根区通氧状况对水稻幼苗生长及吸收镉的影响

采用水培的方法研究了根区通氧状况对水稻根系结构、根系泌氧、根表铁膜生成以及水稻耐受、吸收Cd的影响.水培条件下,根区氧处理对水稻幼苗的生长产生了一定的影响,缺氧条件下的水稻根的伸长量降低,生物量增加,直径增粗,根系泌氧量增加,并降低幼苗对Cd的吸收.当培养溶液Cd2+浓度为1.0 mg/L时,缺氧处理相对于通氧处理,根表吸附的Cd降低了85 5%,地下部分吸收的Cd降低了35%,转运到地上部分的Cd降低了58%.根表铁膜对Cd的吸收和转运也有一定的抑制作用,但其作用因环境中Cd2+浓度和根区通氧状况而异.在根区通氧充分的培养条件下,水稻幼苗铁膜对较高浓度Cd2+(1.0 mg/L)的吸收和转运起着重要的作用,DCB-Cd占根系吸收Cd的50%,茎叶对Cd的吸收显著降低(p<0.05).研究表明在缺氧胁迫下,根系结构本身(如根表通透性降低)是影响水稻吸收Cd的重要因素.     

黄芪幼苗对镉胁迫的生理响应机制

以我国传统药用植物黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bunge)幼苗为材料,在水培条件下系统研究了不同程度Cd胁迫对黄芪生长发育、矿质元素吸收转运以及次生代谢产物积累的影响。25~200μmol·L^-1Cd处理显著抑制了黄芪幼苗根系和地上部的生长并引起了植株MDA含量的显著升高以及新生叶片光合色素含量的降低,表明Cd处理对黄芪幼苗造成了较为明显的伤害。植株中吸收的Cd主要积累在黄芪幼苗根系,而运输到地上部的Cd积累规律为顶端<中部<基部,显示出黄芪幼苗可以通过对Cd的区域化降低其在地上部新生组织的积累。Cd处理降低了植株对多种矿质营养元素的吸收和转运,但是Ca和Mg却分别在地上部顶端和基部出现了明显的含量升高,推测其可能与降低Cd在新生组织的毒害作用以及提高老叶的Cd耐性有关。此外,根系中4种异黄酮物质的含量在Cd处理下明显升高,黄芪皂苷Ⅰ-Ⅳ的含量则被Cd处理所降低,暗示着异黄酮而非皂苷类物质在黄芪幼苗根系应对Cd胁迫中发挥了积极作用。     

镉胁迫下玉米幼苗生理生态的变化

用不同浓度Cd2 + 处理玉米种子 ,在室内常规培养 ,研究了种子萌发和幼苗生理生态的变化。结果表明 ,镉影响玉米种子的萌发和幼苗的生长。当Cd2 + 浓度高于 5 0mg·L-1时 ,显著抑制种子的发芽率 ;随Cd2 + 浓度的增加 ,根系长度和侧根数减小 ;在Cd2 + 浓度小于 5mg·L-1时 ,镉刺激苗高和根系及地上部干物质量增加 ,当Cd2 + 浓度超过相应浓度时 ,苗高和根系及地上部的生长量随Cd2 + 浓度提高而降低。镉胁迫下幼苗根系活力和叶绿素含量明显降低 ,根内丙二醛含量增加。镉影响玉米幼苗对矿质元素的吸收。根系和茎叶中Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu的吸收量随Cd2 + 浓度提高而增加 ,K、Zn的吸收量随Cd2 + 浓度提高而减少。     

