人参皂苷Rb1、Rg1、Re对白血病细胞株KG1α增殖的影响

目的:探讨人参皂苷Rb1、Rg1、Re对急性髓系白血病细胞株(KG1α)增殖的影响.方法:取对数生长期KG1α细胞,分设人参皂苷Rb1、Rg1、Re组和常规培养组,以MTT比色法检测作用24h、48h、72h时对KG1α细胞增殖抑制作用,并计算Rb1的IC_(50)值,以此浓度为工作浓度,设常规培养组和处理组,台盼蓝计数法观察对KG1α细胞增殖的影响;流式细胞术测定细胞周期分布的变化.结果:MTT、台盼蓝计数显示人参皂苷单体Rb1、Rg1可抑制KG1α细胞增殖,呈浓度依赖性,以Rb1抑制效应最佳,于作用48h抑制率最高.台盼蓝计数显示人参皂苷单体Rb1-120μmol/L作用48h时抑制率达50.22%;流式细胞术结果提示,与对照组比较,Rb1-120μmol/L组G_2/M期KG1α细胞比例增加(P<0.05).结论:Rb1可抑制KG1α细胞体外增殖,其增殖抑制作用与将KG1α细胞阻滞于G_2/M期有关.     

三七总皂苷及单体组合对ox-LDL诱导内皮细胞ICAM-1表达的影响

目的:研究三七总皂苷及其单体组合对ox-LDL诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)粘附分子ICAM-1表达的影响.方法:体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞,加入100mg·L-lox-LDL刺激HUVECs,诱导单核-内皮细胞黏附,加入不同浓度的PNS及单体组合进行干预,蛋白染料法测定黏附值,RT-PCR检测HUVECs粘附分子ICAM-ImRNA的表达,Western-blotting检测HUVECs粘附分子ICAM-1蛋白的表达.结果:PNS各剂量组及单体组合组可有效降低单核-内皮细胞的黏附;ox-LDL可显著增加HUVECs的ICAM-1 mRNA及蛋白表达(P＜0.05);PNS各剂量组及单体组合组与ox-LDL组相比,均能显著降低ICAM-1的mRNA及蛋白表达(P＜0.05).结论:抑制ox-LDL诱导的内皮细胞ICAM-1mRNA及蛋白的表达,可能为PNS抗动脉粥样硬化作用机制之一.     

土生曲霉转化三七中药材的研究

从土壤真菌中筛选出直接转化中药材三七化学成分的菌株YM31966,经鉴定该菌株为土生曲霉(Aspergillus terreus).以固态转化方式,结合化学提取分离方法,通过高效液相色谱、核磁共振及质谱等波谱检测,该菌株转化三七产物由三七皂苷nR2 、RX1和人参皂苷Rg1、Rd、Rh1、Rh4构成主体成分,而原三七成分Rb1、Rc、Re和R1、R3,R6等物质被分解.结果表明,土生曲霉是一株能转化中药材三七的微生物,它具有改变原三七化学成分,形成新化合物,以及提高某些原化合物成分含量的作用.     

人参生殖器官皂苷含量动态变化

为了明确从现蕾、开花到结实过程中的人参生殖器官中各单体皂苷含量的动态变化,应用HPLC法测定了人工栽培的五年生人参不同时期生殖器官中的人参单体皂苷Rb1、Rb2、Rb3、Rc、Rd、Re、Rg1和Rg3的含量。结果显示:从现蕾到果实成熟的过程中,人参单体皂苷Rb1、Rb2、Rb3、Rc、Rd、Re、Rg1和Rg3的含量的平均值分别为0.643%,0.189%,1.026%,1.014%,1.941%,8.381%,0.724%和0.041mg.g-1。从现蕾到果实成熟的过程中,人参单体皂苷Rb1含量的最高值在7月16日,单体皂苷Rb3、Rc、Rd和Rg1含量的最高值在7月11日,单体皂苷Rb2和Rg2含量的最高值在8月7日。     

