化肥种类对不同品种菜心吸收累积Cd的影响

用盆栽试验研究了不同形态Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ肥对菜心（Ｂｒａｓｓｉｃａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）吸收Ｃｄ的影响以及华南地区多个菜心品种对Ｃｄ的吸收累积的差异．结果表明,化肥形态主要影响土壤ｐＨ、水溶性和交换性Ｃｄ含量．５个品种菜心茎叶Ｃｄ浓度高低顺序为：迟菜心２号≥四九菜心１９号＞迟菜心２９号≥特青菜心８０天＞特青菜心６０天．水培试验表明,特青６０天单位根表面积吸Ｃｄ速率和向地上部的迁移率比迟菜心２号低．     

农作物Cd耐性的种内和种间差异Ⅱ．种内差

对２８个小麦、１４个大豆品种（或品系）的幼苗培养试验表明,作物对Ｃｄ的耐性具有明显的种内差异;耐性品种与其吸收Ｃｄ相对较少或向地上部运移比例较低有关;部分品种虽吸收Ｃｄ量较高,但仍能正常生长,推断其具有使Ｃｄ转化为活性较低形态,从而减轻毒害的机制．     

表土干旱和根信号对春小麦产量形成的影响

本实验模拟大田条件,探讨一定程度水分亏缺下春小麦能否产生非水力根信号,以及对春小麦产量形成的影响．用３ 个春小麦品种,３ 个水分处理：充分供水（ＣＴ） ,上层供水（ＤＩｕ） 和上层干旱下层供水（ＤＩｄ） ．出苗后１７ ～２８ｄ ,非充分供水处理出现了植物叶片水势未显著改变而气孔导度和蒸腾作用却显著下降的现象,这是非水力根信号的典型特征．随着时间的推移,植物叶片水势同对照处理相比显著下降．在本试验的３ 个品种中,Ｂ品种上层根系的比根重（ＳＲＷ,单位根长的根重） 在出苗后３４ｄ 和出苗后５４ｄ 较Ａ、Ｃ品种高,且在出苗后５４ｄ上层根重的绝对量也显著高于Ａ、Ｃ品种的对应处理,对Ｂ品种获得较高的产量十分有利．Ｃ品种同Ａ、Ｂ品种相比,在出苗后３４ｄ 和５４ｄ,ＤＩｕ 处理中总根重、总根长分别向上层根重和上层根长分配的比例较Ａ、Ｂ 品种高,中层根重和中层根长的相对较低;而ＤＩｄ 处理中表现的趋势正好相反．以上表明Ｃ 品种对浅层土壤水分十分敏感,其根系的可塑性较强,也反映了其较高的根信号敏感性．相对而言,Ａ 品种和Ｂ 品种根系的可塑性较弱,但这两个品种的籽粒产量显著高于Ｃ 品种．     

杂交稻核酮糖二磷酸羧化酶的动力学性质

在ｐＨ８．０和３０Ｃ的条件下测定了杂交稻ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶的动力学常数,纯化酶测定值与粗酶快速测定值无明显差异。１２种不同组合的三系杂交稻其ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶动力学常数差不大,Ｋｍ（ＣＯ２）和Ｔｍａｘ的平均值与普通栽培品种也无显著差异。杂交稻汕优６３号ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶的动力学常数和酶蛋白含量与父本恢复系相类似,枰本不育系的Ｔｍａｘ和酶蛋白含量均较高。     

属间远缘杂交水稻乳熟期间茎鞘糖类贮藏物质含量的比较

４个盆栽水稻材料乳熟期剪叶、剪穗处理均显著降低茎鞘内贮藏物质含量及器官干重;茎杆总糖含量由焉对上逐渐减少,属间远缘杂交水稻茎鞘内贮藏物质含量显著高于三系杂交组合汕优６３和常规品种圭６３０,奠定了属间远缘杂交水稻远诱１号和遗传工程冰稻１号穗大粒多组结实良好的物质基础。     

杂交稻核酮糖二磷酸羧化酶的动力学性质

在ｐＨ８．０和３０℃的条件下测定了杂交稻ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶的动力学常数,纯化酶测定值与粗酶快速测定值无明显差异。１２种不同组合的三系杂交稻（Ｆ１）其ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶动力学常数差异不大,Ｋｍ（ＣＯ２）和Ｖｍａｘ的平均值与普通栽培品种也无显著差异。杂交稻汕优６３号ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶的动力学常数和酶蛋白含量与父本恢复系相类似,而母本不育系的Ｖｍａｘ和酶蛋白含量均较高。     