Cd-K双重处理对水稻幼苗生长和Cd吸收转运的影响及相关转运通道分析

以水稻( Oryza sativa Linn.)高 Cd 积累品种‘T 优705’(‘T You 705’)和低 Cd 积累品种‘湘早籼24’(‘Xiangzaoxian 24’)为实验材料,采用水培法对不同浓度Cd(0.0和2.7μmol·L-1 Cd)和K(0、30和60 mmol·L-1 K)处理条件下2个品种幼苗的相对生长量、根系和地上部的Cd含量及其亚细胞分布特征进行了比较,并分析了添加离子通道活性抑制剂TEA和LaCl3后幼苗根系和地上部的Cd和K含量;在此基础上,比较了NSCCs(非选择性阳离子通道)和K专性通道对2个品种幼苗根系和地上部Cd和K吸收贡献率的影响。结果表明：与Cd单一处理组(2.7μmol·L-1 Cd)相比, Cd-K双重处理组(2.7μmol·L-1 Cd-30 mmol·L-1 K和2.7μmol·L-1 Cd-60 mmol·L-1 K)2个品种幼苗的相对生长量显著提高,而幼苗根系和地上部的Cd含量显著下降;随K浓度的提高,2个品种幼苗根系细胞壁和细胞液中的Cd含量显著下降,但细胞壁中Cd含量的分配比例增大而细胞液中Cd含量的分配比例则减小。在含2.7μmol·L-1 Cd和30 mmol·L-1 K的培养液中分别添加5 mmol·L-1 TEA或0.2 mmol·L-1 LaCl3后,2个品种幼苗根系和地上部的Cd和K含量均显著下降,其中,LaCl3处理组的根系Cd含量降幅高于TEA处理组,但LaCl3处理组的根系K含量降幅则低于TEA组。 NSCCs对品种‘T优705’幼苗根系和地上部Cd吸收的贡献率显著低于品种‘湘早籼24’幼苗,而K专性通道对品种‘T优705’幼苗根系K吸收和地上部Cd吸收的贡献率则显著低于品种‘湘早籼24’幼苗。研究结果显示：添加外源K可缓解Cd对水稻幼苗生长的抑制作用,并通过提高细胞壁与Cd的结合能力来降低细胞液中Cd的积累,以此减弱幼苗对Cd的吸收和转运能力;幼苗体内的K和Cd均可通过K专性通道和NSCCs转运,其中,K吸收和转运主要通过K专性通道完成,而Cd吸收和转运主要通过NSCCs完成。此外,品种‘T优705’可能具有多种离子通道参与Cd的吸收和转运,而品种‘湘早籼24’主要依赖NSCCs参与Cd的吸收和转运,且后者对K的吸收和积累强于前者。     

硝态氮（NO3^—）对水稻侧根生长及其氮吸收的影响

侧根是植物吸收利用土壤养分的重要器官 ,其生长发育受内部遗传因子和外部环境矿质养分的影响。通过琼脂分层培养发现 :局部供应NO-3 可以诱导水稻 (OryzasativaL .)主根或不定根上侧根的生长。为研究旱种条件下NO-3 对水稻侧根发育及其N吸收的影响 ,设置了 3个蛭石培养实验 :分根处理、全株缺N、全株供N处理。分根处理 (一半根系供应 3mmol/LKNO3,另一半根系供应 3mmol/LKCl)结果表明 :局部供应NO-3 能够促进水稻侧根生长。而在全株处理下 ,N饥饿诱导了侧根的伸长。水稻根系对NO-3 的这两种反应都存在着显著的基因型差异。同时对地上部N浓度、可溶性总糖含量及N含量分析表明 ,这些生理指标在分根处理与全株加N处理中的差异均不显著 ,表明分根处理也能基本满足植株正常生长对N的需求。在分根处理中 ,水稻的N含量与分根处理中供N一侧的平均侧根长度存在显著正相关 ,这表明在养分不均一的介质中 ,侧根长度对水稻N素吸收具有十分重要的作用。而在N素充足的条件下 ,两者之间的相关性并不显著 ,这暗示在养分充足的环境下 ,侧根长度可能并不是决定根系吸收N素的主要因素     

