基于MaxEnt模型的黄河三角洲滨海湿地优势植物群落潜在分布模拟

采用千米网格的方法,对黄河三角洲滨海湿地进行土壤采样和植被群落调查,利用MaxEnt模型和GIS空间分析技术,模拟该地区优势物种的潜在分布,定量分析优势物种的主导环境影响因子及其生态位参数.结果表明: 黄河三角洲滨海湿地的优势物种为柽柳、芦苇和盐地碱蓬.影响柽柳、芦苇和盐地碱蓬潜在分布的主导环境因子分别为硝态氮、盐分、坡度、镁、海拔和铵态氮,硝态氮、盐分、全磷、pH、海拔和铵态氮,硝态氮、盐分和铵态氮.黄河三角洲滨海湿地优势物种的存在概率与盐分呈正相关,与其他主导环境影响因子呈负相关.黄河三角洲滨海湿地优势物种的潜在核心适生区主要分布在滨海地区,芦苇的分布范围较柽柳和盐地碱蓬更广泛.     

新疆阜康绿洲荒漠过渡带主要植物种的生态位分析

采用Levins公式和王刚生态重叠计测方法,对新疆阜康绿洲荒漠过渡带中的7个植物种,分别从群落梯度和3个单一生态因子（土壤水分维,土壤盐分维,土壤酸碱度维）上对其生态位分化进行了定量分析。结果如下：（1）在群落梯度上,生态位大小依次为红砂（0.7010）,梭梭（0.6434）,角果藜（0.4774）,雾冰藜（0.3745）,盐爪爪（0.3541）,叉毛蓬（0.3354）和碱蓬（0.2769）;（2）红砂在土壤水分、土壤盐分、土壤酸碱度维上的生态位分别为0.5274,0.6039和0.3620,梭梭在这3维上分别为03320,0.3083和0.5103,从生态位宽度看,红砂和梭梭处于优势种地位,其余为非优势种;（3）每个物种在群落梯度上的生态位宽度基本大于在上述3个资源轴上的平均生态位;（4）红砂与梭梭在土壤盐分维上的生态位重叠最大（0.4203）。表明了这两个优势种在利用土壤盐分方面有相似的特性。     

水盐环境梯度下翅碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)的生态阈值

在对翅碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)生物量、密度、株高、盖度、多度相关性分析的基础上选取了生物量作为翅碱蓬生物指标,利用高斯模型分析了黄河三角洲翅碱蓬种群沿水深、土壤盐分的生态阈值,翅碱蓬最适水深为-0.42m,水深生态阈值区间为[-0 92,0.08](m),水深最适生态阈值区间为[-0.67,-0.17](m);最适土壤盐分为12.71 g/kg左右,其盐分生态阈值区间为[5 17,20.25](g/kg),盐分最适生态阈值区间为[8.94,16.48](g/kg).通过分析不同实验区的水盐关系及其交互作用,探讨了水盐交互作用对翅碱蓬生长的影响.最后,通过离差平方和聚类分析,将3个实验区69个样地划分为7类.随着水深和盐分的梯度变化,7类样地的翅碱蓬群落呈现明显的演替.     

黄河三角洲湿地草本植被的双变量主坐标排序

利用双向指示种（TWINSPAN）分类技术将黄河三角洲湿地草本植被划分为7个群落类型,然后应用双变量主坐标分析（double principal coordinate analysis, DPCoA）法对其进行排序,结果表明：在物种组成上,芦苇＋盐地碱蓬群落为芦苇群落和盐地碱蓬＋芦苇群落、盐地碱蓬群落、盐地碱蓬＋补血草＋碱蓬群落、补血草群落的过渡类型,而芦苇＋穗状狐尾藻群落与其他群落类型差异较大;黄河三角洲湿地草本植被的分布主要与土壤因子中的土壤盐分、土壤pH等紧密相关,而与土壤全磷、全氮、有机质等养分无显著相关关系。将DPCoA和其他一些常用的植被排序方法进行了比较,相对于主分量分析（PCA）和除趋势对应分析（DCA）而言,DPCoA信息保留量更高,能够将物种组成和类别上较为接近的植物群落聚集在一起,而将差异较大的植物群落在排序图中分散开来,在揭示群落间相互关系以及植被与环境之间关系上可能更为有效。     