土壤干旱对水稻叶片光合速率和碳酸酐酶活性的影响

以适应性广的水稻品种“汕优６３”为材料,具有较高的光合速率但适应性较差的品系“ＮＡＵ３０３”为对照,比较不同阶段的叶片光合机构对于干旱处理的适应性。结果表明“汕优６３”具有较广泛的适应性,在逆境条件下仍能维持较高的光合速率,这可能和叶片中碳酸酐酶活性对境的响应程度高有关。这种对干旱逆境的适应性反应只在叶片光合功能的可逆衰退阶段发生。     

不同镉污染土壤下水稻镉富集与转运效率

选取适合湖南种植的48个水稻品种(系)在中轻度和重度镉污染土壤上进行盆栽试验,通过分析水稻籽粒产量、各器官富集系数、转运系数及植株净化效率,探明不同镉污染土壤对水稻镉富集、转运及净化效率的影响。结果表明:中轻度和重度镉污染土壤下糙米Cd含量、籽粒产量分别为0.010~0.048 mg·kg~(-1)、96.63~152.55 g·盆~(-1)和0.105~0.476mg·kg~(-1)、101.10~165.12 g·盆~(-1),重度镉污染土壤明显促进糙米镉含量增加,但对籽粒产量影响不大;中轻度和重度镉污染土壤下糙米镉富集效率和产量均不存在显著相关性;依据产量和糙米镉富集效率进行聚类分析,将所有品种在中轻度镉污染土壤下分为低镉低产组、低镉高产组;重度镉污染土壤分为高镉低产组、高镉高产组;两种镉污染土壤水稻各器官镉富集大小顺序均为糙米叶茎秆根系,转运效率则为土-根茎-叶茎-糙米根-茎,土壤镉主要转运至根部并富集于根部;水稻镉富集及转运效率受产量因素影响较小,但受土壤镉浓度影响较大;重度镉污染土壤明显增强水稻各器官镉富集和根-糙米各环节镉转运效率,较中轻度镉污染土壤增幅显著;水稻根部的净化效率远高于地上部分。     

籼稻和粳稻品种糙米矿质营养对开放式空气CO_2浓度升高的响应

基于FACE(free-air CO_2enrichment)试验平台,以籼稻IIY084与粳稻WYJ23为试验对象,连续两年(2013、2014)研究糙米产量和矿质元素(Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Ni、Se)含量对CO_2浓度升高的响应。结果表明,CO_2浓度升高条件下,IIY084与WYJ23籽粒和糙米产量增加,其中,糙米两年平均增产34.3%和16.3%。CO_2浓度升高连续两年降低IIY084糙米中Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Ni、Se含量,其两年平均分别降低了10.4%、13.4%、15.5%、11.7%、25.7%、3.2%,而WYJ23糙米中矿质营养含量未出现一致的下降现象。其中,2014年糙米Mn、Cu、Zn和Ni含量对CO_2浓度升高的负响应达到显著水平(P0.05)。此外,糙米Fe(P0.1,2014)、Mn(P0.01,2013和2014)、Cu(P0.1,2014)、Zn(P0.01,2013和2014)、Ni(P0.01,2014)、Se(P0.05,2013; P0.01,2014)含量在水稻品种间存在显著性差异。CO_2浓度升高不同程度地增加糙米中矿质元素积累量,6种元素两年平均增加2.1%～29.2%(IIY084)和12.8%～19.3%(WYJ23)。可见,CO_2浓度升高条件下,IIY084糙米中矿质元素含量较WYJ23有更明显的下降趋势,导致食用IIY084较WYJ23有更大的Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Ni、Se缺乏风险。因而,在确保粮食安全而进行增产品种选育时,应该优先选择矿质营养品质较高的水稻品种。     

不同穗型粳稻品种产量和品质性状的比较分析

利用不同穗型粳稻品种,在不同氮肥水平下对产量性状和品质性状进行了比较.试验结果表明,随着施氮水平的提高,直立穗型品种产量增加幅度大于半直立和弯曲穗型品种,但产量构成因素的变化趋势,在各种穗型品种间变化基本一致.随着施氮量的增加,3种穗型品种的糙米率、精米率和整精米率均增加,而垩白率的变化在不同穗型品种间不相一致.直立穗型品种较半直立和弯曲穗型品种,胶稠度相对较硬,蛋白质含量较高,并且对氮素的反应较敏感.     