硝态氮(NO-3)对水稻侧根生长及其氮吸收的影响

侧根是植物吸收利用土壤养分的重要器官,其生长发育受内部遗传因子和外部环境矿质养分的影响.通过琼脂分层培养发现:局部供应NO-3可以诱导水稻( Oryza sativa L.)主根或不定根上侧根的生长.为研究旱种条件下NO-3对水稻侧根发育及其N吸收的影响,设置了3个蛭石培养实验:分根处理、全株缺N、全株供N处理.分根处理(一半根系供应3 mmol/L KNO3,另一半根系供应3 mmol/L KCl)结果表明:局部供应NO-3 能够促进水稻侧根生长.而在全株处理下,N饥饿诱导了侧根的伸长.水稻根系对NO-3的这两种反应都存在着显著的基因型差异.同时对地上部N浓度、可溶性总糖含量及N含量分析表明,这些生理指标在分根处理与全株加N处理中的差异均不显著,表明分根处理也能基本满足植株正常生长对N的需求.在分根处理中,水稻的N含量与分根处理中供N一侧的平均侧根长度存在显著正相关,这表明在养分不均一的介质中,侧根长度对水稻N素吸收具有十分重要的作用.而在N素充足的条件下,两者之间的相关性并不显著,这暗示在养分充足的环境下,侧根长度可能并不是决定根系吸收N素的主要因素.     

有机酸对苗期水稻吸收和运输镉的影响

采用营养液培养法,研究了水(对照)、柠檬酸、苹果酸和乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)4个处理对不同品种水稻幼苗吸收和转运Cd的影响及其对根中Cd的解析作用。结果表明:与对照相比,EDTA的添加明显抑制了水稻根部对Cd的吸收,使水稻幼苗地上部和根中Cd的含量分别降低了90%和96%;但促进了Cd向地上部的运输,地上部Cd量占总吸收量的43.0%~55.9%(对照组为20.0%~32.2%)。而柠檬酸和苹果酸的添加对水稻根系吸收和运输Cd的影响较弱。3种有机酸对不同水稻品种Cd吸收的影响趋势一致。解析试验的结果表明,EDTA对根中的Cd具有较强的解吸能力,而柠檬酸和苹果酸相对较弱。     

镉胁迫下杞柳对金属元素的吸收及其根系形态构型特征

采用水培方法,研究了杞柳(Salix integra)2个品种在0-90 μmol/L Cd处理下不同组织对Cd的吸收和积累规律,探讨了镉胁迫下杞柳根系形态学功能响应特征以及对矿质离子吸收的影响。结果发现,镉在杞柳2个品种不同组织的含量均表现为根>韧皮部>木质部>叶。2个品种地上部组织对镉的吸收和积累规律相似:在0-70 μmol/L Cd处理浓度范围内,随着溶液Cd浓度的增加,叶、木质部、韧皮部中镉的含量逐渐增加,到50 μmol/L时,镉在地上部组织的含量达到最高,当Cd处理浓度达90 μmol/L时,地上部各组织中Cd含量出现下降趋势。而2个品种根系对Cd的吸收则不同,"微山湖"品种在溶液Cd达70 μmol/L时,根系镉的积累量最大,在90 μmol/L时,根系Cd的积累量明显下降;"一枝笔"品种根系在0-90 μmol/L范围内,根系Cd的积累量均为增加趋势。通过分析2个品种根系形态学参数变化发现,Cd胁迫抑制了杞柳2个品种根的伸长,促进了"微山湖"品种根的径向生长,导致根系平均直径增加;进一步对叶片矿质营养状态分析发现, Ca、Mn的吸收受镉胁迫的影响较大,在高浓度镉胁迫下(50-70 μmol/L)"微山湖"和"一枝笔"对Ca和Mn的吸收明显下降;Cd胁迫对Fe在叶片的含量影响不明显;同时发现,在50 μmol/L Cd处理下,Cu²⁺在叶片的积累明显增加。由此可见,杞柳2个品种间对镉的吸收和积累差异主要体现在根系,地上部对镉毒害的响应差异不大。     

施硅对镉胁迫下水稻镉吸收和转运的调控效应

探讨镉(Cd)胁迫下,施硅处理对水稻镉积累的影响。以水稻"泰优390"为材料,通过营养液培养的方法,研究水稻在3种镉胁迫浓度(Cd1、Cd2、Cd3)下施用4种不同浓度硅(Si0、Si1、Si2、Si3)对水稻镉积累的影响。结果表明:施用硅浓度越高,水稻产量增加越大,对水稻各部位镉含量具有显著降低效果;施硅能显著降低水稻各部位转运系数,阻控镉向地上部转移,且对水稻伤流液中镉含量也能起到显著降低的作用;表明施硅能有效阻控水稻吸收镉,且施硅浓度越高效果越显著,但考虑成本因素,不同程度镉污染应该施用相应量的硅,以达到国家食品中污染物限量标准;施硅与镉胁迫对水稻农艺性状以及镉吸收和转运存在交互作用。本试验结果为科学管理和合理利用重金属污染土壤以及适量施用硅肥提供依据,对生产安全稻米有一定的指导意义。     

