NaCl胁迫下苯丙烯酸在黄瓜幼苗-土壤系统内的积累

采用盆栽试验,以耐盐黄瓜品种‘津绿5号’和盐敏感品种‘津优1号’为试材,研究了NaCl（585 mg·kg^-1土）胁迫下不同浓度苯丙烯酸对黄瓜幼苗-土壤系统内苯丙烯酸积累的影响.结果表明： 苯丙烯酸施用浓度是影响土壤和黄瓜植株中苯丙烯酸含量的主要因子;除最高浓度(200 mg·kg^-1土)外,其他处理的黄瓜植株苯丙烯酸含量均随处理浓度的增加而增加.盐分胁迫使苯丙烯酸的毒性作用增强,在中低浓度处理下,黄瓜植株中苯丙烯酸含量升高;在高浓度处理下,黄瓜幼苗生长量下降并导致植株中苯丙烯酸含量降低;‘津绿5号’在最高浓度(200 mg·kg^-1土)处理时苯丙烯酸含量下降,而‘津优1号’从100 mg·kg^-1土浓度就开始下降,反映出两个黄瓜品种的耐盐性差异.在黄瓜植株各部位中,苯丙烯酸主要在叶片中积累;而在黄瓜植株-土壤系统内,苯丙烯酸主要在土壤中积累.     

利用微生物缓解苯丙烯酸对黄瓜生长的抑制

黄瓜根系分泌的酚酸类物质特别是苯丙烯酸,它是引起黄瓜自毒作用的一种重要的化感物质,对黄瓜连作具有明显的抑制作用。从珠海市污水排放入海口处分离出一株放线菌CellulosimicrobiumcellusansHa8菌株,它具有分解苯丙烯酸、苯甲酸、对氨基苯甲酸和苯酚的能力。通过在水培溶液和盆栽土壤中添加外源苯丙烯酸模拟连作环境,研究菌株Ha8对连作障碍的缓解程度。水培实验证明施用107cfu/L菌株Ha8能够有效缓解苯丙烯酸(浓度分别为2μmol/L和10μmol/L)对水培黄瓜的抑制作用,表现为显著促进黄瓜茎和根系的生长,提高开花数、产量等。土培实验证明,Ha8(≥106cfu/g干有机肥)和有机肥(3mg/kg土壤)联合施用,能够有效缓解苯丙烯酸(100mg/kg土壤)对黄瓜生长的抑制作用,主要表现为促进黄瓜对营养的吸收、提高黄瓜的根系脱氢酶活力、促进黄瓜根系微生物活性、增加有益菌群等。     

苯丙烯酸对黄瓜幼苗生理特性的影响

采用基质栽培模拟实验,研究了不同浓度苯丙烯酸对黄瓜幼苗生理特性的影响.结果表明,苯丙烯酸对黄瓜幼苗的光合色素、光合速率、蒸腾速率和根系活力产生了抑制作用.当处理浓度为25μmol·L^-1时,对类胡萝卜素产生抑制作用,对叶绿素a、叶绿素b为促进作用;当浓度为50μmol·L^-1时,对光合速率、蒸腾速率和根系活力均产生显著的抑制作用(P<0.05),并随着处理浓度的增加抑制作用增强;当浓度为150μmol·L^-1时,对叶绿素a、叶绿素b产生显著抑制作用(P<0.05);随着处理浓度的增加,对黄瓜上述生理特性的抑制作用增强.低浓度苯丙烯酸(25～50μmol·L^-1)对幼苗根系活力的抑制强度不大,可在处理后期得到恢复;高浓度(100～150μmol·L^-1)处理则表现出显著的抑制作用,随着处理时间延长,抑制作用增强(P<0.05).     

小麦根系分泌物对黄瓜生长及土壤真菌群落结构的影响

以黄瓜为受体,以不同化感效应(促进/抑制)小麦品种为供体,采用PCR-DGGE技术,研究了小麦根系分泌物及伴生小麦对黄瓜生长及土壤真菌群落结构的影响.结果表明： 在处理第6天和第12天,化感促进效应小麦根系分泌物分别显著提高了黄瓜幼苗株高和茎粗;在处理第18天,化感促进和抑制效应小麦根系分泌物均显著提高了黄瓜幼苗株高;在处理第6天,不同化感效应小麦根系分泌物均显著降低了黄瓜幼苗根际土壤真菌群落条带数、Shannon指数及均匀度指数,有苗对照(W)显著高于无苗对照(Wn);在处理第18天,各处理的真菌群落结构条带数、Shannon指数及均匀度指数均显著高于无苗对照(Wn).伴生化感抑制效应小麦显著降低了黄瓜根际土壤真菌群落Shannon指数和均匀度指数,说明小麦根系分泌物及伴生小麦改变了土壤真菌群落结构.DGGE图谱及其主成分分析结果表明,伴生不同化感效应小麦对土壤真菌群落结构影响较大.     