放牧影响下羊草草地主要植物种群生态位宽度与生态位重叠的研究

本文采用Shannon—Wiener和Pianka公式,在土壤水分、土壤含盐量和土壤有机质含量三维生态因子梯度上测定了松嫩草原碱化羊草草地放牧演替系列12种主要植物种群的生态位宽度和生态位重叠。结果表明,植物种群长期适应由放牧引起的群落和土壤环境因子梯度变化是种群生态位分化的主要原因。优势种羊草种群生态位宽度最大,三维上生态位宽度分别为0.910、0.869和0.930。五脉山黧豆和湿生植物生态位宽度均很窄。增加种表现出较强的适应环境能力,生态位宽度都较大。在放牧演替的先锋植物中,只有虎尾草生态位宽度较大(三维上平均0.707),角碱蓬和星星草种群生态位宽度均很窄。生态位宽度较大的物种与其它种群间生态位重叠较大。分布于相同或相邻放牧阶段及具有相同或相似环境要求的物种间生态位重叠较大。放牧条件下,羊草群落的演替过程也就是种群生态位分化的过程。     

阜康荒漠植被灌木与半灌木种群生态位的研究

 通过测算三维生态因子梯度上阜康荒漠植被灌木与半灌木种群的生态位宽度和生态位重叠,结果表明;阜康荒漠植被灌木、半灌木按生态位宽度可分成4类,类群Ⅰ包括红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)和梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron);类群Ⅱ包括白刺(Nitraria sibirica)、盐爪爪(Kalidium foliatum)、囊果碱蓬(Suaeda physophora)、里海盐爪爪(K．caspicum);类群Ⅲ包括多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)、长穗柽柳(T．elongata)、短穗柽柳(T．laxa)和无叶假木贼(Anabasis aphylla);类群Ⅳ包括黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum)、粗枝猪毛菜(Salsola subcrassa)和盐节木(Halocnemum strobilaceum)。根据生态位重叠矩阵,红砂和梭梭间生态位重叠较大;盐爪爪、囊果碱蓬、里海盐爪爪、多枝柽柳、长穗柽柳间重叠较大;白刺、短穗柽柳、无叶假木贼、黑果枸杞、粗枝猪毛菜和盐节木与其它种的重叠值均较小。     

荒漠草原带盐碱地优势植物生态位与种间联结

盐碱地是荒漠草原带常见的生境类型之一。本文采用生态位测度、方差比率法、基于2×2列联表的χ~2检验和Ochiai指数的方法,研究了位于荒漠草原带的陕西定边花马池盐湖附近植物群落中26个优势物种、325个种对间水、盐梯度下生态位和种间关联性,探讨了生态位重叠与种间关联性的关系。结果表明:(1)在土壤水、盐梯度上,细枝盐爪爪(Kalidium gracile)、黄毛头(Kalidium cuspidatum)和碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)生态位宽度值均较大,为荒漠草原带盐碱地的主要建群种。(2)生态位较窄的物种之间生态位重叠值较高,共同竞争有限的资源;生态位较宽的物种之间生态位重叠值相对较高,存在竞争关系;而盐角草(Salicornia europaea)和盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)生态位均较宽,但与其他物种重叠程度较低,竞争较弱。(3)优势物种总体联结性为极显著的正联结,但Ochiai指数大于0.6的种对数只占总种对数的17.85%,表明该群落处于相对稳定的演替阶段,但种间关联程度不紧密。(4)土壤水、盐梯度上的生态位重叠值均与Ochiai指数呈极显著的正相关关系,且盐分梯度上相关程度高于水分梯度,但仅通过生态位重叠与联结指数的回归关系难以完全揭示种间联结的内在机制。     