人参皂苷Rb1调节脑微血管NOS/NO改善脑细胞膜通透性

目的:探究人参皂苷Rb1在脂多糖(LPS)诱导的人脑微血管细胞模型中对脑细胞膜通透性的影响。方法:采用噻唑蓝比色法(MTT)及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放检测不同浓度人参皂苷Rb1对LPS刺激人脑微血管内皮细胞系(HBMEC)存活率的影响;采用EVOM法检测HBMEC细胞通透性;采用Griess法、ELISA法及DAF-FM DA荧光探针分别检测NO、ONOO~-含量及eNOS、iNOS活性;Western blot法检测p-eNOS(ser1177)、iNOS蛋白的表达水平。结果:与正常对照组比较,LPS(5μg/m L)可明显降低HBMEC细胞存活率(P0.01);与LPS组比较,随着人参皂苷Rb1浓度的增加细胞存活率明显升高,且中、高剂量组(40、80μmol/L)具有显著性差异(P0.05、P0.01);LPS导致HBMEC单层细胞电阻值明显降低(P0.01),人参皂苷Rb1高剂量组(80μmol/L)可显著抑制LPS所致的细胞膜通透性升高(P0.05);LPS可明显降低HBMEC细胞NO含量(P0.01)升高ONOO~-含量(P0.05),人参皂苷Rb1中、高剂量组(40、80μmol/L)较LPS组具有显著升高NO含量,降低ONOO~-含量的作用(P0.05);与正常对照组比较,LPS组可明显降低HBMEC细胞磷酸化eNOS (ser1177)蛋白的表达水平,而显著升高iNOS蛋白表达水平(P0.01)。人参皂苷Rb1高剂量组(80μmol/L)较LPS组可显著升高p-eNOS(ser1177)蛋白的表达水平,降低iNOS蛋白的表达水平(P0.05)。结论:人参皂苷Rb1可有效降低iNOS活性,升高eNOS活性继而减少NO水平及ONOO~-含量,显著降低LPS导致的脑细胞膜通透性升高。     

培养条件对三七愈伤组织生长和皂苷积累的影响

以MS为基础培养基,改变激素配比、氮源和光照等因素,以分光光度法和HPLC法分析三七愈伤组织培养过程中皂苷含量的变化。结果表明:培养条件对三七愈伤组织中皂苷积累有一定影响,激素配比对愈伤组织中皂苷含量的影响最大,在0.5 mg·L-12,4-D+1.0 mg·L-16-BA组合下,培养物中总皂苷含量最多,达到4.72%±0.29%;在总氮量为60 mmol·L-1条件下,45 mmol·L-1KNO3+7.5 mmol·L-1NH4NO3(NO3-/NH4+=7∶1)时,愈伤组织皂苷含量最多,达到4.71%±0.17%;分别在1 000 lx和500 lx光强下每天光照12 h的愈伤组织,皂苷含量均低于黑暗培养的愈伤组织,三者皂苷含量分别为1.94%±0.31%、2.38%±0.12%和3.57%±0.27%,光照引起愈伤组织表面变绿及细胞分化,可能是抑制愈伤组织中皂苷合成与积累的主要原因;HPLC检测发现,三七愈伤组织和根中均含有Rg1、Re、Rb1及Rd四种皂苷,但栽培三七根含有R1皂苷,而三七愈伤组织中未检测到R1,其原因需要进一步研究。该研究结果为未来愈伤组织培养成为部分代替人工栽培生产三七天然产物的潜在途径提供了研究基础。     