丛枝菌根真菌对砂培玉米幼苗根系特征、光合生理与镉累积的影响

【背景】丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)是一类重要的土壤微生物,能显著影响植物对镉(cadmium,Cd)的耐性与累积,但其对不同形态Cd胁迫的响应尚不清楚。【目的】探讨不同形态Cd胁迫下接种AMF对玉米(Zea mays L.)生长和Cd累积的影响。【方法】采用30 cm高的培养容器填装石英砂(0.2 mm),开展室内砂培玉米试验,研究溶解态和胶体态Cd (1 mg/kg)胁迫下,接种摩西斗管囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)对玉米幼苗生长、根系特征、光合生理及Cd累积的影响。【结果】双因素分析表明,AMF和Cd形态均对玉米生长(株高和生物量)、根系特征、光合生理(叶绿素含量和光合速率)与Cd累积量存在显著的影响,但二者之间没有显著交互作用。与未接种处理相比,接种AMF显著降低玉米株高、生物量、叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率,抑制玉米根长、根表面积、根体积和根尖数;同时增加了玉米根系Cd含量,但减少玉米地上部Cd含量以及地上部与根系Cd累积量;与胶体态Cd处理相比,溶解态Cd显著降低玉米的根长、根表面积、平均根系直径、根尖数和地上部Cd累积量,但增加了植株叶片光合速率、根系Cd含量和累积量。相关分析发现,玉米根长、根表面积和根尖数与地上部Cd含量呈显著或极显著正相关,与根系Cd含量呈极显著负相关。【结论】溶解态Cd比胶体态Cd对砂培玉米幼苗的毒害效应严重,而且接种AMF加重溶解态和胶体态Cd对玉米幼苗的损伤,但降低了植株对Cd的累积。     

Effect of silicon on grain yield of rice under cadmium-stress

Many publications indicated various beneficial effects of the addition of silicon (Si) in soil on the physiology of rice plants. The gene responsible for the Si-uptake in rice, low Si-influx 1 (Lsi1), was identified and cloned for this study. The photosynthetic rate (Pn), grain yield, and resistance to Cadmium (Cd)-stress of the wild-type (WT) and Lsi1-transgenic Lemont rice lines under Cd-stress were examined in an attempt to better understand the mechanism associated with the Si-addition, Cd-stress, and rice physiology. Si-fertilization significantly reduced the Cd-content in rice under Cd-stress. The effect was most significant in the Lsi1-overexpression transgenic Lemont rice (Lsi1-OE line) under high Cd-stress. Conversely, Cd in soil lowered the Si-uptake of the plants indicating a significant interaction between the two elements. During the grain-filling period, Cd-stress greatly reduced the chlorophyll content and Pn of the rice resulting in a diminished grain output. However, Lsi1-OE line with a higher chlorophyll content and Pn than either WT or Lsi1-RNAi transgenic Lemont rice (Lsi1-RNAi line) maintained a high photo-assimilate transportation for high yield potential. At harvest, Lsi1-OE line contained more Si and less Cd than WT, whereas the Lsi1-RNAi line showed an opposite result. In general, Cd-stress reduced, while Si-fertilization significantly increased, the grain yield on rice. However, no significant difference on the grain yields existed between WT and Lsi1-RNAi line. This might be due to a compensation effect generated by Lsi1-RNAi line. It appeared that Si in the soil, as well as the enhancing or inhibiting Lsi1 expression and the resistance to Cd-toxicity of the plants, could significantly affect the rice yield making alternations on these factors a plausible approach for production improvement.     

