有机营养液灌溉频次和灌水量对设施甜瓜产量、品质及肥水利用效率的影响

为研究高产优质甜瓜的有机管理模式,以甜瓜为试材,采用基质盆栽方式,设3种有机营养液灌溉频次(施用8次,每次每株750 mL, F₁; 施用12次,每次每株500 mL, F₂; 施用16次,每次每株375 mL, F₃)与2种单株灌水量(果实膨大前按120%日蒸腾蒸发量(ET)灌溉,之后按140%ET灌溉, W₁; 果实膨大前按140%ET灌溉,之后按160%ET灌溉, W₂),共6个试验处理,随机区组试验设计,研究了不同处理对设施甜瓜光合特性、产量、品质及肥水利用效率的影响.结果表明: 少量多次施用有机营养液可以显著提高甜瓜叶片光合速率,低灌水量显著提高果实产量和水分利用效率;高灌水量和中等有机营养液灌溉频次可使肥料利用率达到最高;少量多次有机营养液施用且相对适宜的水分供给提高了果实品质.回归分析发现,甜瓜果实维生素C含量与有机营养液灌溉频次呈指数函数y=0.214e^0.18x (R²=0.851)相关.综合考虑产量、品质、水分利用效率等因素,F₃W₁处理可在保证产量的前提下,提高果实品质,且水分利用效率最大,可以实现设施有机甜瓜肥水高效管理.     

源库调节对厚皮甜瓜植株生长和抗氧化特性及果实产量品质的影响

以厚皮甜瓜品种‘中甜1号’为材料,设V1F2(主蔓顶部留1条顶蔓+单株留2果,下略)、V2F2、V3F2、V1F3、V2F3、V3F3共6个处理,以不留顶蔓、每株只留1果为对照,以研究源库关系中主蔓顶部留蔓数和单株留果数对厚皮甜瓜植株生长、叶片抗氧化特性及果实产量和品质的影响。结果显示:(1)随生育期的延长,增加单株留果数使厚皮甜瓜植株茎粗、节间长、最大功能叶长明显受到抑制,而顶蔓数量对上述3项生长指标无显著影响。(2)留2个果时,叶片O2.-产生速率略低于CK,MDA含量高于CK;留3个果时,叶片中O2.-产生速率和MDA含量最高;在所有处理中,以留果2个的POD活性最低,以留果3个的SOD活性最低。(3)每株留2果时,增加顶蔓数能提高果实品质,而每株留3果同时增加顶蔓数时,果实品质下降,尤以第3果品质最差。研究表明:留果数量对厚皮甜瓜植株生长和叶片抗氧化性影响大于留顶蔓数量,每株留2蔓2果有利于植株生长,可增强叶片抗氧化能力,延缓叶片衰老,从而提高单株产量,改善果实品质。     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸对设施番茄果实发育及糖酸品质的影响北大核心CSCD

番茄果实糖酸类物质的含量及比例直接影响其风味品质,前期研究表明,适宜浓度的外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)能够促进果实的成熟并提高其芳香品质。该试验为探究外源ALA对番茄果实发育及其糖酸品质的影响,以番茄‘原味1号’(Solanum lycopersicum cv.Yuanwei No.1)品种为试材,于第4穗果授粉后10 d果实表面喷施0、100和200 mg·L^(-1)的ALA溶液,分析ALA对番茄果实形态、果皮色泽及果实不同部位组织中糖、酸类物质组分及含量的影响。结果表明:(1)外源ALA溶液能显著促进番茄果实横径、纵径的增加,提高果实单果重,还显著降低果实硬度,促进果实软化,提升果实口感,并提高了果实V_(C)和可溶性固形物含量。(2)果实不同部位组织(包括果肉、小柱和隔膜)糖类物质组分含量测定结果显示,外源ALA处理能够显著提高果实可溶性总糖含量(包括果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖),并有利于糖类物质向果肉中积累。(3)在有机酸类物质中,除酒石酸含量增加外,外源ALA处理均能不同程度地降低果实各部位组织中酸类物质含量,从而显著提高番茄果实果肉部位糖酸比,提升果实糖酸品质。研究发现,在番茄果实发育过程中外源施用200 mg·L^(-1) ALA不仅能够促进果实发育及着色,提高单果重,提升果实的外观品质,还有利于果实糖酸品质的形成。     

果袋颜色对番茄果实微环境及产量和品质的影响

为确定果袋颜色的生态学和生物学效应,以JYK番茄为试材,采用不同颜色果袋进行套袋处理,以不套袋为对照,研究了不同颜色果袋内微环境的变化及其对果实生长发育、产量和品质的影响.结果表明：不同颜色果袋均具有降低光强、提高温度、增加湿度的作用,并均可促进番茄果实膨大,增加单果质量,促进果实提早成熟.其中,以黑色果袋增温促长效果最好,其果实成熟期较对照提早10 d,单果质量增加27.2%;无色、蓝色及红色果袋处理的果实成熟期分别较对照提早8、3和2 d,单果质量分别增加11.8%、6.4%和4.8%.此外,套袋还可促进果实着色,显著提高番茄红素含量,但所有处理的果实硬度及可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量均低于对照.表明番茄套袋虽增加了产量,但降低了其营养品质.     