绵萆薢三萜皂苷类成分研究

为了解绵萆薢(Dioscorea spongiosa)的化学成分,从其70%乙醇水溶液提取物中分离鉴定了8个化合物,经理化性质和波谱数据分析分别鉴定为:20(S)-人参皂苷Rh1(1)、人参皂苷Rg1(2)、人参皂苷Re(3)、三七皂苷R1(4)、人参皂苷Rd(5)、人参皂苷Rb1(6)、常青藤皂苷元3-O-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷(7)和木通皂苷D(8)。化合物1、2、3、5和6为首次从该种植物中分离得到,化合物7和8为首次从薯蓣属植物中分离得到。     

人参皂苷活性单体-20(R)-人参皂苷Rg3药理作用及其机制的研究进展

20(R)-人参皂苷Rg3是人参皂苷的主要活性单体之一,主要用于抗肿瘤治疗。近年来,20(R)-人参皂苷Rg3的药理作用不断取得进展,其中保护心脑血管、增强免疫功能、抗增生性瘢痕、抗疲劳的药理作用尤为值得关注。本文整理近年来国内外与20(R)-人参皂苷Rg3相关文献,论述其主要药理作用及其作用机制,为进一步开发20(R)-人参皂苷Rg3提供了科学依据。     

密闭微波辅助间歇提取RP-HPLC测定三七中三种皂苷类化合物

本文建立了采用微波辅助间歇提取三七样品中的皂苷类化合物,并以反相高效液相色谱（RP—HPLC）测定其中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Rb1含量的实验方法。分别通过单因素实验和正交实验设计,优化了萃取溶剂浓度、溶剂用量、微波功率和微波辐射时间等提取条件。与传统的索氏提取法、冷浸法和超声波提取法比较,微波辅助萃取法具有快速、提取率高、溶剂消耗少等优点,间歇萃取较连续萃取更是大大节省了微波能耗。     

三七绿紫过渡地上茎的花色苷和皂苷组织定位及其含量分析

为探究三七绿紫过渡地上茎的花色苷和皂苷组织定位与含量的相关性,采用显微组织化学法研究云南文山三七的一年生植株绿紫过渡地上茎各茎段花色苷和皂苷的组织定位,用分光光度法检测茎段的总花色苷(TAC)和总皂苷含量(TSC),用高效液相色谱检测了茎段的皂苷单体含量。结果表明:(1)在三七绿紫过渡地上茎的中部横截面上,花色苷主要定位在皮层薄壁组织外侧的2层或2~3层细胞中,而皂苷主要定位在维管束中;各茎段的皂苷单体均主要为人参皂苷Rb1。(2)从茎顶向茎基,茎段中TAC、TSC和Rb1的含量总体上分别表现为一条"单峰"、"V形"和"降-升-降三段式"曲线;其中,花色苷主要积累在茎的中、上部,总皂苷在茎的下、基部,Rb1则在茎的上半段,而且TAC最高以及TSC和Rb1含量最低的茎段均恰好定位在中上部的黄金分割点处。(3)不同茎段间的TAC含量差异显著,Rb1含量差异极显著,但TSC含量的差异不显著;不同茎段间的TAC与TSC、Rb1含量呈不同的相关性,整个地上茎的TAC与TSC含量间呈极显著负相关关系、TAC与Rb1含量间呈不显著正相关。研究认为,在三七绿紫过渡地上茎中,花色苷和皂苷的横向组织定位不同,二者含量在纵向上总体呈负相关。     

Shape, symmetry, hydration and secondary structure of the legumin from Vicia faba in solution

The following physical parameters of the legumin from Vicia faba were determined by means of small-angle X-ray scattering, quasi-elastic light scattering and circular dichroism: molar mass, M = 3.5 X 10(5) g/mol; radius of gyration, Rg = 4.45 nm; maximum dimension, L = 13 nm; translational diffusion coefficient, D0(20),w = 3.38 X 10(-7) cm2 X s-1; alpha-helix content about 15%; content of beta-sheets 10%; dihedral point group symmetry of the molecule 32.     

Callus Culture and Gentiopicroside Formation in Gentiana manshurica Kitag.