Influence of Exogenous Silicon Addition on Aluminium Tolerance in Rice Seedlings

For better understanding of silicon (Si)-mediated increase in metal tolerance in plants, the alterations in growth, mineral elements and anatomical features were investigated in rice seedlings exposed to Si (10?μM) and aluminium (Al; 50?μM). Al decreased seedling growth which was accompanied by an increase in Al accumulation. In contrast, addition of Si alleviated toxic effects of Al and led to the decrease in Al accumulation. Magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) contents were decreased by Al; however, Si addition prevented decrease in Mg and Zn contents. Manganese (Mn) content was increased by Al while Si addition did not have a significant effect on Mn content under Al treatment. Al exposure decreased frequency of stomata and root hairs, length of root hairs and leaf epidermal cells, and distorted the structure and integrity of mesophyll cells and phloem; however, addition of Si reduced these abnormalities. Results showed that Si addition protected rice seedlings against Al toxicity by decreasing Al accumulation and by maintaining level of some mineral elements, and the key structures of leaf and root.     

Effect of Si on the distribution of Cd in rice seedlings

Growth chamber studies were conducted to investigate the effects of silicon (Si) on the distribution of Cd in rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L., cv. Qiu Guang) grown hydroponically under toxic level of cadmium (Cd). Si added significantly alleviated the toxicity of Cd in aerobic rice seedlings. Si partly overcame the reduction in growth due to Cd. This amelioration was correlated with a reduction in Cd uptake. Si increased Cd accumulation in the roots and restricted the transport of Cd from roots to shoots, where the distribution of Cd in the shoots decreased by 33%. Si reduced the transport of Cd and the apoplastic fluorescence tracer PTS (tri-sodium-8-hydroxy-1, 3, 6-pyrenesulphonate) from roots to shoots by 23 and 36%, respectively. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) showed Cd was mainly deposited in the vicinity of the endodermis and epidermis, Si deposition was heavier in the vicinity of the endodermis than in the epidermis. Although the tracing result of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextrans showed Si did not change epidermal wall porosity, the significant reduction of apoplastic PTS transport in +Si plants suggested that the heavy deposition of silica in the vicinity of endodermis might offer possible mechanisms by which silicon did at least partially physically block the apoplast bypass flow across the roots, and restrained the apoplastic transport of Cd. In addition, the effect of Si on the subcellular distribution and chemical form of Cd was investigated by fractionation. Si decreased the concentrations of Cd in shoots and roots, but did not remarkably change the distribution ratio of Cd in symplasm and apoplast. Mechanisms by which Si alleviates the toxicity of Cd in rice seedlings are discussed.     

Endophytic fungus improves growth and metal uptake of Lolium arundinaceum Darbyshire ex. Schreb

The effect of endophyte infection on plant growth, cadmium (Cd) uptake, and Cd translocation was investigated using tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) grown in greenhouses in contaminated solution. Endophyte infection significantly increased tiller number and biomass of the host grass under both control and Cd-stress conditions. Endophyte infection not only enhanced Cd accumulation in tall fescue, but also improved Cd transport from the root to the shoot. Under 20 mg L(-1) Cd stress, the phytoextraction efficiency of endophyte-infected (EI) tall fescue was 2.41-fold higher than endophyte-free plants. Although the total Cd accumulation in EI tall fescue was insufficient for practical phytoextraction applications, the observed high biomass production and tolerance of stress from abiotic factors including heavy metals, gives endophyte/plant associations the potential to be a model for endophyte-assisted phytoremediation of metal-polluted soils.     

Effects of silicon on morphology,ultrastructure and exudates of rice root under heavy metal stress