氧化钠胁迫下苯丙烯酸对黄瓜根际细菌DNA分子水平多态性的影响

采用PCR-DGGE技术,研究了NaCl（0、292.5、585 mg·kg^-1土）胁迫下,不同浓度苯丙烯酸（0、25、50、100、200 mg·kg^-1土）对黄瓜根际细菌DNA分子水平多态性的影响.结果表明：在黄瓜幼苗的不同时期,低浓度苯丙烯酸（50 mg·kg^-1土）处理使DGGE图谱中的条带数和条带灰度与对照（CK,0 mg·kg^-1土）相近,多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数最高;高浓度苯丙烯酸（100、200 mg·kg^-1土）处理使土壤DGGE图谱中的条带数减少,条带灰度变暗,多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数较低.表明NaCl胁迫下,低浓度苯丙烯酸缓解而高浓度苯丙烯酸加重了盐分对土壤微生物的胁迫.对目的条带的克隆测序结果表明,受影响的主要细菌类群多数为不可培养细菌及α-、γ-和β-变形菌门,有少部分属于厚壁菌门、酸杆菌门和放线菌门.     

S3307浸种盐胁迫下对黄瓜幼苗存活和生理的影响

用S3307粉剂不同浓度对“夏丰一号”黄瓜浸种,探讨培育抗盐性较强幼苗最适的处理浓度。结果表明：与非盐胁迫相比,在0．5％的NaCl胁迫下,用S3307粉剂不同浓度浸种的黄瓜幼苗存活率明显提高,幼苗相对含水量、可溶性糖含量、叶绿素含量及光合速率下降缓慢,电解质外渗率增加幅度小。其中,以20μg/L S3307浸种处理17h的抗盐效果最好。     

豌豆根系中分泌物质的分离鉴定及其化感效应的研究

本文实验采用GC-MS分析法对豌豆组培苗、土培苗重茬两代的根系分泌物进行鉴定。实验结果表明,能被二氯甲烷提取的豌豆根系分泌物有醇类、脂类、醛类、苯类、烃类等。用不同浓度的豌豆化感物质2,4-二叔丁基苯酚(2,4-DB)和2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚(2,6-DM)处理豌豆、绿豆、小麦和玉米4种作物种子,进行萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应研究。结果表明,0~2 mmol·L~(-1) 2,4-DB和2,6-DM处理对豌豆和绿豆种子萌发呈促进作用,而3~5 mmol·L~(-1) 2,4-DB和2,6-DM处理则呈抑制的作用。随浓度的增大,2种化感物质对小麦和玉米种子萌发的抑制作用逐渐增强。对于豆科作物豌豆和绿豆,2,4-DB对绿豆萌发时根系的抑制作用较强;而对于禾本科作物玉米和小麦,则2,4-DB对小麦萌发时根系的抑制作用最强。     

分蘖洋葱根系分泌物对黄瓜幼苗生长及根际土壤微生物的影响

以不同化感潜力分蘖洋葱为供体,黄瓜为受体,研究了分蘖洋葱根系分泌物对黄瓜幼苗生长、根际土壤微生物数量及细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明:不同化感潜力分蘖洋葱根系分泌物对黄瓜幼苗生长均具有促进作用,且随着浓度的升高,促进作用增强,相同浓度下,化感潜力强、弱供体之间差异不显著;不同化感潜力分蘖洋葱根系分泌物均增加了黄瓜根际土壤细菌和放线菌数量,降低了真菌和尖镰孢菌数量,化感潜力强的品种(L-06)效果更显著;不同化感潜力分蘖洋葱根系分泌物均能提高黄瓜根际土壤细菌群落丰富度,差异条带的序列片段经比对推测为3大细菌类群:Actinobacteria(放线菌纲)、Proteobacteria(变形菌纲)和Anaerolineaceae(厌氧绳菌纲),其中厌氧绳菌只出现在化感潜力强(L-06)的处理中.化感潜力强(L-06)、浓度高(10 mL·株-1)的分蘖洋葱根系分泌物更有利于黄瓜根际土壤细菌群落丰富度的提高.     

