中度石漠化生态修复初期土壤螨类群落结构变化

土壤螨类群落监测是生态恢复监测的重要内容之一,土壤螨类群落结构的变化可以反映退化环境生态恢复的效果.2014年按季节对贵州省毕节市朝营小流域中度石漠化生态修复区的土壤螨类进行调查,并与原生栓皮栎林和中度石漠化区的土壤螨类群落结构进行对比.结果表明: 中度石漠化生态修复区土壤螨类计有3目35科58属,以单翼甲螨属和威单翼甲螨属为优势属;土壤上层具有较高的属数、个体数量和个体密度;捕食性革螨群落以r对策者为主,甲螨群落结构以有翅孔背甲螨型(P型)为主.中度石漠化生态恢复区土壤螨类个体数量与个体密度分别高于中度石漠化区和栓皮栎林,属数、多样性指数和丰富度指数分别高于中度石漠化区,但低于栓皮栎林;该区在对照区基础上恢复和新增螨类共32属,占该区螨类总属数的55.2%.在研究区,螨类属数与土壤速效钾含量、丰富度指数与有机碳含量具有显著相关性,个体数量、个体密度、多样性指数、丰富度指数分别与速效钾含量以及丰富度指数与有机质含量具有显著相关性.表明石漠化的植被修复有利于土壤螨类群落结构的恢复和土壤环境的改善,且螨类优势类群、新增类群和恢复类群能对环境变化进行较好地指示,但土壤螨类群落结构与修复区植被和土壤理化因子变化的关系还有待进一步研究.     

强度石漠化区不同植被修复模式下土壤螨类群落差异

石漠化治理区不同植被修复模式下的土壤螨类群落差异反映了生态系统的恢复状况,可籍以反映石漠化治理的生态效果。2014年1月、4月、8月和10月,对贵州花江喀斯特峡谷区顶坛小流域强度石漠化区域的"花椒"、"金银花"、"花椒+金银花"3种植被修复生境的土壤螨类进行了调查,共捕获土壤螨类1372头,隶属3目55科89属。采用类群(属)数、个体数量、个体密度、多样性指数(H')、丰富度指数(SR)、均匀性指数(J)、相似性指数(CN)、捕食性螨类成熟度指数(MI)和甲螨MGP类群等参数对土壤螨类群落差异进行了表征。结果显示,花椒林拥有较丰富的螨类属,金银花林拥有较高的的个体数量和个体密度。不同模式下的科、属类群组成呈现差异;属数、个体数量存在一定的季节差异,花椒林的螨类属数、金银花林的螨类个体数量和个体密度呈现一定的表聚性;群落多样性大多存在季节差异;捕食性革螨以r选择型为主,甲螨主要为O型和M型。研究表明,强度石漠化在不同植被修复模式下,土壤螨类生物生态类群存在差异,土壤生态系统仍处于修复之中,其中螨类优势属、具有典型生物学与生态学特性差异的螨类类群对石漠化治理的生态效果具有重要的指示作用。     

不同石漠化类型喀斯特地区土壤螨类群落结构的差异

【目的】揭示以潜在-轻度石漠化为主体和以中-强度石漠化为主体的喀斯特地区及其不同等级石漠化环境之间土壤螨类群落结构的差异。【方法】分别在以潜在-轻度石漠化为主体的高原山地区和以中-强度石漠化为主体的峡谷区采集潜在、轻度、中度和强度石漠化环境下的土壤螨类,通过标本鉴定和数据分析,判别不同环境下土壤螨类科、属、个体、捕食性螨类和甲螨生态类群以及群落多样性的差异。【结果】共捕获土壤螨类72科132属,甲螨是研究区土壤螨类组成的主体。中-强度石漠化喀斯特地区拥有丰富的螨类科和属;不同石漠化类型喀斯特地区螨类科、属的组成存在季节变化,随着石漠化程度的加剧,螨类科、属总体上逐渐减少;不同喀斯特区拥有不同的优势属群,且优势属的分布存在生境和季节差异;捕食性螨类和甲螨生态类群也随环境与季节的变化而变化;群落多样性指数以中-强度石漠化喀斯特区的稍高,但整体差异并不明显。【结论】不同石漠化主体类型喀斯特地区的土壤螨类群落结构存在差异,石漠化对土壤螨类群落结构造成影响,利用螨类优势属群可以对石漠化土壤环境进行初步指示,捕食性螨类和甲螨生态类群的分布与石漠化等级存在一定的不协调性,这种不协调性的机制有待进一步研究。     