Soil contamination with toxic heavy metals (such as Cd or Zn) is becoming a serious problem worldwide because of the rapid development of social economy. Silicon plays a substantial role in alleviating heavy metal toxicity in crop plants. In this study, two rice varieties, Feng-Hua-Zhan and Hua-Hang-Si-Miao, were chosen to determine the effects of Si application on root morphological traits, cell structure and exudates of rice roots under Cd and/or Zn stress. Single or combined applications of Cd and Zn resulted in significant reduction of total root length, root surface area, root volume, average root diameter and root activity. However, 1.5 mM Si addition reversed these negative effects. Transmission electron microscopy observations showed that rice root cortex cells were heavily damaged under Cd and/or Zn stress for both two varieties, whereas Si addition resulted in improved cell structure integrity. In addition, lower levels of oxalic, acetic, tartaric, maleic and fumaric acids in root exudates were observed for Feng-Hua-Zhan under Cd and/or Zn stress, but addition of Si increased the acid levels. For Hua-Hang-Si-Miao, heavy metal treatments significantly reduced oxalic and fumaric acid levels and increased acetic, tartaric and maleic acid levels, whereas Si treatment showed opposite results. The above results indicated that Si could ameliorate the toxicity of heavy metals (Cd and Zn) for rice which resulted in improving root traits, cell structure and influencing root exudates.     

外源水杨酸改善Cd胁迫下路易斯安娜鸢尾的生长和养分吸收

采用Hoagland溶液培养,研究了外源水杨酸(SA)预处理对镉(Cd)胁迫下路易斯安娜鸢尾生物量、含水量、光合作用、根系活力、Cd积累、矿质养分吸收和抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明： Cd胁迫下,SA预处理的植株根叶干质量、根系活力和净光合速率提高.与单独Cd处理相比,SA预处理后的胁迫植株Cd含量无明显变化,而叶片N、P、S含量显著提高,K含量显著下降,根部抗氧化酶活性显著提高.表明SA预处理可明显缓解路易斯安娜鸢尾的Cd伤害,其原因不在于减少Cd吸收量而是提高了对Cd的抗性,矿质元素的吸收积累调节和根部抗氧化酶活性的提高是其毒害缓解的重要原因.     

褪黑素对水稻镉积累及其化学结合形态的影响

研究了添加外源褪黑素对水稻幼苗中Cd积累以及水稻体内Cd化学形态分布的影响.结果表明: Cd胁迫显著降低水稻幼苗地上部和根部的生物量,并且显著降低水稻叶片的叶绿素含量.适宜的外源褪黑素添加能明显提高Cd胁迫下水稻的地上部和根部生物量,降低水稻地上部和根部Cd含量.当Cd胁迫浓度为5 μmol·L^-1时,添加20 μmol·L^-1褪黑素使水稻地上部和根部Cd含量分别比对照处理降低48.4%和16.9%,添加100 μmol·L^-1褪黑素水稻地上部和根部Cd含量分别降低67.5%和47.9%.添加外源褪黑素也显著降低了水稻体内Cd的转运效率.当Cd胁迫浓度为20 μmol·L^-1时,添加20 和100 μmol·L^-1褪黑素使水稻Cd的转运效率分别比对照降低24.4%和46.8%.通过逐步提取法对水稻幼苗Cd的化学结合形态进行分析发现,添加外源褪黑素使水稻体内氯化钠提取态Cd的比例提高,而水溶态Cd、乙醇提取态Cd的比例明显降低,说明添加褪黑素可促进水稻体内移动性较强的Cd形态向移动性较弱的Cd形态转移,从而降低水稻对Cd的吸收和转运.     

水稻土施硅对土壤-水稻系统中镉的降低效果

水稻中镉的积累造成人类健康的风险,增加水稻硅素能减轻镉中毒症状,降低稻米镉积累,但是硅对重金属的作用机理尚不清楚。主要研究了在中度和高度镉污染的土壤中,通过施用固态和液态的富硅物质对土壤-水稻系统中镉的吸收和转运的影响,探明决定镉和硅在根与芽的质外体和共质体中的作用机理。试验结果表明:(1)在中度和高度污染的土壤中,镉在土壤-作物系统中的转移和积累情况是不同的,可以通过富硅物质中的单硅酸与镉离子的相互作用,增加镉在硅物质表面的吸附来减少镉在土壤中的流动;(2)富硅物质可以降低水稻根和芽中镉的积累,在高度镉污染的情况下,施用硅可以使镉大量积累在水稻根及其共质体中,并降低根及其共质体中镉的转换和积累;(3)新鲜土壤中水萃取态的单硅酸含量与镉在土壤-作物系统中的流动性、转运以及积累等主要参数密切相关。     

