不同N、P水平下接种摩西球囊霉对白三叶草中C∶N∶P比和RNA含量的影响

通过室内盆栽试验研究了不同N、P水平下接种摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)对三叶草中C:N:P比和RNA含量的影响。试验结果表明,(1)在外加P浓度为50mgkg-1或低于50mgkg-1时,随着外加P浓度的增加,三叶草的菌根侵染率增加,而且接种摩西球囊霉增加了三叶草的生物量,提高了其P含量和C/N比,降低了C/P和N/P比;外加P浓度为100mgkg-1时,接种摩西球囊霉对三叶草生物量和C:N:P比无显著影响;对于非菌根三叶草,其RNA含量与P含量成正相关;(2)外加P浓度的增加提高了三叶草生物量、RNA含量和对P养分的吸收,抑制了三叶草对N的吸收;外加N浓度的增加降低了三叶草的生物量、P含量和RNA含量,增加了三叶草中的N含量;(3)三叶草中的C、N和P含量之间显著相关,表明植物中元素组成的变化是相互联系、相互影响的;(4)三叶草中的N/P比受土壤N/P供给比调节,即随着土壤N/P供给比的变化,三叶草中N/P比也相应变化。     

接种菌根真菌对青冈栎幼苗耐旱性的影响

利用丛枝菌根真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)、根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices)和外生菌根真菌彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius)对石漠化地区造林树种青冈栎(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)幼苗进行接种试验。在大棚盆栽条件下模拟土壤干旱胁迫,研究菌根真菌对青冈栎生长和耐旱性的影响。结果表明:在土壤干旱条件下,接种菌根处理植株生物量显著高于未接种处理(P0.05),菌根依赖性随土壤水分含量降低而升高;未接种处理植株叶绿素含量在土壤干旱条件下显著降低(P0.05),除接种Pisolithus tinctorius处理外,其它接种处理叶绿素含量无显著变化。土壤干旱使植株体内脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量上升,在中度干旱条件下,接种处理可溶性糖含量均显著高于对照处理,接种Glomus intraradices、Pisolithus tinctorius处理脯氨酸含量显著低于对照(P0.05);在重度干旱条件下,接种Glomus mosseae和Glomus intraradices处理可溶性糖含量显著高于对照处理(P0.05),而相应的脯氨酸含量显著低于对照处理。当土壤水分含量在田间持水量55%—65%时,接种处理植株SOD、POD和CAT酶活性显著高于未接种处理(P0.05),在土壤水分含量降至35%—45%时,Glomus mosseae和Glomus intraradices处理SOD酶活性显著高于对照,并且所有接种处理POD酶活性均显著高于对照。此外,在水分干旱条件下,植株全磷和全钾含量也显著高于未接种处理(P0.05)。研究表明,丛枝菌根真菌和外生菌根真菌均能够侵染青冈栎幼苗根系;在干旱胁迫条件下,接种菌根真菌能够提高青冈栎植株生物量、抗氧化酶活性、增加植株可溶性糖含量和促进植株养分吸收,提高植株耐旱性,从而使青冈栎幼苗在岩溶干旱环境下更容易存活。     

接种不同VA菌根真菌对红三中草利用不同磷源的影响

以红三叶草为材料,利用三室隔网培养方法,研究了施用不同磷源条件下,接种VA菌根真菌（Glomus mosseae和Glomus versiforme)对外加有机磷源及土壤有机磷的利用效率,植物生长10周年,测定植株博干物重、含磷量、菌根侵染率及根系长度,结果表明：接种菌根真菌能明显增加植干物重和含磷量。接种条件下无机磷（KH2PO4）对植株生长的促进作用大于有机磷（Na-phytate)处理,接种Glomus versofrorme的作用明显大于接种Glomus mosseae。接种Glomus mosseae,植株对磷酸二氢钾中磷的吸收量明显大于植酸钠,而接种Glomus versiforme时则植株对植酸钠的磷吸收量明显高于磷酸二氢钾。上述结果说明接种两菌种对不同磷源的作用不同,接种Glomus mosseae可提高磷酸二氢钾中磷的利用率,接种Glomus versiforme则可提高对植酸的磷利用率。     

