid research. In its various forms, mass spectrometry is uniquely capable of resolving the extensive compositional and structural diversity of lipids in biological systems. Furthermore, it provides the ability to accurately quantify molecular-level changes in lipid populations associated with changes in metabolism and environment; bringing lipid science to the “omics” age. The recent explosion of mass spectrometry-based surface analysis techniques is fuelling further expansion of the lipidomics field. This is evidenced by the numerous papers published on the subject of mass spectrometric imaging of lipids in recent years. While imaging mass spectrometry provides new and exciting possibilities, it is but one of the many opportunities direct surface analysis offers the lipid researcher. In this review we describe the current state-of-the-art in the direct surface analysis of lipids with a focus on tissue sections, intact cells and thin-layer chromatography substrates. The suitability of these different approaches towards analysis of the major lipid classes along with their current and potential applications in the field of lipid analysis are evaluated.     

Mass-spectrometry based oxidative lipidomics and lipid imaging: applications in traumatic brain injury

Lipids, particularly phospholipids, are fundamental to CNS tissue architecture and function. Endogenous polyunsaturated fatty acid chains of phospholipids possess cis-double bonds each separated by one methylene group. These phospholipids are very susceptible to free-radical attack and oxidative modifications. A combination of analytical methods including different versions of chromatography and mass spectrometry allows detailed information to be obtained on the content and distribution of lipids and their oxidation products thus constituting the newly emerging field of oxidative lipidomics. It is becoming evident that specific oxidative modifications of lipids are critical to a number of cellular functions, disease states and responses to oxidative stresses. Oxidative lipidomics is beginning to provide new mechanistic insights into traumatic brain injury which may have significant translational potential for development of therapies in acute CNS insults. In particular, selective oxidation of a mitochondria-specific phospholipid, cardiolipin, has been associated with the initiation and progression of apoptosis in injured neurons thus indicating new drug discovery targets. Furthermore, imaging mass-spectrometry represents an exciting new opportunity for correlating maps of lipid profiles and their oxidation products with structure and neuropathology. This review is focused on these most recent advancements in the field of lipidomics and oxidative lipidomics based on the applications of mass spectrometry and imaging mass spectrometry as they relate to studies of phospholipids in traumatic brain injury.     

基于电喷雾电离串联质谱技术的植物脂质组学研究进展

研究表明,脂质不但参与植物的信号转导、小泡运输、细胞骨架重组等多种细胞过程,而且在植物的生长发育和胁迫反应中具有重要作用．但是脂质本身的多样性、复杂性、以及分析手段的滞后限制了人们对脂质的深入认识．电喷雾电离串联质谱(ESI-MS/MS)技术作为一种直接进样的高通量分析技术,能够在短时间内对大多数脂质的不同分子种进行定量分析,极大地方便了人们了解植物因环境变化和生长发育引起的组织内脂质分子种的微量变化．近年来,该技术在植物上的成功应用,推动植物脂质组学研究取得了重要进展,揭示出脂质在植物的逆境胁迫反应、防御反应中的多种功能,促进了植物脂质代谢相关基因的鉴定．而且,该技术与其他脂质分析技术结合,促使人们在脂质的分布、运输、转化和新脂质种类的鉴定方面有新的进展．概要介绍了ESI-MS/MS技术的特点,重点综述了该技术在植物脂质组学研究中的应用进展,并展望了该技术今后的发展方向.     

An Arabidopsis lipid map reveals differences between tissues and dynamic changes throughout development

Mass spectrometry is the predominant analytical tool used in the field of plant lipidomics. However, there are many challenges associated with the mass spectrometric detection and identification of lipids because of the highly complex nature of plant lipids. Studies into lipid biosynthetic pathways, gene functions in lipid metabolism, lipid changes during plant growth and development, and the holistic examination of the role of plant lipids in environmental stress responses are often hindered. Here, we leveraged a robust pipeline that we previously established to extract and analyze lipid profiles of different tissues and developmental stages from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We analyzed seven tissues at several different developmental stages and identified more than 200 lipids from each tissue analyzed. The data were used to create a web-accessible in silico lipid map that has been integrated into an electronic Fluorescent Pictograph (eFP) browser. This in silico library of Arabidopsis lipids allows the visualization and exploration of the distribution and changes of lipid levels across selected developmental stages. Furthermore, it provides information on the characteristic fragments of lipids and adducts observed in the mass spectrometer and their retention times, which can be used for lipid identification. The Arabidopsis tissue lipid map can be accessed at http://bar.utoronto.ca/efp_arabidopsis_lipid/cgi-bin/efpWeb.cgi .     

Applications of nuclear magnetic resonance in lipid analyses: An emerging powerful tool for lipidomics studies

The role of lipids in cell, tissue, and organ physiology is crucial; as many diseases, including cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative, and infectious diseases, are closely related to absorption and metabolism of lipids. Mass spectrometry (MS) based methods are the most developed powerful tools to study the synthetic pathways and metabolic networks of cellular lipids in biological systems; leading to the birth of an emerging subject lipidomics, which has been extensively reviewed. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), another powerful analytical tool, which allows the visualization of single atoms and molecules, is receiving increasing attention in lipidomics analyses. However, very little work focusing on lipidomic studies using NMR has been critically reviewed. This paper presents a first comprehensive summary of application of ¹H, ¹³C & ³¹P NMR in lipids and lipidomics analyses. The scientific basis, principles and characteristic diagnostic peaks assigned to specific atoms/molecular structures of lipids are presented. Applications of 2D NMR in mapping and monitoring of the components and their changes in complex lipids systems, as well as alteration of lipid profiling over disease development are also reviewed. The applications of NMR lipidomics in diseases diagnosis and food adulteration are exemplified.     

Membrane lipidomics for the discovery of new antiparasitic drug targets

Advances in lipid separation methods and mass spectrometry technologies allow the fine characterization of the lipidome of parasites, ranging from unicellular protists to worms, which cause threatening infections in vertebrates, including humans. Specific lipid structures or lipid metabolic pathways can inspire the development of novel antiparasitic drugs. Changes in the lipid balance in membranes of parasites can also provide clues on the dynamics of drugs and some mechanisms of drug resistance. This review highlights recent trends in parasite lipidomics, combined with functional analyses, for the discovery of novel targets and the development of novel drugs.     

Analysis of unsaturated lipids by ozone-induced dissociation

Recent developments in analytical technologies have driven significant advances in lipid science. The sensitivity and selectivity of modern mass spectrometers can now provide for the detection and even quantification of many hundreds of lipids in a single analysis. In parallel, increasing evidence from structural biology suggests that a detailed knowledge of lipid molecular structure including carbon-carbon double bond position, stereochemistry and acyl chain regiochemistry is required to fully appreciate the biochemical role(s) of individual lipids. Here we review the capabilities and limitations of tandem mass spectrometry to provide this level of structural specificity in the analysis of lipids present in complex biological extracts. In particular, we focus on the capabilities of a novel technology termed ozone-induced dissociation to identify the position(s) of double bonds in unsaturated lipids and discuss its possible role in efforts to develop workflows that provide for complete structure elucidation of lipids by mass spectrometry alone: so-called top-down lipidomics.