退化红壤植被恢复对土壤螨类群落结构的影响

对退化红壤地区的旱生性草坡、稀疏针叶林、针叶林、针阔混交林等4种植被恢复类型及裸地、顶级常绿阔叶林等2个对照样地的土壤螨类群落进行四季调查,共捕获4亚目53科,其中隐气门亚目27科（Cryptostigmata）,前气门亚目（Prostigmata）17科,中气门亚目（Mesostigmata）8科,无气门亚目（Astigmata）1科,优势类群为矮汉甲螨科（Nanhermanniidae）和单翼甲螨科（Haplozetidae）,常见类群包括若甲螨科（Oribatulidae）、盖头甲螨科（Tectocepheidae）等16科。应用个体密度、类群数、香农多样性、密度．类群DG指数、丰富度和均匀度、甲螨群落的MGP分析和捕食性螨类MI指数,研究其中螨类的群落结构特征。研究结果表明：不同植被类型土壤螨类群落差异显著,各项指标均以常绿阔叶林为最高,其次为稀疏针叶林,显著高于其它样地（P〈0．05）,针叶林和裸地处于最低水平。甲螨群落类群结构中,各植被类型中的甲螨群落均属于M型;甲螨个体密度结构类型中,裸地属于MP型,旱生性草坡属P型,常绿阔叶林属于O型,其它均属于M型。中气门螨类的MI指数在各植被类型没有明显的变化。DCA分析将6类型分为3类：裸地、常绿阔叶林各为一类,其余各类型归为一类,这显示了土壤螨类群落对植被恢复不同类型的响应。     

贵州施秉喀斯特地区林地土壤甲螨的群落组成及多样性（英文）

【目的】为了解施秉喀斯特地区林地土壤甲螨的分布和群落组成特点,明确中国西南喀斯特地区林地类型对土壤甲螨群落密度、组成和物种多样性的影响,对该区林地土壤甲螨的群落结构及多样性进行了的调查和分析。【方法】2012年8月选取了中国西南施秉喀斯特地区典型生境中的8个样地,每个样地9个取样点,用Berlese-Tullgren装置分离土样24 h。多样性分析采用常见的多样性指数;群落相似性分析采用Jaccard相似性系数(C_J);群落聚类分析分别采用Marczewski Steinhaus 距离(C_ms)和Bray-Curtis距离,应用R 2.11程序进行类平均法聚类。【结果】结果显示,中国西南喀斯特8个样地中土壤甲螨由少数的优势属和数量众多的稀有属组成。其中全菌甲螨属 Perscheloribates (22.48%)和长单翼甲螨属 Protoribates (11.45%)个体数量最为丰富。长单翼甲螨属 Protoribate、上罗甲螨属Epilohmannia、小奥甲螨属 Oppiella、小盾珠甲螨属 Suctobelbella 和盖头甲螨属 Tectocepheus 分布广泛。本区的甲螨组成（属级水平）表现出明显热带和亚热带地区特点。在天然常绿落叶阔叶林中,甲螨的个体数量和种类数较多,但多样性不高,而在人工针叶林中甲螨多样性最高。甲螨群落组成和分布特征多样,异质性高,特别是在天然常绿落叶阔叶林中突出。【结论】研究表明,施秉喀斯特生态系统的不同林分影响甲螨的物种多样性和群落稳定性,天然常绿落叶阔叶混交林是甲螨的“避难所”。     