超高产杂交稻不同生育期的光合色素含量、净光合速率和水分利用效率

 较为系统地研究了两个超高产杂交稻‘两优培九’、‘华安3号’和多年来大面积推广的常规杂交稻‘汕优63’不同生育期的光合色素含量、净光合速率和水分利用效率。结果表明,在苗期,3个杂交稻的单位叶面积的叶绿素（Chl）含量差别不大,类胡萝卜素（Car）的含量以‘汕优63’为最高。然而,随着发育阶段的推进,到分蘖期,尤其是抽穗期剑叶的单位叶面积Chl和Car含量,两个超高产杂交稻高于‘汕优63’。从苗期到抽穗期,超高产杂交稻‘两优培九’和‘华安3号’的净光合速率（Pn）都比‘汕优63’高,而在苗期的午间强光条件下和分蘖期的早晨以及抽穗期的早晚相对弱光条件下其Pn的差别尤为显著。在苗期,‘汕优63’的水分利用效率（WUE）略高于‘两优培九’和‘华安3号’;到分蘖期和抽穗期,在上午10时之前和下午14时以后的时间段,则是两个超高产杂交稻明显高于‘汕优63’。这些结果说明,超高产杂交稻‘两优培九’和‘华安3号’不仅有较高的Pn和较强的抗光抑制能力,而且还能充分利用早晨和傍晚较弱的光强进行光合作用,这些是它们之所以高产的重要生理基础。此外,超高产杂交稻在生长发育的中后期（分蘖期和抽穗期）具有较高的WUE,有利于节约农业用水。     

不同水稻品种产量形成过程的能量积累与热值特征

通过测定晚季稻汕优63 (三系杂交稻)、两优2186（两系杂交稻）和IR64（常规稻）生长过程中的干物质和热值,研究了不同水稻品种生长过程中的热值动态和能量固定特征.结果表明,完熟期汕优63、两优2186和IR64 3种水稻的干物质积累量分别为1926.38、1933.80和1842.30 g·m^-2,能量积累量分别为31137.05、31060.63和30454.89 kJ·m^-2,不同水稻品种的干物质及能量积累量间无显著差异.在灌浆过程中,汕优63、两优2186和IR64总的能量表观转化率分别为38.95%、 28.38%和32.66%,汕优63和IR64的能量流动比两优2186顺畅,两优2186茎器官能量输出受阻.完熟期3种水稻分配到籽粒中的能量依次占53.03%、46.43%和50.11%,三系杂交稻汕优63具有能量分配优势.热值分析表明,3种水稻各生育期间的热值平均值间无显著差异;不同器官热值大小依次为：叶＞籽粒＞鞘＞茎＞根,热值范围为：叶16.81～17.25 kJ·g^-1,籽粒15.89～16.54 kJ·g^-1,鞘14.33～15.49 kJ·g^-1,茎14.23～15.15 kJ·g^-1,根11.51～13.25 kJ·g^-1,叶片的热值显著高于其它器官,而根的热值显著低于其它器官.水稻叶片热值与其碳含量、叶绿素a含量、氮含量存在显著正相关,确定系数R²分别为0.609、0.471和0.485.     

Midday photoinhibition of two newly developed super-rice hybrids

Super-rice hybrids are two-line hybrid rice cultivars with 15 to 20 % higher yields than the raditional three-line hybrid rice cultivars. Response of photosynthetic functions to midday photoinhibition was compared between seedlings of the traditional hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) Shanyou63 and two super-rice hybrids, Hua-an3 and Liangyoupeijiu. Under strong midday sunlight, in comparison with Shanyou63, the two super-rice hybrids were less photoinhibited, as indicated by the lower loss of the net photosynthetic rate (P _N), the quantum yield of photosystem 2 (Φ_PS2), and the maximum and effective quantum yield of PS2 photochemistry (F_v/F_m and F_v′/F_m′). They also had a much higher transpiration rate. Hence the super-rice hybrids could protect themselves against midday photoinhibition at the cost of water. The photoprotective de-epoxidized xanthophyll cycle components, antheraxanthin (A) and zeaxanthin (Z), were accumulated more in Hua-an3 and Liangyoupeijiu than in Shanyou63, but the size of xanthophyll cycle pool of the seedlings was not affected by midday photoinhibition. Compared to Shanyou63, the super-rice hybrids were better photoprotected under natural high irradiance stress and the accumulation of Z and A, not the size of the xanthophyll pool protected the rice hybrids against photoinhibition.     

