贵州百花湖夏季浮游植物昼夜垂直分布特征

为了探讨浮游植物在水体中的昼夜垂直分布格局,于2012年7月31日至8月1日对百花湖(水库)浮游植物进行昼夜24 h定点分层研究。研究结果表明:蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻种类数在水体中具有明显的分层现象,蓝藻种类数在0.5—2 m居多,绿藻种类数在0.5—6 m明显多于7—14 m,硅藻种类数主要分布在6 m及以深的水层中。湖泊假鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena limnetica)为绝对优势种,相对丰度为82.69%。8:00时湖泊假鱼腥藻在2—3 m处聚集程度最高,10:00时聚集程度最高的水层上升至0.5 m,10:00—12:00湖泊假鱼腥藻的细胞丰度由0.5 m向2 m扩增,12:00时在2 m处达到全天峰值,此时0.5 m处的细胞丰度是除6:00外的最小值,12:00—14:00湖泊假鱼腥藻的细胞丰度由2 m向0.5 m扩增,16:00时又大量聚集于1 m处,说明湖泊假鱼腥藻在白天具有明显的垂直迁移现象;湖泊假鱼腥藻丰度的MI指数白天在1.45—2.07之间,夜间在1.40—1.46之间,变化趋势与时间深度等值图结果相符,说明湖泊假鱼腥藻在水体中昼夜均呈聚集分布,且白天的聚集程度及变化幅度大于夜间;百花湖浮游植物总丰度的昼夜垂直分布格局与湖泊假鱼腥藻一致;水体中浮游植物总丰度和湖泊假鱼腥藻丰度夜间低于白天。光照的昼夜交替和水柱温差的昼夜变化是影响浮游植物总丰度和湖泊假鱼腥藻垂直分布格局昼夜变化的重要环境因素。     

热带直流型水库蓝藻季节变化特征

于2004年调查了广东省飞来峡和深圳两座直流型水库的蓝藻季节分布特征。共检到蓝藻17属,绝大多数为丝状体种类。常见属有假鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena)、微囊藻(Microcystis)和蓝纤维藻(Dactylococcopsis)。蓝藻细胞密度为5-2052个细胞ml-1。深圳水库最高蓝藻细胞密度出现在6月,其中丝状蓝藻的相对丰度在75%以上;飞来峡水库最高蓝藻细胞密度出现在12月,丝状蓝藻的相对丰度达到90%。水动力学条件是限制蓝藻丰度和种类的主要环境因子。由于飞来峡水库的水力滞留时间变化较大,所以蓝藻季节性变化受水动力学条件的影响比深圳水库的大。假鱼腥藻等丝状蓝藻更适合在水库中生长,特别是在氮磷营养水平较高,水力滞留时间明显增加时,其细胞密度将大幅度上升。     

水华鱼腥藻生长与光合作用对大气CO2浓度升高的响应

 为了探讨大气CO2浓度升高对水华藻类的影响,利用水华鱼腥藻(Anabena flos_aquae)作为实验材料,研究了大气CO2浓度加倍对其生长和光合作用的影响,结果显示大气CO2浓度升高导致水华鱼腥藻的生物量、光饱和光合速率、光合效率和光系统II的光化学效率（Fv/Fm）明显提高,但对暗呼吸速率和光饱和点没有明显影响。CO2加倍条件下藻细胞光合作用对无机碳的亲和力降低,表明其利用HCO-3的能力受到抑制。     