Suitable medium for callus growth and gentiopicroside formation of Gentiana manshurica Kitag. was studied employing orthogonal design and monofactorial experiment. The results showed that combination of NAA 1 mg/L +KT 0.5 mg/L was best for callus growth, while NAA lmg/L, is the suitable phytohormone for gentiopicroside formation. B5 medium was suitable for callus growth while MS medium was suitable for gentiopicroside formation. The experiment of orthogonal design indicates that NH4+/NO3-, K+, Ca2+ and sucrose were the factors significantly affecting fresh weight, dry weight and gentiopicroside content of callus. However, the level of some factors for callus growth was different from that for gentiopicroside formation. In 18 different media, No. 7 was best for callus growth and No.10 medium was best for gentiopicroside formation.     

Understory light and root ginsenosides in forest-grown Panax quinquefolius

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between light levels in the understory of a broadleaf forest and the content of six ginsenosides (Rg(1), Re, Rb(1), Rc, Rb(2,) and Rd) in 1- and 2-year-old American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) roots. Our results revealed that ginsenoside contents in 1- and 2 year-old roots collected in September were significantly related to direct and total light levels, and duration of sunflecks. At this time, the effect of light levels accounted for up to 48 and 62% of the variation in ginsenoside contents of 1- and 2-year-old American ginseng roots. Also, red (R) and far red (FR) light, and the R:FR ratio significantly affected Rd, Rc, and Rg(1) contents in 2-year-old roots, accounting for up to 40% of the variation in ginsenoside contents.     

人参皂甙Rg1对昆明小鼠早胚体外发育的影响

目的观察人参皂甙Rg1对昆明(kunming,KM)小鼠早胚体外发育的影响,为改善小鼠早胚体外培养体系奠定实验基础。方法以空白M16培养液为对照组,M16中添加浓度为5μmol/L、10μmol/L、20μmol/L Rg1为实验组,收集KM小鼠1-细胞胚进行体外连续培养,计数各组发育至2-、4-细胞胚、桑葚胚和囊胚等各个阶段的数目,比较各组发育至不同阶段的比率。结果添加Rg1实验组发育到桑葚胚和囊胚的比率明显高于对照组,其中以添加浓度为10μmol/L的Rg1实验组的效果最显著,其桑葚胚发育率为59.79%,而对照组只有19.17%(P<0.01)。10μmol/L的Rg1实验组囊胚发育率为17.82%,也明显高于对照组1.87%(P<0.01)。结论 Rg1可提高KM小鼠1-细胞胚体外发育到桑葚胚及囊胚的比率,以10μmol/L浓度的Rg1效果最显著。     

Simultaneous determination of three Panax notoginseng saponins at sub-nanograms by LC-MS/MS in dog plasma for pharmacokinetics of compound Danshen tablets

Compound Danshen tablets are composed of Panax notoginseng, Salvia miltiorrhiza and Borneol. The tablets are prescribed for treatment of cardiovascular diseases in China. The present study aimed at developing a specific and sensitive LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously determine three bioactive P. notoginseng saponins, i.e., notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1, in dogs after a single oral administration of the compound tablets in order to obtain the clinically relevant saponin-related pharmacodynamics of the tablets in patients. The R1, Rg1 and Rb1 were extracted from dog plasma with acetone-methanol (80:20, v/v), separated by reversed phase liquid chromatography and determined by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with positive electrospray ionization (ESI). The developed method reached lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) at 0.10 ng/ml for the three saponins. The method was validated in terms of selectivity, matrix effects, linearity, precision and accuracy, and then was applied to a pharmacokinetic study of the three bioactive saponins simultaneously in dogs after a single oral administration of compound Danshen tablets at a clinical equivalent dose. The C(max) and AUC((0-∞)) for R1, Rg1 and Rb1 were 1.91, 3.34 and 28.6 ng/ml, and 7.5, 11.0, and 1712 (h ng/ml), respectively.     