丛枝菌根真菌对牡丹生长及相关生理指标的影响

以采自山东省菏泽牡丹园的牡丹'凤丹'种子为试材,采用盆栽的方法研究了接种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌Glomus mosseae、Glomus versiforme和Glomus intraradices对牡丹幼苗生长及生理生化特性的影响.结果表明:(1)不同AM真菌的侵染率不同,并以G.mosseae的侵染率最高,为48.3%;(2)AM真菌能够促进牡丹幼苗生长,接种G.mosseae的植株干重比对照显著提高了69.5%;(3)AM真菌能够提高牡丹的叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、矿质元素(N、P、K)含量和硝酸还原酶活性,并对可溶性蛋白含量和硝酸还原酶活性的影响达显著水平.(4)植株总干重与菌根侵染率、硝酸还原酶活性、叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关,与可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量呈显著正相关.研究发现,G.mosseae是最适宜牡丹接种的优良菌种.     

丛枝菌根真菌对羊草生物量和氮磷吸收及土壤碳的影响

采用大田试验的方法在内蒙古锡林格勒草原进行牧草接种试验,通过灭菌和未灭菌两种土壤研究接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae和Glomus claroidium对内蒙古典型草原优势种羊草生长的影响.结果显示,接种丛枝菌根真菌对羊草的地上部干重未产生显著影响,但向未灭菌土壤中接种能显著增加羊草根系量,同时接种G.mosseae显著增加了地上部的N、P含量及吸收量,有效地改善了植株N、P营养,提高了牧草品质;2种菌对根系的营养吸收影响不同,接种G.mosseae在灭菌土壤和未灭菌土壤中均能显著增加根系的N、P吸收量,而接种G.claroidium仅在土壤未灭菌状态下增加根系N、P吸收量;接种对土壤中的菌丝密度未产生显著影响,但接种后土壤中微生物量碳有增加的趋势,短期内难以观察到接种对土壤有机碳的影响.研究表明,丛枝菌根真菌能够提高牧草对N、P吸收,促进牧草的生长,改善牧草品质,增强牧草根际微生物量碳.     

丛枝菌根真菌种间差异对柚苗营养生长及矿质含量的影响

在温室盆栽条件下研究了3种AM真菌Gigaspora margarita、Glomus mosseae和Glomus versiforme对长寿沙田柚(Citrus grandis cv. Changshou Shatian You)无菌苗营养生长及矿质含量的影响.结果表明,接种AM真菌的植株均有效地被感染;与对照相比,接种AM真菌能显著促进植株地上和地下部分生长,尤其促进了须根的生长,接种Glomus mosseae处理的主根长度比对照增加了22.7％,侧根数量增加了35.7％,须根数量和总长分别增加了160.8％和103.2％;接种AM真菌显著地提高了叶片的N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu和Mn含量,与对照相比,3种真菌处理的P含量分别增加了46.8％、88.7％和32.3％.3种AM真菌处理中,以接种Glomus mosseae处理营养生长最好,菌根依赖性最大,矿质元素N、P、K、Ca、Zn和Cu的含量最高,其效应顺序为Glomus mosseae＞Gigaspora margarita＞Glomus versiforme,可见,3种AM真菌对长寿沙田柚生长均有正效应,以Glomus mosseae最为显著,为长寿沙田柚适宜的优良菌种（株）.     

接种AMF对菌根植物和非菌根植物竞争的影响

为了研究丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, AMF)对菌根植物与非菌根植物种间竞争的影响,以玉米(菌根植物)和油菜(非菌根植物)作为供试植物,分别进行间作、尼龙网分隔和单作,模拟这两种植物之间不同的竞争状态,接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus intraradices和Glomus mosseae,比较菌根植物和非菌根植物的生长和磷营养状况,分析AMF侵染对植物种间竞争作用的影响。结果显示,与单作相比,间作模式下玉米的生物量及磷营养状况有所降低,但其菌根依赖性却有所提高。与不接种相比,接种处理显著降低了间作体系油菜根系的磷含量和磷吸收量,但趋于改善菌根植物玉米的磷营养状况。因此,接种AMF可以降低非菌根植物的磷营养状况及生物量,使得菌根植物的相对竞争能力明显提高,说明AMF在维持物种多样性方面有着重要的作用。     