硅介导的水稻对二化螟幼虫钻蛀行为的影响

采用对二化螟敏感(汕优63)和中抗(盐丰47)的水稻品种,设置硅酸钙处理,观察二化螟蚁螟和三龄幼虫在不同处理稻茎上的钻蛀率、蛀入率和蛀入耗时,同时测定不同处理植株的硅细胞数量及植株与土壤的二氧化硅含量,旨在明确水稻施用硅肥对二化螟幼虫钻蛀行为的影响以及这种影响在不同龄期幼虫和不同抗虫性水稻品种间是否存在差异。蚁螟和三龄幼虫钻蛀率随硅肥施用量增加而降低(幅度为5%—28%)。蚁螟蛀入率在硅肥处理之间和水稻品种之间均没有差异;三龄幼虫蛀入率随硅肥施用量增加而显著下降10%—40%,盐丰47上的蛀入率显著低于汕优63(差异10%—30%)。蚁螟蛀入耗时随硅肥施用量增加而显著延长,三龄幼虫蛀入耗时与品种抗性有显著关系。稻茎硅含量随硅肥施用量增加而增大,并且与三龄幼虫蛀入率呈负相关、与三龄幼虫蛀入耗时呈正相关关系。因此,施用硅肥可直接抑制二化螟幼虫钻蛀,蛀入耗时的延长可间接地延长幼虫暴力于其它防治措施的时间;施用硅肥对三龄幼虫成功蛀入的影响大于对蚁螟的影响;相对于抗虫品种,施用硅肥能在更大程度上增强感虫品种对二化螟幼虫钻蛀行为的抑制作用。     

Comparative Analysis of the Endosperm Proteins Separated by 2-D Electrophoresis for Two Cultivars of Hybrid Rice （Oryza sativa L,）

Liangyoupeijiu is a two-parental-line, and Shanyou63 is a three-parental-line hybrid rice （Oryza sativa L.）. Although both belong to the indica subspecies, they have obvious differences with respect to morphology, physiology and grain quality. Variations in endosperm protein compositions were studied by comparing the 2-D electrophoresis （2-DE） maps for these two cultivars of hybrid rice. After matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF/MS） analysis, a 21-kDa precursor of 19- kDa globulin was identified as the major storage protein for both cultivars. Some isoforms of peroxiredoxin and seed maturation protein were found to only exist in Shanyou63, whereas aldose reductase and starch granule-bound starch synthase were only detected in Liangyoupeijiu. These data might provide a foundation for further comparative studies of these two cultivars of hybrid rice.     

超高产水稻组合‘培矮64S/E32’的耐光氧化特性及其机理

甲基紫精（MV）介导的光氧化导致两个水稻品种‘汕优63’(目前我国大面积推广的杂交水稻)和‘培矮64S/E32’（新培育的超高产杂交水稻）细胞电解质渗漏率都增加,前者增加的量大于后者,显示‘培矮64S/E32’的细胞膜系统受光氧化的伤害小。光氧化条件下,‘培矮64S/E32’仍能维持较高的光合放氧能力（Amax、Φi）、PSⅡ活性（Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ）和叶绿素荧光猝灭系数（qP、NPQ）,而且光氧化引起‘培矮64S/E32’这些参数的下降幅度也小。另外,光氧化导致了两个水稻品种抗氧化酶SOD和APX活性增加,‘培矮64S/E32’增加的幅度约为‘汕优63’的3倍。结果表明超高产水稻具有更强的耐光氧化能力。     

Possible correlation between high temperature-induced floret sterility and endogenous levels of IAA,GAs and ABA in rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

In order to explore the possible physiological mechanism of high temperature induced sterility in rice, we examined the floret sterility and endogenous plant growth regulator contents in pollens of two hybrid rice cultivars Shanyou63 and Teyou559 that are tolerant and susceptible to high temperature, respectively. Indexes of floret sterility, pollen activity, and variation of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acids (GAs), abscisic acid (ABA), free proline and soluble proteins in anthers were measured. We found that during the course of high temperature treatment, both cultivars exhibited a marked decrease in pollen activity, pollen germination and floret fertility; however, the high temperature tolerant Shanyou63 showed a much slower rate of decrease than the high temperature susceptible Teyou559. In addition, anthers of both cultivars displayed a decrease in the contents of IAA, GAs, free proline and soluble proteins but an increase in the ABA content. Yet compared to Teyou559, Shanyou63 retained significantly higher levels of free praline and GAs and a lower level of ABA, along with higher pollen vigour and pollen germination rate even after prolonged high temperature treatment. Our study suggests a possible correlation between pollen viability/floret sterility and high temperature-caused changes in IAA, GAs, ABA, free proline and soluble protein contents. The severity in these changes may reflect the variation of rice cultivars in their heat stress sensitivities for floret development.     