三种蒿草群落中若干植物种的生态位宽度与重叠分析

本文利用Ｌｅｖｉｎｓ和Ｐｉａｎｋａ公式,在多维生态因子梯度上测定了海北地区高寒草甸三种蒿草群落中若干植物种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠。结果表明：三种蒿草群落中优势种群的生态位宽度都较大,其中小蒿草在土壤水势、光照强度和坡向等三维因子上的生态位宽度分别为０．９１８、０．８９６和０．９１０;矮蒿草和藏蒿草在土壤水势维上的生态位宽度分别是０．８７５和０．８６６;植物种如具有较大的生态位,则种间的生态位重叠     

大凌河口湿地水盐梯度下翅碱蓬的生态阈值

基于大凌河口湿地翅碱蓬生物量、密度、株高、株重等生物指标之间极显著的相关性,选取生物量为指标,研究不同土壤理化因子条件下,翅碱蓬种群分布的变化规律。结果表明:翅碱蓬生物量自然对数分别与土壤盐分、水分含量之间具有极显著的一元二次曲线拟合关系,表明翅碱蓬群落分布受土壤水分、盐分的影响;用高斯模型求解出大凌河口湿地翅碱蓬随土壤水盐变化的生态阈值,翅碱蓬的最适土壤盐分为12.14 g·kg-1,生态阈值区间为5.02~19.26 g·kg-1,最适生态阈值区间为8.58~15.70 g·kg-1;翅碱蓬最适土壤水分为59.82%,生态阈值区间为22.02%~97.62%,最适生态阈值区间为40.92%~78.72%。上述研究结论为河口湿地翅碱莲生境保护与植被修复提供了科学依据。     

黄土高原马栏林区主要植物种的生态位研究

应用L ev ins、Shannon-W iener生态位宽度公式和P ianka生态位重叠公式,定量研究了黄土高原马栏林区主要植物种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠特征,同时对主要种在演替系列上的生态位变化规律进行了分析.结果表明,在该地区森林群落演替系列中,乔木种生态位宽度的平均水平小于灌木种,建群种的生态位宽度小于主要伴生种;生态位宽度较大的种与其它各物种间生态位重叠的平均值较大,生态位宽度较小的种则相反,甚至没有重叠.由于物种生物生态学特性的不同和环境的异质性,具较宽生态位的物种间的生态位重叠也可能较小,生态位宽度较窄的物种间也可能有较大的生态位重叠,同属植物种对间也存在生态位重叠较大的情况.主要乔木和灌木种的生态位特征反映了森林群落演替的变化规律,该地区呈现出以自然恢复为主,同时又伴随着人为干扰的森林群落次生演替系列.     

Ecological thresholds of Suaeda salsa to the environmental gradients of water table depth and soil salinity

The responses of Suaeda salsa to the environmental gradients of water table depth and soil salinity in the Yellow River Delta, China were analyzed from the aspect of ecological thresholds which were developed from the Gaussian model. Based on the correlation analysis of population biomass, density, height, coverage and abundance of Suaeda salsa, population biomass was selected as the population index for further analysis. The results indicated that the optimum water table depth for the growth of Suaeda salsa was about ?0.42 m, the ecological thresholds were from ?0.92 m to 0.08 m, and the optimum ecological thresholds were from ?0.67 m to ?0.17 m. To the soil salinity gradient, the optimum was about 12.71 g/kg, the ecological thresholds were from 5.17 g/kg to 20.25 g/kg, and the optimum ecological thresholds were from 8.94 g/kg to 16.48 g/kg. However, the effect of water-salinity interaction seemed to be important to the growth of Suaeda salsa, which was discussed through analyzing the water table depth-soil salinity relationship and their interactions. By using Ward cluster analysis and Gamma distances, 69 sampling sites were classified into 7 kinds of Suaeda salsa communities. It was found that there was a remarkable response of the community structure of Suaeda salsa to the water table depth and soil salinity gradients, which can be a switchover from xeromorphic and saline-alkali plants to limnophytes, and vice versa.     