长春市不同土地利用生境土壤螨类群落结构特征

2003年7月和9月对长春市郊区天然次生林、农田、防护林和市区公园绿地等典型土地利用生境进行土壤螨类调查,Tullgren法提取土壤螨类,应用个体密度、类群数量、群落多样性、丰富度和均匀度、甲螨群落MGP分析和捕食性螨类MI等指数,研究土壤螨类的群落生态结构特征,了解土地利用差异对土壤螨类群落结构的影响。研究区共捕获土壤螨类3亚目92属8703只,其中隐气门亚目（Cryptostigmata）54属5091只,前气门亚目（Prostigmata）17属1582只,中气门亚目21属2030只。研究结果表明：长春市土地利用差异对土壤螨类群落结构特征影响明显,其中地表凋落物的移除和耕作活动是影响螨类群落结构的主要因素,地表凋落物的移除显著减少螨类群落的类群数、个体密度、群落多样性和丰富度,耕作活动促进螨类个体向土壤剖面下层移动,而地表植物群落类型对土壤螨类群落生态结构特征影响差异不显著。     

东北松嫩草原重度退化草地两种典型植被恢复处理方式间土壤螨类群落特征比较

于2005年5—10月在东北松嫩草原中南部十三泡草场,采用室内Tullgren法分离获取螨类,对土壤螨类进行采样,应用类群数、个体密度、多样性指数和MI指数等多个群落参数,研究植被恢复方式对重度碱化退化草地土壤螨类群落特征的影响。共捕获土壤螨类1104只,分别隶属于3亚目41属。结果表明,重度碱化退化草地土壤螨类稀少;围栏封育和种植碱茅两种植被恢复方式均能改善该类草地土壤螨类群落环境,提高了螨类的类群数、个体密度、群落多样性以及中气门螨类MI指数。但围栏封育和种植碱茅两种植被恢复方式之间也存在明显差异,种植碱茅较围栏封育更能显著提高土壤螨类个体密度;种植碱茅样地土壤螨类MI指数显著高于围栏封育样地,捕食性螨类K-选择类群比例更高,土壤螨类群落环境更好。对于松嫩草原重度碱化退化草地,选择种植碱茅方式可能更利于草地土壤螨类群落的恢复与重建。     

新疆玛纳斯河流域土壤螨类群落多样性

为探究玛纳斯河流域不同生境土壤螨类群落多样性及其时空特征,采用野外采样和改进的Tullgren法采集土壤螨类进行分类鉴定及比较分析。结果,共采集土壤螨类33208只,隶属4亚目86科140属。其中Ceratozetes和Oribatula为优势类群。不同垂直带生境土壤螨类个体数量和类群数量之间差异显著(P0.05),个体数依次为ⅥⅪⅧⅨⅠⅩⅦⅣⅤⅡⅢⅫ。垂直分布表明不同土层间的个体数差异极显著(P0.01),土壤螨类主要集中分布于表层土壤。不同生境土壤螨类在不同季节均有显著差异(P0.05),个体数依次为9月4月7月11月。在12种不同生境之间土壤螨类群落多样性指标均有显著差异(P0.05),Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)依次为ⅠⅤⅣⅥⅢⅩⅡⅨⅧⅦⅪⅫ,而Margalef(M)丰富度指数依次为ⅠⅥⅢⅩⅪⅧⅤⅣⅦⅡⅨⅫ。不同生境土壤螨类群落间的相似性处于中等不相似。结果表明研究流域不同垂直带生境土壤螨类群落多样性具有明显的生境和季节变化特征。     

吉林省中西部平原区土壤螨类群落结构特征

对吉林省中西部平原区进行土壤螨类群落调查,了解该区土壤螨类群落组成、分布及土地利用差异对土壤螨类群落结构的影响。共捕获土壤螨类96属16443只。研究结果显示:土壤螨类群落组成各类群空间分布的广狭与个体数量的多寡在吉林省中西部平原区未呈现出明显的一致性;中部平原区与西部平原区土壤螨类群落组成存在明显差异,气候和土壤差异是主导因素;不同土地利用类型生境螨类群落特征存在一定的差异,农业生产活动减少了土壤螨类类群数和个体密度,使螨类在土壤剖面不同土层间分布更加均匀;同时农业活动也减少了螨类的群落多样性。MGP分析能够反映人类干扰对甲螨群落结构的影响,其中MGPⅠ分析对不同土地利用条件下甲螨群落结构的季节变动更敏感。MI指数显示,农田和居民点的农业生产活动增加了中气门螨类r-选择类群的数量[动物学报51(3):401-412,2005]。     