黑翅土白蚁乙酰胆碱酯酶最佳反应体系的建立及药剂敏感度比较

用正交试验方法研究了酶浓度、底物浓度、反应体系pH值、反应温度、反应时间5个因素对黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki)乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性测定的影响。通过对正交试验结果进行极差和方差分析,明确了测定黑翅土白蚁AChE活性的最适反应条件是酶浓度为12.5 g/L,底物浓度为8 mmol/L,pH值8.0,反应温度40℃,反应时间5 min。此外,研究了6种药剂对黑翅土白蚁体内AChE活性的影响。结果表明：灭多威、辛硫磷、三唑磷、丙溴磷、马拉硫磷和氧化乐果6种药剂对黑翅土白蚁AChE抑制中浓度(IC₅₀)分别为3.52×10^-4,1.86×10^-3,5.13×10^-3,9.55×10^-4,8.81×10^-3,和1.39×10^-2 mol/L。在3.3×10^-7～5×10^-3 mol/L的浓度范围内,上述6种药剂对黑翅土白蚁体内AChE活性的抑制作用都具有明显的剂量效应关系。     

Methyl jasmonate elicitation enhanced synthesis of ginsenoside by cell suspension cultures of Panax ginseng in 5-l balloon type bubble bioreactors

The effects of methyl jasmonate (MJ) elicitation on the cell growth and accumulation of ginsenoside in 5-l bioreactor suspension cultures of Panax ginseng were investigated. Ginsenoside accumulation was enhanced by elicitation by MJ (in the range 50–400 M); however, fresh weight, dry weight and growth ratio of the cells was strongly inhibited by increasing MJ concentration. The highest ginsenoside yield was obtained at 200 M MJ. In the second experiment, 200 M MJ was added on day 15 during the cultivation. The ginsenoside, Rb group, and Rg group ginsenoside content increased 2.9, 3.7, and 1.6 times, respectively, after 8 days of MJ treatment. Rb group gisnsenosides accumulated more than Rg group ginsenosides. Among Rb group ginsenosides, Rb1 content increased significantly by four times but the contents of Rb2, Rc and Rd increased only slightly. Among Rg group ginsenosides, Rg1 and Re showed 2.3-fold and 3.0-fold increments, respectively, whereas there was only a slight increment in Rf group ginsenosides. These results suggest that MJ elicitation is beneficial for ginsenoside production using 5-l bioreactor cell suspension cultures.     

Protective effects of ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg1, and notoginsenoside R1 on lipopolysaccharide-induced microcirculatory disturbance in rat mesentery

Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), and notoginsenoside R1 (R1) are major active components of Panax notoginseng, a Chinese herb that is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to enhance blood circulation and dissipate blood stasis. To evaluate the effect of these saponins on microcirculatory disturbance induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), vascular hemodynamics in rat mesentery was observed continuously during their administration using an inverted microscope and a high speed video camera system. LPS administration decreased red blood cell velocity but Rb1, Rg1, and R1 attenuated this effect. LPS administration caused leukocyte adhesion to the venular wall, mast cell degranulation, and the release of cytokines. Rb1, Rg1, and R1 reduced the number of adherent leukocytes, and inhibited mast cell degranulation and cytokine elevation. In vitro experiments using flow cytometry further demonstrated that a) the LPS-enhanced expression of CD11b/CD18 by neutrophils was significantly depressed by Rb1 and R1, and b) hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) release from neutrophils in response to LPS stimulation was inhibited by treatment with Rg1 and R1. These results suggest that the protective effect of Rb1 and R1 against leukocyte adhesion elicited by LPS may be associated with their suppressive action on the expression of CD11b/CD18 by neutrophils. The protective effect against mast cell degranulation by Rb1 and R1, and the blunting of H(2)O(2) release from neutrophils by Rg1 and R1 suggest mechanistic diversity in the effects of Panax notoginseng saponins in the attenuation of microcirculatory disturbance induced by LPS.