黔西高原MIS3-MIS2期炭屑记录与火灾模式研究

火灾与气候、植被存在复杂的关系,搞清东亚季风区的火灾模式及其发生机制,对预测未来气候变化及火灾防治具有重要意义。通过对黔西高原MIS3—MIS2期间的古湖相沉积物进行炭屑分析并结合AMS~(14)C测年数据研究发现:MIS3晚期以来研究区的火灾主要发生于36.3—35 cal ka BP、26.2—17.6 cal ka BP期间,中粒炭屑和大炭屑分别在35、26.2、23.6 cal ka BP记录到3次地方火。研究区炭屑记录对冷干事件响应敏感,炭屑峰值区对应Heinrich事件(H事件)、末次冰盛期(LGM)等干旱事件,低值区对应DO事件,呈现千年旋回的特征。比对东亚地区的炭屑记录发现,在大范围的东亚季风区MIS2期比MIS3末期在火的强度和频率上都要高,与欧洲模式显著不同。火的发生机制可能受气候因素的控制,同时受植被类型的影响。     

天山乌鲁木齐河源区3.6 ka BP以来的植被变化和环境变迁:以大西沟剖面为例

天山乌鲁木齐河源区大西沟剖面孢粉鉴定结果表明:在3.6～3.2 ka BP,该区气候较今温暖湿润;在3.2～2.0 ka BP,气候变为寒冷干燥,这一时期乌鲁木齐河源地区曾出现一次冰进;在2.0～1.4 ka BP,气候又转为暖湿;在1.4～0.5 ka BP,出现了3.6 ka BP以来气候最适宜的时期.整个剖面自下而上都有一定量的淡水水生植物出现,这反映了该剖面3 ka BP以来一直处于淡水沼泽的环境中.通过对云杉属生态习性、传播特性等综合分析,认为剖面中的云杉丰值可能与林线上移、山谷风搬运以及冰川退缩等有一定的相关性.通过对孢粉样品中炭屑浓度统计以及磁化率测试结果的综合研究,提出在0.5 ka BP左右,该地区可能出现过多次火灾;炭屑的峰值可能与人类活动有关.     

天山乌鲁木齐河源区3．6ka BP以来的植被变化和环境变迁：以大西沟剖面为例

天山乌鲁木齐河源区大西沟剖面孢粉鉴定结果表明：在3．6～3．2ka BP,该区气候较今温暖湿润;在3.2～2．0ka BP,气候变为寒冷干燥,这一时期乌鲁木齐河源地区曾出现一次冰进;在2．0～1．4ka BP,气候又转为暖湿;在1．4～0．5ka BP,出现了3．6ka BP以来气候最适宜的时期。整个剖面自下而上都有一定量的淡水水生植物出现,这反映了该剖面3ka BP以来一直处于淡水沼泽的环境中。通过对云杉属生态习性、传播特性等综合分析,认为剖面中的云杉丰值可能与林线上移、山谷风搬运以及冰川退缩等有一定的相关性。通过对孢粉样品中炭屑浓度统计以及磁化率测试结果的综合研究,提出在0．5ka BP左右,该地区可能出现过多次火灾;炭屑的峰值可能与人类活动有关。     

3．2MaBP以来河北黄骅地区孢粉地层学与古气候变迁

依据河北省黄骅市八里庄村HB1孔孢粉、古地磁和光释光等资料,发现第四纪以来渤海西岸的古植被演变受气候变化的影响,也受沉积环境的制约.1.6-3.2 Ma BP期间河流发育时期孢粉不丰富;孢粉富集带多出现在湖相地层,而且持续时间短,孢粉贫乏带多出现在河流相沉积地层,持续时间较长;O.8-1.6 Ma BP期间植被以疏林草原为主,局部草原存在,古气候温和偏干.O.13 Ma BP以来,随着明显的古季风变化,孢粉丰富,气候序列分辨率高,可与海洋氧同位素分期对比;11 ka BP以来气候变暖湿润,为针阔叶混交林草原或沼泽草甸植被,3 ka BP之后为海退时期,气候变凉变干,植被由沼泽草甸演变为盐生草甸.尽管该孔是目前沿海平原深孔分析孢粉样品最密的钻孔,但是未能发现连续丰富的孢粉,可能与该孔位于相对较高部位,多与河流沉积环境有关;故而,平原区内并非每一个钻孔皆足以反映整个第四纪孢粉地层学的全貌.     