镉胁迫对鸡冠花种子萌发及幼苗生理生化特性的影响

采用水培法和盆栽法测定分析不同浓度Cd(0、50、100、150、200 mg/L)胁迫对鸡冠花种子萌发、幼苗生物量、叶片光合色素、渗透调节物质(可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸)、丙二醛(MDA)、低分子巯基化合物(GSH、GSSG、Cys、NPT)含量以及抗氧化酶 (SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性的影响,探讨鸡冠花耐受Cd胁迫的能力及其生理机制,为植物解毒机制提供基础资料。结果显示：(1)鸡冠花种子的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数在低浓度Cd处理下提高,而活力指数、根长及苗长在各浓度Cd胁迫下均不同程度降低,以上指标均在低浓度(50、100 mg/L)Cd胁迫下受到显著抑制,且根长受抑制程度显著高于苗长;幼苗生物量(整株鲜重、地上部分鲜重及地下部分鲜重)在200 mg/L Cd胁迫时受到显著抑制,较对照分别下降了61.9%、58.4%和72.7%;根冠比及主根长虽未受到显著影响,但总体呈现降低趋势。(2)鸡冠花幼苗叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量在100~200 mg/L Cd胁迫下均显著降低,叶片可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量在Cd胁迫下总体呈升高趋势,并分别在50、150、200 mg/L时显著升高。(3)鸡冠花幼苗叶片各抗氧化酶活性在Cd胁迫下呈不同变化趋势,POD和APX活性在各浓度Cd胁迫分别增加23.1%~304.2%和160.0%~280.0%;SOD活性在各浓度Cd胁迫均受到抑制,但仅在150 mg/L时显著降低43.2%;CAT活性在50~150 mg/L Cd胁迫下显著增强了46.6%~66.5%,但在200 mg/L Cd胁迫却显著降低59.5%。(4)高浓度(200 mg/L)Cd胁迫下鸡冠花幼苗叶片巯基化合物GSH、GSSG、Cys、NPT含量分别比对照上升了53.2%、164.2%、53.9%和0.79%,而GSH/GSSG比值显著降低。研究发现,鸡冠花种子萌发期和幼苗期对Cd胁迫均具有一定的耐受力,但高浓度Cd胁迫仍致使幼苗部分抗氧化酶活性降低,ROS过量积累,引起膜脂过氧化程度加深,其产物MDA含量逐渐升高;Cd胁迫促进低分子巯基化合物含量呈不同幅度的增加,但GSH/GSSG比值下降,细胞内氧化还原反应(Redox)受到抑制,导致幼苗正常生长代谢受阻,生物量持续降低。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lsi1</Emphasis>-regulated Cd uptake and phytohormones accumulation in rice seedlings in presence of Si

Silicon (Si) is known for its role in regulating the response of plants to imposed abiotic stresses. Since the stresses generally hinder production of a crop, such as rice, the exploration of the biochemistry and plant physiology relating to the function is of interest. Indeed, recently, there were reports on the function of Lsi1 in regulating the tolerance of rice to cadmium (Cd) stress. This study compared the kinetics of the Cd uptakes in Lemont wild type rice and its transgenic lines exposed to Cd with or without exogenous Si supply. At the same time, changes on the endogenous phytohormones and growth of the rice seedlings were monitored. Genetically, Lsi1 overexpression was found to downregulate K_m and V_max of Cd uptake kinetics in the plants under Cd stress, especially in the presence of Si. On the other hand, Lsi1 RNAi upregulated K_m and V_max regardless whether Si was present or not. It implied that Lsi1 could be capable of regulating Si as well as Cd transports. Under Cd stress, addition of Si reduced the Cd uptake of the rice lines in the order of Lsi1-overexpression line?>?Lemont?>?Lsi1-RNAi line. In addition, it also affected the chlorophyll biosynthesis and dry mass accumulation of the rice plants under Cd stress. Analyses on phytohormones including IAA, GA₃, JA, SA and ABA, as well as physiological functions, of the seedlings further verified the active involvement of Lsi1 in the complex defense system of the plants against Cd stress.