Ecological thresholds of Suaeda salsa to the environmental gradients of water table depth and soil salinity

The responses of Suaeda salsa to the environmental gradients of water table depth and soil salinity in the Yellow River Delta, China were analyzed from the aspect of ecological thresholds which were developed from the Gaussian model. Based on the correlation analysis of population biomass, density, height, coverage and abundance of Suaeda salsa, population biomass was selected as the population index for further analysis. The results indicated that the optimum water table depth for the growth of Suaeda salsa was about −0.42 m, the ecological thresholds were from −0.92 m to 0.08 m, and the optimum ecological thresholds were from −0.67 m to −0.17 m. To the soil salinity gradient, the optimum was about 12.71 g/kg, the ecological thresholds were from 5.17 g/kg to 20.25 g/kg, and the optimum ecological thresholds were from 8.94 g/kg to 16.48 g/kg. However, the effect of water-salinity interaction seemed to be important to the growth of Suaeda salsa, which was discussed through analyzing the water table depth-soil salinity relationship and their interactions. By using Ward cluster analysis and Gamma distances, 69 sampling sites were classified into 7 kinds of Suaeda salsa communities. It was found that there was a remarkable response of the community structure of Suaeda salsa to the water table depth and soil salinity gradients, which can be a switchover from xeromorphic and saline-alkali plants to limnophytes, and vice versa.     

Responses of saltcedar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tamarix chinensis</Emphasis>) to water table depth and soil salinity in the Yellow River Delta,China

Significant studies about Tamarix chinensis as an introduced invasive plant species have been implemented in North America. However, the response of native T. chinensis to its environment is not well known in China. T. chinensis is a useful species in preventing sea water intrusion in coastal areas of northern China. It is necessary to fully understand the relationships between environmental conditions and ecological characteristics of this species to better preserve its habitats. The Yellow River Delta Natural Reserve, one of the major distribution regions of T. chinensis, was then selected as a case study area to investigate the response of this species to water table depth and soil salinity (Na⁺, Cl⁻, Mg²⁺). It was found that sites with shallow water table depths (less than 1.5 m) and low soil salinity (less than 30 psu), provided the best habitat conditions for T. chinensis. The results also showed that plant height, stem diameter, and crown width were all positively correlated to plant age, while they had negative correlations with water table depth. Negative correlations between plant height and soil salinity, plant stem diameter and soil salinity were also concluded. However, no obvious relationship between the crown breadth of T. chinensis and soil salinity was observed. Four types of T. chinensis habitats were obtained based on the ecological characteristics of T. chinensis individuals associated with soil salinity and water table depth, i.e., (1) Low water table with high soil salinity; (2) Deep water table with high soil salinity; (3) Deep water table with low soil salinity; (4) Inundation with low salinity. These results provide a sound basis for wetland management in the Yellow River Delta.     

干旱荒漠区植物生态位对水盐的响应

全球气候变化对生态系统功能的影响决定着种群地位和群落演替,由于干旱区的特殊性成为研究生物响应环境变化的热点地区。为探索艾比湖流域荒漠区植物生态位对土壤水盐梯度的响应,在研究水、盐含量和植物生态位特征的基础上,应用变系数模型,分析了土壤水盐梯度下的群落组成和生态位响应趋势。结果显示:(1)随土壤水盐梯度的降低,艾比湖流域群落的物种组成呈倒"V"型分布,说明土壤水盐交互作用影响着植被分布和群落类型。(2)高水盐环境下,胡杨(Populus euphratica)、琵琶柴(Reaumuria soongorica)和梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)等生态位宽度值(B_i)较大,柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)、骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)和甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)等B_i较小;中水盐环境下,白刺(Nitraria schoberi)和琵琶柴的B_i较大,铃铛刺(Halimodendron halodendron)、甘草和盐节木(Halocnemum strobilaceum)的B_i较小;低水盐环境下,梭梭、花花柴(Karelinia caspica)和琵琶柴等B_i较大,盐节木的B_i较小;说明土壤水盐环境和物种生态学特性是影响B_i的重要因素。(3)物种水平上,B_i较大的种群与其他物种的生态位重叠(O_(ij))一般较大,但B_i较小的物种间的O_(ij)不一定小(例如:高水盐土壤环境下柽柳和骆驼刺的O_(ij)为1);群落水平上,B_i与O_(ij)具有一定的正相关性;说明由于资源纬度的相似性增大了低B_i物种间的O_(ij),并且B_i和O_(ij)由物种向群落尺度转换时,两者之间的关系存在冗余。(4)土壤水盐梯度与群落生态幅呈现一种非线性相关特征,高水盐格局对群落B_i有一定的促进效应,而低水盐模式对B_i具有一定的限制作用,表明土壤水盐的协同效应影响着物种在群落的地位,并在一定程度上决定了群落向正负两极演替的方向。     