磷水平对接种丛枝菌根真菌甜玉米苗期生长的影响

研究了不同外源磷水平条件下,接种丛枝菌根真菌根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices)对寄主植物甜玉米菌根侵染率、地上部和地下部鲜重、氮磷含量、精氨酸含量影响。结果表明:丛枝菌根真菌能够很好的侵染于玉米植株根系。且不同磷水平条件下,菌根侵染率差异较显著。在低磷水平下,菌根侵染率较高。孢子数量随着磷水平提高而增加。菌丝室根外菌丝鲜重在P40时最高。菌根化的甜玉米生物量及氮磷含量显著高于对照组。此外,低磷水平促使甜玉米地上部和地下部鲜重显著提高。甜玉米地上部总氮和地下部总氮含量分别在P40、P80和P20、P40时最高。地上部总磷和地下部总磷含量分别在P80和P160时最高。菌根精氨酸含量在低磷(P20)时最高。研究表明接种丛枝菌根真菌可促进甜玉米幼苗生长并与外源磷水平有关。     

西藏高原天然长芒草地丛枝菌根真菌接种效应

采用草地均匀打孔方法,就草地土壤未消毒条件下接种丛枝菌根（AM）真菌对长芒草(Stipa bungeana)的侵染效应以及对植物生长、吸磷效率、土壤微生物区系等的影响进行研究.结果表明,1)接种处理、不接种处理的菌根效应存在着明显的差异,多数接种处理根围土壤AM真菌孢子密度、菌根侵染率和侵染强度显著提高,但对丛枝丰度的影响相对较低.2)接种后AM真菌孢子密度对菌根侵染率具有极显著影响(r=0.7679**);随菌根侵染率的增加,植株总干物重和吸磷总量均呈极显著提高,r值分别为0.7556**、0.8018**.3)与植株地上部相比,接种AM真菌对提高根系干物重、根系吸磷量和含磷量的促进作用相对较大.4)多数接种处理根际土壤酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶活性均呈一定程度的提高,根际土壤细菌数量显著增加,真菌、放线菌的数量变化则不甚明显.5)各接种处理对寄主植物的综合侵染效应在总体上呈Glomus mosseae+G. intraradices+Scutellospora calospora＞G. mosseae+G. aggregatum＞Glomus sp.＞G. mosseae＞G. mosseae+ G. etunicatum+G. intraradices+S. erythropa＞G. geosporum的趋势.     

盐渍条件下AM真菌对大豆生长和离子含量的影响

盐渍条件下研究了丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对大豆Glycine max植株生长和叶片离子含量的影响。结果表明,接种摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae处理的叶片K+含量和K/Na比显著高于对照,而Na+含量无显著差异。G.mosseae显著增加了大豆植株生长量,这一效应随盐处理浓度的提高而增大。表明盐渍条件下AM真菌提高大豆抗盐性与其增加K+吸收和运输有关。     

Linkage of plasminogen (PLG) and apolipoprotein(a) (LPA) in baboons.

Four allelic forms of serum plasminogen (PLG) were detected in baboons (Papio hamadryas Linneaus 1758) by isoelectric focusing and were determined to be inherited as autosomal codominant traits. Linkage analysis of data from 179 progeny and their parents revealed that PLG is tightly linked (lod score = 30.20) to the gene encoding apolipoprotein(a) (LPA), as in humans. No recombinant individuals were identified. This is the first linkage detected between PLG and LPA in any species other than humans and is the first genetic linkage identified in a nonhuman primate species by family studies.     

Induction of in vitro flowering in Dendrobium Madame Thong-In (Orchidaceae) seedlings is associated with increase in endogenous N(6)-(Delta (2)-isopentenyl)-adenine (iP) and N (6)-(Delta (2)-isopentenyl)-adenosine (iPA) levels

We analysed the endogenous cytokinin levels of Dendrobium Madame Thong-In seedlings grown in vitro during vegetative and flowering-inductive periods. HPLC was used to fractionate the extracts and radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used for assay of zeatin (Z), dihydrozeatin (DZ), N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)-adenine (iP) and their derivatives. Coconut water used in experiments was found to contain high level (>136 pmol ml(-1)) of zeatin riboside (ZR). Protocorms and seedlings cultured in medium with coconut water were found to contain 0.5-3.9 pmol g(-1) FW of the cytokinins analysed. Seedlings (1.0-1.5 cm) cultured in flowering-inductive liquid medium containing 6-benzyladenine (BA, 4.4 muM) and coconut water (CW, 15%) contained up to 200 and 133 pmol g(-1) FW of iP and iPA, respectively. These levels were significantly higher than all other cytokinins analysed in seedlings of the same stage and were about 80- to 150-folds higher than seedlings cultured in non-inductive medium. During the transitional (vegetative to reproductive) stage, the endogenous levels of iP (178 pmol g(-1) FW) and iPA (63 pmol g(-1) FW) were also significantly higher than cytokinins in the zeatine (Z) and dihydrozeatin (DZ) families in the same seedlings. Seedlings that grew on inductive medium but remained vegetative contained lower levels of iPA. The importance of the profiles of iP and its derivatives in induction of in vitro flowering of D. Madame Thong-In is discussed.     