干旱风沙区柠条枯落物对土壤节肢动物群落的影响

在干旱风沙区宁夏盐池县,选择柠条(Caragana korshinskii)枯落物,采用网孔分解袋法,研究了不同大小灌丛(极小型、小型、中型、大型)微生境柠条枯落物分解中土壤节肢动物群落分布特征。结果表明:灌丛增大导致枯落物残留量、磷(P)含量、钾(K)含量和土壤电导率显著升高(P0.05),而纤维素含量、木质素含量和土壤p H在不同大小灌丛间均无显著差异;调查共获得土壤节肢动物10目18科,其中优势类群为镰螯螨科、腾岛螨科、甲螨亚目和球角跳科,其个体数占总个体数的67.4%;常见类群4类,其个体数占总个体数的27.3%;其余10类为稀有类群,其个体数占总个体数的4.9%。在不同大小灌丛中,柠条枯落物土壤节肢动物群落组成差异较大,反映了土壤节肢动物对枯落物微生境变化的敏感性和适应性;灌丛增大导致土壤节肢动物优势度指数显著升高(P0.05),但土壤节肢动物个体数、类群数、香农指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数在不同大小灌丛间均无显著差异;土壤节肢动物个体数、类群数和多样性指数均与土壤电导率、枯落物残留量、木质素、纤维素、P和K含量密切相关。研究表明,不同大小灌丛下,枯落物残留量及质量差异导致土壤节肢动物群落组成变化较大。干旱区灌丛增大促进枯落物中某些类群聚集而导致土壤节肢动物,其优势度指数显著升高,但对土壤节肢动物类群数和多样性指数影响较小。     

亚热带不同树种组成森林中土壤甲螨群落结构特征: 以江西新岗山为例

在全球环境变化的大背景下, 生物多样性丧失日益加剧。土壤动物作为生物多样性重要组成之一, 受到广泛的关注。位于我国江西省新岗山的亚热带森林生物多样性与生态系统功能实验样地(BEF-China)是全世界25个森林生物多样性控制实验样地之一。本研究自2019年9月至2022年4月在BEF-China两个不同树种组成的样地(A样地和B样地)内采样, 共获得甲螨23,704头, 隶属于34科50属61种。本文分析和对比了两个样地内甲螨群落结构的差异, 及其多度、物种丰富度、Shannon多样性指数的季节性差异; 通过Pearson检验探讨了甲螨多度与环境因子的关系。结果表明: 在A、B两个不同树种组成的森林生态系统内, 土壤甲螨群落结构及其季节动态具有显著差异。具体表现在: A样地奥甲螨科、罗甲螨科、若甲螨科和尖棱甲螨科的相对多度高于B样地; B样地菌甲螨科、盖头甲螨科和礼服甲螨科的相对多度高于A样地。A样地中夏季和秋季甲螨多度、物种丰富度和Shannon多样性指数显著低于春季和冬季; 而B样地中秋季甲螨多度和物种丰富度与春季差异不显著。Pearson检验结果显示, 凋落物木质素含量与单翼甲螨科和菌甲螨科多度呈负相关关系, 而与奥甲螨科多度呈正相关关系。菌甲螨科多度与土壤和凋落物同一理化因子的相关性基本相同(碳氮比除外), 但与凋落物碳氮比呈正相关关系而与土壤碳氮比呈负相关关系。     

Regional factors rather than forest type drive the community structure of soil living oribatid mites (Acari, Oribatida)