Photoinhibition and Photooxidation in Leaves of indica and  japonica Rice Under Different Temperatures and Light Intensities

Physiological indices related to the efficiency （ Fv/Fm ） of light energy conversion in PSⅡ and the peroxidation of membrane lipid were measured in leaves of Oryza sativa L. sp. indica rice cv. “Shanyou 63” and sp. japonica rice cv. “9516” under different temperatures and light intensities for 4 days. No changes in Fv/Fm and membrane lipid peroxidation product (MDA) were observed, so neither photoinhibition nor photooxidation happened in both rice cultivars under moderate temperature and medium light intensity. However, Fv/Fm dropped obviously with no change in MDA contents, and photoinhibition appeared in indica rice cv. “Shanyou 63” under medium temperature and strong light intensity. Furthermore, both photoinhibition and photooxidation were observed in two rice cultivars under chilling temperature and strong light intensity. Experiments with inhibitors under chilling temperature and strong light intensity showed that indica rice had a decrease in D1 protein content and SOD activity, and the extent of inhibition of xanthophyll cycle and nonphotochemical quenching ( qN ) was larger, and a higher level of MDA was observed. The photoinhibition and photooxidation in indica rice were more distinct as compared with japonica rice. The authors suggested that PSⅡ light energy conversion efficiency ( Fv/Fm ) and membrane lipid peroxidation were the key indices for the detection of photooxidation.     

UV-B辐射增强对水稻生长发育及其产量形成的影响

在盆载条件下,研究UV-B辐射（280-320nm）增强对3个不同类型水稻品种（组合）的生长发育及其产量构成的影响。结果表明,UV-B辐射增强明显抑制水稻生长,使株高变矮、分蘖数减少、叶面积和干物质量下降,但其抑制程度依品种、水稻所处的生长阶段的不同而不同;株高在苗期下降幅度最大,为9.4%-12.2%,干物质量在分蘖期下降幅度最大,地下部和地上部干物质量分别下降45.3%-59.8%、54.9%-59.0%,增强的UV-B辐射使水稻主茎不同叶位的出叶时间延迟,生育期延长,汕优63、南川、IR65600-85的抽穗时间分别比对照延迟2d、3d和7d,成熟期分别推迟3d、4d和9d,UV-B辐射增强明显降低水稻叶片的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,叶片叶绿素a荧光诱导动力学参数Fv、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo下降,与对照相比,汕优6.3、南川、IR65600-85叶片的净光合速率分别下降了11.9%、12.8%、29.7%,UV-B辐射增强使水稻每株有效穗、每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重下降,最终导致水稻籽粒产量下降25.2%-31.1%。     

Relationship Between PSⅡExcitation Pressure and Content of Super High-Yielding Hybrid Rice

The changes in photochemical features of PhotosystemⅡ(PSⅡ) and contents of Rubisco large subunit (RLS) and small subunit (RSS) in flag leaf from 75DAS to 113DAS (from filling to harvesting stages) were investigated in two hybrid rices (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Liangyoupeijiu and cv. Shanyou 63 grown in the field. Liangyoupeijiu is a super high-yielding rice and Shanyou 63 has widely been planted in China in these years. The results indicate that soluble protein and chlorophyll in both cultivars degraded slowly at first and dramatically thereafter. The degradation speed of soluble protein in Shanyou 63 was faster than that in Liangyoupeijiu. Both Fv/Fm and qP decreased in parallel with leaf senescence, whereas qN fell at first and then rose. No significant change in excitation pressure (1-qP ) was found before 89DAS but a sharply increase in both cultivars after it occurred. Excitation pressure rose more rapidly in Shanyou 63 than that in Liangyoupeijiu. The changes of RLS and RSS content exhibited the same trend as that of soluble protein content. A better linear correlation between RLS, RSS degradation and elevation of (1-qP ) were shown in both cultivars. We suggest that the increase in PSⅡ excitation pressure possibly induced the quick senescence process in rice flag leaf. The high-yielding of Liangyoupeijiu may be due to its maintenance of stronger photosynthetic capacity, longer and more stable photosynthetic functional du-ration than that of Shanyou 63.