大蒜根系分泌物的化感作用

以苍山白蒜和蔡家坡紫蒜为材料,采用水培方法收集根系分泌物,研究了2个大蒜品种的根系分泌物对莴苣种子发芽和幼苗生长及对黄瓜枯萎病菌、西瓜枯萎病菌的化感效应.结果表明:2个大蒜品种的根系分泌物对莴苣种子发芽和幼苗生长均表现为低浓度(0.1、0.2 g·mL-1)促进、高浓度(0.4、0.6 g·mL-1)抑制,高浓度时蔡家坡紫蒜的抑制作用大于苍山白蒜;对黄瓜枯萎病菌和西瓜枯萎病菌的菌丝生长及孢子萌发均表现为抑制作用,随着根系分泌物浓度的提高,抑制作用增强,其中黄瓜枯萎病菌较敏感,且蔡家坡紫蒜的抑制作用大于苍山白蒜.     

当归根际土对其种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

室内条件下测定了当归根际土水浸液对当归种子萌发、幼苗生长的影响,采用化感作用效应指数（RI）和综合化感效应指数（M）及差异性检验评价了当归根际土的化感效应。结果表明：与蒸馏水和对照土实验组相比,根际土、非根际土水浸液对种子萌发、幼苗生长及4种酶活性均有显著的抑制作用;随着质量浓度的升高,根际土水浸液对当归种子萌发和幼苗生长的综合化感效应在各浓度（0.125～1.000 g·ml^-1）之间差异显著（P<0.05）,而在相同质量浓度条件下,根际土水浸液的综合化感效应较非根际土和对照土明显;当质量浓度均为0.500 g·ml^-1时,根际土、非根际土水浸液对4种酶活性均有明显抑制作用,且二者之间的差异达到显著水平（P<0.05）;3种土壤水浸液供体对当归种子萌发、幼苗生长的抑制强度均表现为根际土>非根际土>对照土,因此推测自毒作用是当归连作障碍的原因之一。     

日光温室连作土壤酚类物质变化及其对黄瓜根系

研究了日光温室连作黄瓜土壤酚类物质变化及其对黄瓜根系抗病性相关酶的影响.结果表明,随着连作年限的增加,对羟基苯甲酸、阿魏酸、苯甲酸以及总量呈现明显的积累特征:种植5年、7年、9年的含量显著高于1年、3年,且9年的是1年的2倍.在低浓度处理下(40和80 μg·g^-1),前期（2、3叶期）诱导多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、苯丙氨酸转氨酶活性不同程度地升高,植株表现高抗性,在较高浓度下(120和160 μg·g^-1),处理前期多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、苯丙氨酸转氨酶活性迅速降低,甚至丧失酶活性.连作土壤酚类物质浓度变化是影响日光温室黄瓜抗病性的主要因素之一.     

Suppression by Red Light Irradiation of Corynespora Leaf Spot of Cucumber Caused by Corynespora cassiicola

The effect of red light irradiation on development of Corynespora leaf spot of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Hokushin) caused by Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & Court.) was investigated in greenhouses. In a greenhouse without red light (?Red), lesions enlarged, coalesced, and finally covered the entire leaves of cucumber. In a greenhouse with red light (+Red), however, lesion appearance was delayed relative to that under ?Red and its development was also significantly suppressed. Such difference in disease development was also observed in cucumbers grown under +Red and ?Red in the same greenhouse. Disease suppression under red light was also observed in glasshouse‐grown C. cassiicola‐inoculated cucumbers. Red light did not inhibit the infection behaviour of the pathogen. Our results indicated that the delay and suppression of Corynespora leaf spot of cucumber under +Red were due to induction of resistance in cucumber, and not to differences in environmental conditions or fungal population between the two greenhouses. Red light‐induced resistance might contribute to the development of new methods for controlling Corynespora leaf spot of greenhouse‐grown cucumber.     