Most European forests are managed by humans. However, the manner and intensity of management vary. While the effect of forest management on above-ground communities has been investigated in detail, effects on the below-ground fauna remain poorly understood. Oribatid mites are abundant microarthropods in forest soil and important decomposers in terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we investigated the effect of four forest types (i.e., managed coniferous forests; 30 and 70 years old managed beech forests; natural beech forests) on the density, diversity and community structure of oribatid mites (Acari). The study was replicated at three regions in Germany: the Swabian Alb, the Hainich and the Schorfheide. To relate changes in oribatid mite community structure to environmental factors, litter mass, pH, C and N content of litter, fine roots and C content of soil were measured. Density of oribatid mites was highest in the coniferous forests and decreased in the order 30 years old, 70 years old, and natural beech forests. Mass of the litter layer and density of oribatid mites were strongly correlated indicating that the litter layer is an important factor regulating oribatid mite densities. Diversity of oribatid mites was little affected by forest type indicating that they harbor similar numbers of niches. Species composition differed between the forest types, suggesting different types of niches. The community structure of oribatid mites differed more strongly between the three regions than between the forest types indicating that regional factors are more important than effects associated with forest type.     

Community structures of Mesostigmata, Prostigmata and Oribatida in broad-leaved regeneration forests and conifer plantations of various ages

The community structures of Mesostigmata, Prostigmata, and Oribatida in the soil of broad-leaved regeneration forests and conifer plantations of various ages were assessed alongside soil and plant environmental variables using three response metrics (density, species richness, and species–abundance distribution). The density and species richness of mites recovered swiftly after clear-cutting or replanting. Oribatid mites dominated the soil mite communities in terms of densities and species richness for both forest types. Soil mite communities in broad-leaved forests was related to forest age, the crown tree communities index, and forest-floor litter weight. In contrast, soil mite communities in the conifer plantation sites were related to various indices of understory plants. The development of the understory plants was synchronized with the silvicultural schedules, including a closed canopy and thinning. Such a conifer plantation management may affect indirectly the community of mites.     

小兴安岭大亮子河国家森林公园不同生境下土壤细菌多样性和群落结构

土壤细菌是森林生态系统的一个重要组成成分, 是生态系统中物质循环和能量流动的重要参与者, 细菌群落组成和生物多样性是反映土壤生态功能的重要指标。本文利用高通量测序技术分析了大亮子河国家森林公园内红松(Pinus koraiensis)林、落叶松(Larix gmelinii)林、蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)林、枫桦(Betula costata)林、针阔混交林、灌木林和草甸等7种不同生境土壤细菌群落组成和多样性的差异性, 探讨该地区土壤细菌群落对不同生境的响应, 为地区森林生态系统的经营管理及生态系统稳定性的维护提供科学理论基础。在门的水平上, 各生境的细菌群落组成基本一致, 其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)在7种生境土壤中相对丰度均大于10.0%, 是细菌中的优势菌门。在属的水平上, 共测得245个菌属, 各样地共有属118个, 占总属数的48.2%, 占总相对丰度的97.8%; 优势菌属分别为Spartobacteria_ genera_incertae_sedis、Gaiella、Gp16、Gp4, 占总相对丰度的47.0%, Spartobacteria_genera_incertae_sedis在7种生境土壤中丰度均最高。7种生境下的土壤细菌多样性和土壤理化因子存在着显著的差异, 红松林的土壤细菌群落多样性和丰富度均高于其他生境。土壤pH是大亮子河森林公园影响土壤细菌多样性的关键因子。     

Relationships between the diversity patterns of vascular plants,lichens and invertebrates in the Central Asian forest-steppe ecotone