Metabolism of (3-(14)C)tryptophan and (2-(14)C)alanine in cattle tissues

In the experiments involving incubation of the liver, brain cortex, muscle and adipose tissues homogenates with [3-14C] tryptophan for an hour 43.2-89.3% of the label was found in proteins, 7.2-47.2%--in lipids, 2.6-9.4%--in CO2. Following incubation of the above-mentioned tissue homogenates with [2-14C] alanine, proteins, lipids and CO2 contain 28.8-49.3%; 22.6-31.9% and 21.6-49.3% of radioactive label, respectively. Radioactivity of lipids synthesized by the homogenates of the investigated tissues from [3-14C] tryptophan and [2-14C] alanine is 23.5-63.5 and 21.1-56.0%, respectively, the radioactivity of CO2 being 1.4-5.1 and 9.3-11.8% of the above-mentioned compounds synthesized from [1-14C] acetate. The results obtained testify to the considerable contribution of [3-14C] tryptophan and [2-14C] alanine to protein synthesis as well as to their involvement in the substrate supply of lipogenesis and energetic processes in various organs and tissues of cattle.     

Chromosome numbers in antlions (Myrmeleontidae) and owlflies (Ascalaphidae) (Insecta,Neuroptera)

A short review of main cytogenetic features of insects belonging to the sister neuropteran families Myrmeleontidae (antlions) and Ascalaphidae (owlflies) is presented, with a particular focus on their chromosome numbers and sex chromosome systems. Diploid male chromosome numbers are listed for 37 species, 21 genera from 9 subfamilies of the antlions as well as for seven species and five genera of the owlfly subfamily Ascalaphinae. The list includes data on five species whose karyotypes were studied in the present work. It is shown here that antlions and owlflies share a simple sex chromosome system XY/XX; a similar range of chromosome numbers, 2n = 14-26 and 2n = 18-22 respectively; and a peculiar distant pairing of sex chromosomes in male meiosis. Usually the karyotype is particularly stable within a genus but there are some exceptions in both families (in the genera Palpares and Libelloides respectively). The Myrmeleontidae and Ascalaphidae differ in their modal chromosome numbers. Most antlions exhibit 2n = 14 and 16, and Palparinae are the only subfamily characterized by higher numbers, 2n = 22, 24, and 26. The higher numbers, 2n = 20 and 22, are also found in owlflies. Since the Palparinae represent a basal phylogenetic lineage of the Myrmeleontidae, it is hypothesized that higher chromosome numbers are ancestral for antlions and were inherited from the common ancestor of Myrmeleontidae + Ascalaphidae. They were preserved in the Palparinae (Myrmeleontidae), but changed via chromosomal fusions toward lower numbers in other subfamilies.     

Copper (II) and cobalt (II) complexes of chiral tetrathiafulvalene-oxazoline (TTF-OX) and tetrathiafulvalene-thiomethyl-oxazoline (TTF-SMe-OX) derivatives

Synthesis and single crystal X-ray structures of the first paramagnetic transition metal complexes containing chiral ethylenedithio-tetrathiafulvalene-oxazoline (EDT-TTF-OX) 1a-c and ethylenedithio-tetrathiafulvalene-thiomethyloxazoline 2 (EDT-TTF-(SMe)OX) ligands based on copper (II) and cobalt (II) are described. The racemic [EDT-TTF-OX][Cu(hfac)₂] complex 3a crystallizes in the triclinic centrosymmetric space group , whereas the enantiopure counterparts 3b-c crystallize in the triclinic non-centrosymmetric space group P1. Cu(II) adopts a distorted square pyramidal coordination geometry, a much weaker Cu?S_TTF interaction also being identified. The same coordination pattern around Cu(II) is observed in the complex [(rac)-EDT-TTF-(SMe)OX][Cu(hfac)₂] (4) in spite of the bidentate nature of the redox active ligand. DFT theoretical calculations afforded two equilibrium configurations for a corresponding model complex, in which the metal centre establishes secondary coordination either with one S_TTF or with the SMe group. The same ligand coordinates the cobalt (II) to afford the octahedral complex [(rac)-EDT-TTF-(SMe)OX][Co(hfac)₂] (5). In all these novel complexes, the paramagnetic centres are structurally and magnetically isolated. Cyclic voltammetry measurements show the stability of the radical cation species.     