Influence of Six Vegetable Cultivars on Reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica

Replicated field and greenhouse experiments were used to evaluate the effect of tomato, cabbage, cucumber, carrot, Amaranthus hybridus, and pepper on growth and fecundity of Meloidogyne spp., particularly M. javanica. In the field tests, tomato, cucumber, and carrot favored population increases of Meloidogyne spp., while Amaranthus, pepper, and cabbage limited them. Some cropping sequences that included crops from the latter group had a suppressive effect on population growth. Thus, of the 36 cropping sequences that were investigated, the following kept the pests in check: tomato-pepper; tomato-Amaranthus; cabbage-pepper; Amaranthus-pepper; carrot-cabbage; pepper-pepper; pepper-Amaranthus; and Amaranthus-pepper. In the greenhouse tests, tomato, cucumber, and carrot had a high number of galls per 50 cm of root, large, conspicuous galls and egg masses, and a high number of larvae per egg mass. Thus, they were highly susceptible. Cabbage and Amaranthus were unsuitable hosts as reflected in the absence of galls or a low number per 50 cm of root. small size of galls and egg masses, and few progeny on the subsequent crop of pepper. The length of time required for eggs to hatch on different hosts varied considerably and is thought to be a significant factor in infection of hosts.     

黄孢原毛平革菌对黄瓜连作土壤酚酸物质的降解

研究了黄孢原毛平革菌对黄瓜连作土壤中对羟基苯甲酸、香草酸及阿魏酸的降解及连作障碍修复作用.结果表明,在摇瓶条件下,黄孢原毛平革菌在8 d内,对3种酚酸的降解率都达99％以上. 在连续种植7年黄瓜的大棚土壤中,施入黄孢原毛平革菌菌剂后,土壤中3种酚酸的含量都有所降低,降解率为54.46%. 与对照相比,修复土壤真菌数量变化无明显规律. 修复处理后黄瓜株高、茎粗、鲜质量及干质量无明显变化,黄瓜根部病害明显减轻,枯萎病及根结线虫病相对病情指数分别降低10.2%和14.6%.表明施入黄孢原毛平革菌剂对黄瓜连作障碍的解除具有一定的效果.     

再生稻田温室气体排放特征及碳足迹

研究中国东南区域不同稻作方式对水稻生产过程中稻田温室气体排放特征及其碳足迹的影响,对促进水稻可持续生产有重要意义。本研究以当前推广的常规稻‘佳辐占'和杂交中稻‘甬优2640'为材料,构建4种适合福建不同生态类型区的稻作模式: 1) 双季稻,早稻和晚稻均种植佳辐占(D-J);2) 早熟再生稻,头季稻和再生季稻均种植佳辐占(R-J);3) 中熟再生稻,头季稻和再生季稻均种植甬优2640(R-Y);4) 单季晚稻,与中熟再生季稻同期抽穗的单季晚稻,种植甬优2640(S-Y)。采用密闭静态暗箱观测法和气相色谱法分别收集并检测稻田土壤温室气体排放量,借用生命周期法对不同稻作方式产生的直接和间接温室气体排放总量(即碳足迹)进行数据采集与比较分析。结果表明: 不同稻作方式稻田温室气体排放特征均表现为生育前期排放量较低,到孕穗期前后达到高峰后又下降,即全生育期呈前高后低的双峰曲线,其中早稻或头季稻达到的第1个峰值较相应晚稻或再生季稻的第2个峰值高。不同稻作模式稻田温室气体排放总量差异显著。各种植模式全球增温潜势(GWP)表现为:R-Y>D-J>S-Y>R-J,温室气体排放强度(GHGI)表现为:D-J>S-Y>R-Y>R-J;与双季稻模式相比,佳辐占再生稻模式GWP和GHGI分别降低26.1%和14.1%;与同期抽穗的单季晚稻相比,甬优2640再生季稻稻田GWP和GHGI分别降低74.3%和56.7%。不同稻作模式下水稻单位产量碳足迹为0.38~1.08 kg CO₂-eq.·kg^-1,其中双季稻模式下最高,再生稻模式下甬优2640的单位产量碳足迹最低。不同稻作模式产生的碳足迹主要来源于CH₄,其贡献率高达44.2%~71.5%。可见,再生稻种植模式能显著降低水稻全球增温潜势和碳排放强度。选用高产低碳排放的水稻优良品种并配套科学栽培技术,是有效降低稻田CH₄排放量和碳足迹、促进再生稻生产可持续发展的关键。     