The Central Asian forest-steppe ecotone has been exposed to large alterations in grazing pressure in the last two decades, but the consequences for biodiversity have not been studied so far. We analyzed the biodiversity of the edges and the interior of Siberian larch forests in the forest-steppes of eastern Kazakhstan (Saur, Kazakh Altai) and western Mongolia (Mongolian Altai, Khangai) across different groups of organisms (vascular plants, epiphytic lichens, soil macroarthropods, oribatid mites, moths). The species richness of these groups was related to each other only at the forest edge, but not in the interior. Species richness of vascular plants, soil macroarthropods and oribatid mites at the forest edges was positively correlated. This indicates that these ground-inhabiting groups of organisms responded similarly to the variation in the grazing pressure of livestock, which is kept at spatially varying densities by mostly nomadic or transhumant herders. The species richness of epiphytic lichens was only positively correlated with that of vascular plants, and the richness of the (volant) moths was not correlated with that of any other group. The complete lack of correlation between the diversity of groups of organisms in the forest interior suggests that the diversity of the five studied groups is controlled by specific environmental factors, including light and moisture. Except for the Mongolian Altai, which was subjected to the highest grazing pressure, vascular plants, lichens, soil macroarthropods, and moths had a higher diversity at the edges than in the interior; the opposite was true for the oribatid mites. The latter probably benefit from the higher soil moisture inside the forest, whereas the other four groups are favored by increased availability of light, the proximity to the steppe with a partial mixing of species pools, and the soil macroarthropods also by increased dung abundance.     

Conversion of Andean montane forests into plantations: Effects on soil characteristics,microorganisms, and microarthropods

Tropical montane forests in the Andes are subjected to deforestation and subsequent transformation into pastures. Abandoned pastures are frequently reforested by planting monoculture timber plantations, resulting in reduced aboveground diversity and changes in soil characteristics compared to primary forests. In this study, we evaluated differences in soil properties (litter layer thickness, pH, water content, and C-to-N ratio) between degraded primary montane forest and monoculture pine (Pinus patula) and alder (Alnus acuminata) plantations and their effects on density, diversity, and community structure of litter and soil-living mesofauna, with focus on oribatid mites (Acariformes). The study was performed in a montane region in the southern Ecuadorian Andes (2,000–2,600 m a.s.l.). C-to-N ratios in the litter and upper 5 cm soil layer were higher in pine plantations, while other soil characteristics were similar between vegetation types. Surprisingly, microbial biomass and density of soil mesofauna in the litter layer did not differ between vegetation types, while density and species richness of oribatid mites were higher in pine plantations. Community structure of oribatid mites differed between vegetation types with only a few species overlapping. The results indicate that quality and diversity of litter were not the major factors regulating the mesofauna community. Instead, soil animals benefited from increased habitat structure in thicker litter layers and potentially increased availability of root-derived resources. Overall, the results suggest that from a soil animal perspective, monoculture plantations are less detrimental than commonly assumed and enrichment of abandoned plantations with native tree species may help to restore tropical montane forests.     

上海市不同类型城市森林中小型土壤动物群落结构特征

于2014年4月(春季)、7月(夏季)、10月(秋季)和2015年1月(冬季)对上海市4种城市森林中小型土壤动物群落进行调查,共捕获土壤动物2190只,隶属于6门15纲22个类群,优势类群为线虫纲和蜱螨亚纲,分别占总密度的56.0%和21.8%,常见类群为线蚓科、轮虫纲、弹尾纲和膜翅目,共占总密度的18.7%.不同类型城市森林中小型土壤动物密度存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中,水杉林密度最高,香樟林最低;类群数以近自然林最高,水杉林最低.各林地中小型土壤动物群落结构具有明显的季节动态,整体表现为秋、冬季密度值较高,夏、秋季类群数较高.在垂直分布上,香樟林表聚程度最为突出,近自然林各层分布相对均匀.密度-类群指数(DG)大小顺序为近自然林(6.953)>香樟林(6.351)>悬铃木林(6.313)>水杉林(5.910),该指数可以较好地表征各林地的群落多样性.冗余分析(RDA)显示,土壤容重、土壤有机质、土壤总氮等是影响城市森林中小型土壤动物群落结构的主要环境因子,其中蜱螨亚纲和线蚓科与土壤有机质和总氮呈正相关,双翅目幼虫和轮虫纲与土壤含水量呈正相关.