湖南茶陵普通野生稻保护区优势种的空间分布和生态位分析

用2m×2m的样方调查了湖南茶陵普通野生稻保护区群落,绘制了群落优势种水平分布图。选用斑块数量、总斑块面积、平均斑块面积、标准差、变异系数、中值、最大斑块面积、最小斑块面积和优势度等几个描述统计量,来刻画斑块大小的分布特征。选取9个不同生态条件的样地计测了其中10个主要物种的生态位宽度;以群落间接生境梯度代替生态因子梯度,计算了其生态位重叠值,进行了生态位重叠排序。结果表明：各物种斑块在群落中呈异质分布,物种在群落中发生现实生态位分离,这种分离主要是由生境条件特别是生境水位决定的。根据生态位重叠排序可把物种分为3组：莼菜(Brasenia schreberi)、水竹叶(Murdannia triqeutra)、莲(Nelumbo nucifera)、锐棱荸荠(Eleocharis acutangula)、水毛花(Scirpus triangulatus)、慈姑(Sagittaria trifolia)等分布于20cm以上的深水位生境;普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon)、李氏禾(Leersia hexandra)等分布于10～20 cm中水位生境;柳叶箬(Isachne globosa)分布于10cm以下浅水位生境。排序的结果与物种在群落中的空间分布情况相符合。在普通野生稻的保护实践中,适宜生境尤其是适宜水位的维持十分重要。     

三种嵩草群落中若干植物种的生态位宽度与重叠分析

本文利用Levins和Pianka公式,在多维生态因子梯度上测定了海北地区高寒草甸三种嵩草(Kobresia)群落中若干植物种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠。结果表明：三种嵩草群落中优势种群的生态位宽度都较大,其中小嵩草(K,pygmaea)在土壤水势、光照强度和坡向等三维因子上的生态位宽度分别是0.918、0.896和0.910;矮嵩草(K．humilis)和藏嵩草(K．tibetica)在土壤水势维上的生态位宽度分别是0.875和0.866;植物种如具有较大的生态位,则种间的生态位重叠亦较高;植物种对间若有相似的生物学—生态学特征,生态位重叠有降低的趋势;小嵩草和矮嵩草在三维上的重叠值分别是0.671、0.719和0.686;某些杂类草与优质牧草之间存有较大的重叠,这主要与长期过度放牧、优良牧草受到抑制以及生境退化有关。     

Ellenberg’s water table experiment put to the test: species optima along a hydrological gradient

An important aspect of niche theory is the position of species’ optima along ecological gradients. It is widely believed that a species’ ecological optimum takes its shape only under competitive pressure. The ecological optimum, therefore, is thought to differ from the physiological optimum in the absence of interspecific competition. Ellenberg’s Hohenheim water table experiment has been very influential in this context. However, the water table gradient in Ellenberg’s experiment was produced by varying the soil thickness above the water table, which confounded the potentially disparate impacts of water table depth (WTD) and soil depth on species growth. Accordingly, here we have re-evaluated Ellenberg’s work. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that physiological and ecological optima are identical and unaffected by interspecific interaction. We used the same six grasses as in Ellenberg’s experiments, but in our mesocosms, WTD was varied but soil depth kept constant. The design included both an additive component (with/without plant interaction) and a substitutive component (monocultures vs. species mixtures). The results show that the physiological optima along the hydrological gradient varied greatly between species, even in the absence of interspecific interaction. Within species, however, physiological and ecological optima appeared identical in most cases, irrespective of the competition treatment. We conclude that the ‘physiological capacity’ of species largely determines where they are able to persist and that any impact of interspecific interaction is only marginal. These findings are at variance with Ellenberg’s rule, where competition is considered to shift the distribution of a species away from its physiological optimum.