消毒、伴生和微生物菌对连作基质性质及黄瓜生长发育的影响

以连续种植2茬的连作基质为对象,采用室内盆栽试验,设置连作基质太阳能消毒、热水消毒、多菌灵消毒、大蒜伴生栽培和施入微生物菌处理以及新基质对照,在种植黄瓜后观测基质理化性质、养分含量、酚类物质含量、相关酶活性的变化以及黄瓜结果期生长发育、光合作用和果实产量的变化,探究不同处理对连作基质栽培黄瓜生长发育影响的机制,以期在生产上为废旧基质重复利用提供新的思路和方法。结果表明:在连作基质栽培黄瓜后,太阳能消毒和热水消毒处理均能显著提高连作基质的pH,同时降低电导率;施入微生物菌处理的基质EC值、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾和总酚含量均显著低于连作基质,而其基质磷酸酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性显著高于连作基质。热水消毒还显著降低连作基质的总酚含量和复合态酚含量。黄瓜生长至结果期,太阳能消毒、热水消毒、多菌灵消毒、大蒜伴生栽培和施入微生物菌均显著增强黄瓜的根系活力和株高;其中热水消毒和施入微生物菌处理的产量增加最为显著,分别比连作基质栽培提高了16.56%和18.40%。可见,连作基质进行热水消毒处理和施入微生物菌处理均能降低基质盐分积累,减少总酚含量,进而显著提高黄瓜的根系活力和光合作用,从而增加产量。     

日光温室黄瓜长期连作自毒物质累积与土壤肥力因子的关系

以日光温室连作第2、6、10、14、18、20、24、26茬次的黄瓜根际土壤为研究材料,研究了长期连作对黄瓜根际土壤酚酸类物质的影响及其与土壤化学性质、酶活性、微生物活性的关系.结果表明:随着连作茬次的增加,酚酸类物质含量显著增加,且茬次间的总酚增长量在连作前期(0～2茬)和后期(20～26茬)显著高于连作中期(10～...     

Attraction of a generalist predator towards herbivore-infested plants

The occurrence and strength of interactions among natural enemies and herbivores depend on their foraging decisions, and several of these decisions are based on odours. To investigate interactions among arthropods in a greenhouse cropping system, we studied the behavioural response of the predatory bug Orius laevigatus (Fieber) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) towards cucumber plants infested either with thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)) or with spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)). In greenhouse release-recapture experiments, the predatory bug showed a significant preference for both thrips-infested plants and spider mite-infested plants over clean plants. Predatory bugs preferred plants infested with spider mites to plants with thrips. Experience with spider mites on cucumber leaves prior to their release in the greenhouse had no effect on the preference of the predatory bugs. However, this experience did increase the percentage of predators recaptured. Y-tube olfactometer experiments showed that O. laevigatus was more attracted to odours from plants infested with spider mites than to odours from clean plants. Thus, O. laevigatus is able to perceive odours and may use them to find plants with prey in more natural conditions. The consequences of the searching behaviour for pest control are discussed.     

Effects of continuous cucumber cropping and alternative rotations under protected cultivation on soil microbial community diversity

The diversity of soil microbial communities as affected by continuous cucumber cropping and alternative rotations under protected cultivation were evaluated using community level physiological profiles (CLPP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The soils were selected from six cucumber cropping systems, which cover two cropping practices (rotation and continuous cropping) and a wide spectrum for cucumber cropping history under protected cultivation. Shannon–Weaver index and multivariate analysis were performed to characterize variations in soil microbial communities. Both CLPP and RAPD techniques demonstrated that cropping systems and plastic-greenhouse cultivation could considerably affect soil microbial functional diversity and DNA sequence diversity. The open-field soil had the highest Shannon–Weaver index (3.27 for CLPP and 1.50 for RAPD), whereas the lowest value occurred in the 7-year continuous protected cultivation soil (3.27 for CLPP and 1.50 for RAPD). The results demonstrated that continuous plastic-greenhouse cultivation and management can cause the reduction in the species diversity of the biota. Higher Shannon–Weaver index and coefficients of DNA sequence similarity were found in soils under rotation than those under continuous cropping. Cluster analysis also indicated that microbial community profiles of continuous cultivation soils were different from profiles of rotation soils. The reduction in diversity of microbial communities found in continuous cultivation soils as compared with rotation soils might be due to the differences in the quantity, quality and distribution of soil organic matter. Section Editor: D. E. Crowley