Patterns of growth and heterochrony in moundbuilders (Megapodiidae) and fowl (Phasianidae)

Megapode hatchlings are "superprecocial" compared to hatchlings of other Galliformes. In this paper, we examine patterns of growth and inquire about evolutionary processes that led to different degrees of precocity at hatching in Galliformes. The postnatal development of body mass and that of seven morphometric parameters of wing and leg of Brush Turkey Alectura lathami , Peacock Pavo cristatus , Pheasant Phasianus colchicus and Japanese Quail Coturnix japonica was characterized by the ratio of exponential growth rate ( EGR ) to relative size (ln  ( W / A) ; W =size at a given age; A =asymptote) at a given age. From that relationship, we derived developmental trajectories as the slopes of a least squares regression of EGR on relative size. The slopes of the developmental trajectories are indicative of the degree of precocity of development. We found that Brush Turkey, Peacock, and Pheasant follow the same developmental trajectory. However, the Brush Turkey hatches heterochronically delayed on that trajectory and consequently, its hatchlings are superprecocial. The Quail follows a significantly steeper developmental trajectory and hatches with a high degree of embryonic function ( EGR ). From a comparative phylogenetic analysis we reconstruct the ancestral galliform developmental trajectory and infer that hypermorphosis of Brush Turkey embryos led to the superprecocial hatchlings. The steeper developmental trajectory of Quail is evolutionary derived from ancestral patterns of growth by somatic paedomorphosis. Using a multivariate approach we show that development of different parts of the body is coherent, i.e., that patterns of development of wing and leg do not vary independently of each other. Consequently, selection for changed development of any part of the wing or the leg will cause the other parts to change too.     

Role of tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) and tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II) gene modules in catabolism of 3-chlorobenzoate by Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4)

The enzymes chlorocatechol-1,2-dioxygenase, chloromuconate cycloisomerase, dienelactone hydrolase, and maleylacetate reductase allow Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4) to degrade chlorocatechols formed during growth in 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate or 3-chlorobenzoate (3-CB). There are two gene modules located in plasmid pJP4, tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) (module I) and tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II) (module II), putatively encoding these enzymes. To assess the role of both tfd modules in the degradation of chloroaromatics, each module was cloned into the medium-copy-number plasmid vector pBBR1MCS-2 under the control of the tfdR regulatory gene. These constructs were introduced into R. eutropha JMP222 (a JMP134 derivative lacking pJP4) and Pseudomonas putida KT2442, two strains able to transform 3-CB into chlorocatechols. Specific activities in cell extracts of chlorocatechol-1,2-dioxygenase (tfdC), chloromuconate cycloisomerase (tfdD), and dienelactone hydrolase (tfdE) were 2 to 50 times higher for microorganisms containing module I compared to those containing module II. In contrast, a significantly (50-fold) higher activity of maleylacetate reductase (tfdF) was observed in cell extracts of microorganisms containing module II compared to module I. The R. eutropha JMP222 derivative containing tfdR-tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) grew four times faster in liquid cultures with 3-CB as a sole carbon and energy source than in cultures containing tfdR-tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II). In the case of P. putida KT2442, only the derivative containing module I was able to grow in liquid cultures of 3-CB. These results indicate that efficient degradation of 3-CB by R. eutropha JMP134(pJP4) requires the two tfd modules such that TfdCDE is likely supplied primarily by module I, while TfdF is likely supplied by module II.     

The populations of Pseudophoxinus zeregi (Heckel) in Israel and Syria and the status of Pseudophoxinus (Pararhodeus) drusensis (Pellegrin) (Pisces:Cyprinidae)

Pseudophoxinus zeregi (Heckel) and P. (Pararhodeus) drusensis (Pellegrin) have been examined from populations near their respective type localities. It was found that there is no basis for the subgenus Pararhodeus and that the two forms are best regarded as subspecies of Pseudophoxinus zeregi.