几种固沙荒漠藻的温度适应性

蓝藻结皮在干旱和半干旱区广泛分布,它们在环境状态的维持和改良过程中发挥着重要的作用。在荒漠藻固沙技术的应用过程中,温度不仅影响藻类在培养池中的培养,还影响接种后藻类的生长。因此,摸清优势固沙藻类的温度生长特征及对不同温度的生长适应性,对于接种蓝藻固沙技术的应用具有积极的意义。实验分3部分:研究了室温培养条件下3种荒漠优势蓝藻-具鞘微鞘藻(Microcoleus vaginatus)、爪哇伪枝藻(Scytonema javanicum)、纤细席藻(Phormidium tenue)的生长曲线,在不同温度(2、5、10、15、25、35℃)、开放式载体培养状态下3种蓝藻的生长状况及形态观察,以及爪哇伪枝藻在不同温度(10、15、20、25、30℃)培养条件下的光合活性、光合色素含量和伪枝藻素含量的变化。实验结果表明:(1)在液体培养基中,纤细席藻生长速率最快,高于具鞘微鞘藻和爪哇伪枝藻;(2)开放式载体培养条件下,藻株的生长速率低于液体培养,因此荒漠优势藻类的培养优先选择液体培养,具鞘微鞘藻和爪哇伪枝藻不易被细菌污染,纤细席藻容易受到细菌污染,在培养该藻株时要考虑添加抗生素类药物抑制细菌过度繁殖;(3)爪哇伪枝藻短期培养(18d)宜选择相对较高的培养温度(25-30℃),而长期培养(30d)宜选择相对较低的培养温度(15-20℃)。       

贝克水蚤对水华鱼腥藻的同化速率及其对藻丝数量的影响

在实验室条件下对贝克水蚤同化利用丝状蓝藻和控制藻丝数量的能力进行了测定。当喂以水华鱼腥藻和对照食物沼泽卵形隐藻的单种培养时,三节贝克水蚤和钩状贝克水蚤的雌性成体均可同化利用水华鱼腥藻,但与隐藻相比同化速率较低。三节贝克水蚤的雌性成体能够明显地减少鱼腥藻藻丝密度,即使在有相同生物量的隐藻存在的情况下也一样。这些结果与我们关于贝克水蚤利用丝状蓝藻的能力的其他研究的结果相一致。     

维生素对转基因鱼腥藻Anabaena sp.PCC7120培养的影响

近年来分子遗传学和基因工程研究证实 ,大肠杆菌的载体和启动子往往可以适用于蓝藻 ,尤其是单细胞蓝藻的转基因 ,这使得蓝藻基因工程得到了较快的发展 ,利用藻类为宿主的基因产物的生产也受到日益关注 ,因此微藻的培养受到广泛重视。刘凤龙等通过三亲结合转移方式将人ＴＮＦ α基因转入鱼腥藻 71 2 0中并得到表达[1 ] ,但转基因鱼腥藻高效培养方面需进一步研究。混合营养培养方式因具有缩短培养周期、实现细胞高密度培养等优点 ,已成为微藻培养新技术。藻类生长除了需要合适的营养源外 ,许多生长因子对生长具有较大影响 ,本文对维生素Ｂ1 、…     

水体中铁离子和氮磷比对藻类生长影响研究

通过配制不同氮磷质量比和铁离子浓度的培养液对蓝藻(微囊藻)进行培养, 测量其叶绿素a 含量, 探究不同氮磷比以及铁离子浓度对蓝藻生长的影响。结果表明: 水体中氮磷比为40︰1, 铁离子浓度为1.2 mg·L–1 时, 蓝藻的生长速率达到最大值。铁离子浓度为0 时, 藻类基本不生长, 当氮磷比为80︰1 或铁离子浓度为4.8 mg·L–1, 藻类生长受到抑制。实验结果表明, 在控制蓝藻生长时, 不仅要控制水中氮磷质量比, 同时需控制铁离子浓度。     