果袋颜色对番茄果实微环境及产量和品质的影响

为确定果袋颜色的生态学和生物学效应,以JYK番茄为试材,采用不同颜色果袋进行套袋处理,以不套袋为对照,研究了不同颜色果袋内微环境的变化及其对果实生长发育、产量和品质的影响.结果表明：不同颜色果袋均具有降低光强、提高温度、增加湿度的作用,并均可促进番茄果实膨大,增加单果质量,促进果实提早成熟.其中,以黑色果袋增温促长效果最好,其果实成熟期较对照提早10 d,单果质量增加27.2%;无色、蓝色及红色果袋处理的果实成熟期分别较对照提早8、3和2 d,单果质量分别增加11.8%、6.4%和4.8%.此外,套袋还可促进果实着色,显著提高番茄红素含量,但所有处理的果实硬度及可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量均低于对照.表明番茄套袋虽增加了产量,但降低了其营养品质.     

不同颜色果袋对‘巨峰’葡萄果实中挥发性成分的影响

以‘巨峰’葡萄为试材,研究白袋、绿袋、红袋、蓝袋4种不同颜色果袋对葡萄成熟期果实中挥发性成分的影响,为葡萄专用果袋的研发提供理论依据.结果表明:不同颜色果袋可为葡萄果实的发育提供特定的光环境,不同套袋处理葡萄成熟期果实中的挥发性成分差异显著.‘巨峰’葡萄成熟期果实中检测到酯、醛、醇、酮类、萜烯类和芳香族化合物,对照、白袋、绿袋、红袋和蓝袋处理成熟期果实检测到的挥发性组分分别为33、37、38、32和34种.与对照相比,白袋处理乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯等酯类物质含量降低,己醛、反式-2-己烯醛、癸醛含量增加;绿袋处理除3-己烯酸乙酯、反式-2-己烯酸乙酯、3-羟基丁酸乙酯、反式-2-己烯醛、(反,反)-2,4-己二烯醛、癸醛、苯乙醇外,其他共有组分的含量均出现降低;红袋处理乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯等酯类物质含量降低,己醛、反式-2-己烯醛等的含量出现降低;蓝袋处理乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯等主要酯类物质的含量未发生较大变化,己醛、反式-2-己烯醛等的含量出现升高.在非共有组分中,套袋处理中醇类组分的种类减少,萜烯类、芳香族化合物的种类增加.总体上,蓝袋处理果实中主要的‘果香型’酯类组分含量最高,白袋处理果实中主要的酯类组分及‘青草香型’的醛类组分含量较高,绿袋、红袋处理果实主要香气组分含量较低.     

水分对有机基质栽培番茄生理特性、品质及产量的影响

以"齐粉"番茄品种为试材,研究了不同相对含水量对有机基质栽培番茄生长、生理特性、产量、品质和水分利用率的影响.结果表明:随着有机基质相对含水量的升高,番茄株高、茎粗、节间长和单株叶面积极显著增加,叶片色素含量、水势、渗透势及根系活力和果实产量显著增加,而番茄果实品质和水分利用率显著降低.从果实产量、品质和水分利用率方面综合考虑,80%基质相对含水量处理的果实产量达26 kg.m-2以上,可作为番茄有机基质栽培水分管理的量化指标;如果仅考虑果实品质,则50%基质相对含水量可以作为水分管理指标.     

沼渣与化肥配合施用对温室番茄生长发育、产量及品质的影响

采用随机区组试验设计,研究了沼渣与化肥配合施用对番茄生长发育、产量和品质的影响.结果表明:沼渣与化肥配合施用有利于番茄生长发育,其中60%沼渣+40%化肥处理的植株生长发育状况良好,产量高于其他处理;60%沼渣+40%化肥处理果实Vc含量为91.09 mg.kg-1,比对照高21.32 mg.kg-1,总糖含量比对照高2.13%,果实品质有明显改善.在试验组合中,60%沼渣与40%化肥配合施用为设施番茄的最佳配比.     

套袋对越冬番茄果实微环境及产量和品质的影响

以‘L402’番茄为试材,研究了不同材质果袋内微环境变化规律及其对果实膨大与品质的影响.结果表明：套袋可改变番茄果实发育的微环境,促进果实发育,使果实提早成熟,增加单果质量.硫酸纸袋内光照、湿度介于塑料袋与无纺布袋之间,除上午温度低于塑料袋外,下午及夜间的温度均较高,其收获时单果质量较对照增加了15.34%.但套袋果实的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、维生素C含量和糖酸比值均低于对照,说明套袋影响了果实营养品质,降低了果实风味.由于套袋阻隔了果实与农药的直接接触,除无纺布袋内果实毒死蜱含量高于对照外,硫酸纸袋及塑料袋处理的番茄果实毒死蜱残留量及高效氯氰菊酯残留量均显著低于对照.     

转基因抗衰老番茄F2代果实品质研究

为了研究转基因抗衰老番茄F2代果实贮藏后品质,本研究以丽春番茄为对照,转反义NR、F1'、F2和F3基因番茄为试材,分析了采后3~20d果实总糖、总酸、Vc的含量变化,结果为:转基因番茄除F2基因型总糖含量显著低于对照外,其余均无差异;总酸含量在贮藏20d后除F3与对照无差异外,均高于对照;各个基因型番茄在贮藏期Vc含量均高于对照41%~72%。综合分析结果显示F3即转反义ACS-CTR双价番茄果实贮藏后品质最好,F2(CTR)最差,NR、F1'(ACS)与对照相同。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.