洪湖水体藻类藻相特征及其对生境的响应

藻类是水生态系统的重要成分,它的群落结构、细胞密度变化与水环境相适应,随水环境的变化而改变,因此藻相变化是评价水体质量的一项重要指标。2009—2010年在洪湖水面不同方位布点采样,对水体的浮游藻类藻相(群落结构、密度)和水质状况(水位(water level,H)、水温(water temperature,tw)、透明度(transparency,SD)、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)、总磷(totalphosphorus,TP)、高锰酸盐指数(permanganate index,CODMn)和叶绿素含量(chlorophyll a,Chl-a)等)进行了逐月的调查、监测,采用湖库营养状态指数法对湖泊富营养化评价,并运用多元逐步回归方法建立水体藻类与生境因子的回归方程。结果表明:洪湖水体总体上已达到轻度富营养化状态;藻类以蓝藻门、硅藻门和绿藻门为主,共鉴定出7门65属,藻细胞密度为1.14×106—3.24×107个/L,藻相季节变化特征明显。藻类组成以蓝藻门密度最高(52.93%),硅藻门(25.96%)和绿藻门(16.83%)次之,隐藻门(1.98%)、金藻门(1.64%)、裸藻门(0.42%)和甲藻门(0.25%)相对较低。藻类藻相及优势种在不同季节有所差异,冬春季节(12—5月)以硅藻门的直链藻、小环藻和针杆藻为优势种,夏秋季节(7—11月)以蓝藻门的鱼腥藻和微囊藻为优势种;湖泊藻类细胞密度与tw、CODMn呈正显著相关关系,与H、TN、TP、SD相关关系不显著;藻细胞生长逐步回归方程为y=3.7815+0.0794tw+0.5670CODMn-1.3467SD,藻细胞生长主要受水温和有机污染物等的影响,氮磷不是藻类生长的控制因子;在湖泊不同区域,环境条件存在差异,导致藻类生长过程中起主导作用的环境因子存在一定的差异,蓝藻生长主要受tw、CODMn和SD控制,绿藻生长主要受H、tw和CODMn影响,而硅藻生长决定于水体CODMn。     

南亚热带磷限制水库中浮游植物群落对氮磷比变化的响应

为了解P限制水体中浮游植物群落对N、P营养盐的响应,通过添加N、P营养盐设置N/P梯度,对广东省流溪河水库中的浮游植物群落进行了研究。结果表明,添加N、P显著促进浮游植物的生长,浮游植物群落受P盐的影响比N盐显著;藻类的种属特异性导致浮游植物群落对氮磷营养盐的响应不一致,浮游植物总丰度与N/P比值不相关,其中隐球藻(Aphanocapsa sp.)、拟柱胞藻(Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii)和假鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena sp.)等蓝藻适合在高N高P条件下生长,双对栅藻(Scenedesmus bijuga)等绿藻优势种偏好中N高P环境,而曲壳藻(Achnanthes sp.)、小环藻(Cyclotella sp.)等硅藻在低N低P的环境下占据优势;P浓度为0.8～2.0μmol/L时存在诱导浮游植物碱性磷酸酶活性的阈值,当P浓度大于2.0μmol/L时则抑制酶活性; P浓度为2.0μmol/L可能是浮游植物维持生长的最适浓度,浮游植物N/P维持动态平衡;藻细胞N/P、C/P与水体P浓度、N/P呈显著正相关,而藻细胞C/N受N影响更明显(P0.05)。这为热带亚热带水库的水质管理提供了理论参考。     

硫酸铜控藻对浮游植物群落的影响

硫酸铜广泛的用于水华藻类的去除和控制。本文测定了不同藻类对Cu2+的敏感性,几种常见水华藻类对Cu2+的敏感性顺序为：铜绿微囊藻>水华鱼腥藻>小环藻>莱哈衣藻>斜生栅藻。在某城市的富营养化湖泊中用CuSO4•5H2O（102µg/L Cu2+）作为杀藻剂控制蓝藻水华的试验结果表明：在用硫酸铜控制蓝藻水华的过程中,水体透明度有明显改善;总氮总磷无显著变化;浮游植物总数在试验初期下降,但在试验后期则有所回升,在试验初期蓝藻门数量有所下降,绿藻门和硅藻门数量增加,这与不同藻类对Cu2+ 敏感性差异相关;试验后期,蓝藻门种类快速生长,并成为优势种;水柱中微囊藻毒素的浓度随藻类数量的减少在4d内大幅降低。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.