青海湖QH85—14C钻孔孢粉分析及其古气候古环境的初步探讨

本文主要依据青海湖具有~(14)C 年龄数据的 QH 85-14C 钻孔系统孢粉分析资料,将井深4.5m 岩芯所做的孢粉图式从下至上分为五个区域性孢粉带,进而论述了青海湖区11,000年来的植被曾经历了疏林草原(11,000—10,000年 BP)、森林草原(10,000年 BP)、森林(8,000—3,500年 BP)、森林草原(3,500—1,500竿 BP)和疏林草原(1500年前至今),反映的气候序列为凉干→温湿→温干阶段。     

东北二龙湾玛珥湖晚更新世晚期植被与环境变化的孢粉记录

东北二龙湾玛珥湖孢粉记录显示,34 ka B.P.以来,该区植被和气候经历了以下变化:34-29.3 ka B.P.,发育山地寒温性针叶林,气候冷湿.29.3-12.6 ka B.P.,该区以寒温性针叶林、桦树林为主,气候转向冷干发展,尤其在20.6-18.7 ka B.P.(LGM)时,表现最为突出.12.6-8.9 ka B.P.,该区植被为针阔叶混交林,气候由冷干向温湿逐渐过渡,8.9-4.6 ka B.P.,为落叶阔叶林,气候温暖湿润.4.6 ka B.P.至今,发育针阔叶混交林,气候向温凉转干方向发展.研究表明,MIS3a阶段,以二龙湾为代表的中国东北东部气候以冷湿为主要特征,而末次冰期对该区的影响直到12.6 ka B.P.以后才结束.     

黄土高原西部4万多年以来植被与环境变化的孢粉记录

采集甘肃静宁、定西、秦安等地晚更新世晚期以来几个黄土剖面的孢粉样品,分别以晚更新世每个样品分辨率200—300年,全新世20—200年,揭示了黄土高原西部4万多年以来古植被曾经历过草原、森林草原(或疏林草原)、针叶林以及荒漠草原或荒漠几种植被的多次快速变化。在44.2—11kaBP期间,静宁地区植被主要表现为森林和草原成分的相互消长,其中44—29kaBP期间(MIS3)气候以湿润为主,发育针叶林,温度低于现在;23kaBP之后,气候冷干,以稀疏草原为主,在末次盛冰期植被甚至演化为荒漠草原。全新世大部分时间内是以草原或森林草原(或疏林草原)植被为主。在全新世中期,约7.6—5.8kaBP有近1700年时间发育有森林植被,在这个时期当地自然植被覆盖度较高,而草原或疏林草原发育时期植被往往较稀疏,反映气候相对干冷。根据出现的不同类型植物的孢粉浓度及其生态环境特性,研究区早、中全新世,约8.8—5.8kaBP沉积环境较湿润;自3.8kaBP以后气候环境总的变化趋势是逐渐变干,植被开始向草原荒漠化演变。然而,研究区整个全新世气候环境存在多次干湿交替现象,据孢粉记录,其中可能存在11次气候干寒事件。     

内蒙古鄂尔多斯乌兰木伦遗址MIS3阶段的植被与环境

鄂尔多斯高原拥有我国最早发现的水洞沟和萨拉乌苏旧石器遗址,是系统研究东亚现代人演化及动因的重要地区。乌兰木伦遗址位于鄂尔多斯康巴什新区乌兰木伦河岸,发掘出大量石制品、动物化石和炭屑,遗存埋藏的14C年代在41.4~33.1 cal ka BP之间,属MIS 3阶段中期。花粉和木炭化石记录显示,早期为灌丛-草原,晚期为典型草原植被,气候温凉偏干,较现今相对温暖湿润,胡颓子属和霸王属等小乔木和灌木作为先民使用的薪材。MIS 3阶段相对暖湿气候有利于人类的繁衍、扩散和交流,可能是我国北方地区旧石器时代晚期出现大量人类活动的重要原因。     

重庆忠县甘蔗丘遗址商周时期以来环境考古研究北大核心CSCD

通过对重庆忠县甘蔗丘遗址自商周时期以来的215cm厚的文化堆积层进行孢粉、炭屑和磁化率指标的综合研究。结果表明,商周时期出土器物丰富,磁化率值和炭屑浓度整体较高,但孢粉浓度很低,表明该地点处于一级阶地上,先人在此生活不仅用水方便,且因当时气候偏干凉,较少受到极端洪水灾害威胁,较高的炭屑表明了古人用火频繁。到唐宋时期中期,出土器物明显减少,孢粉浓度增大,且属种增多,尤其是喜湿植物孢粉浓度明显增大,可能表明该时期环境较为潮湿,居住地有可能受到洪水破坏,农业活动在遗址处开始发展,其炭屑浓度和磁化率值减小的特征也说明人类居住地迁出和土地性质已开始以初级农业活动为主。唐宋后期气候更为暖湿,区域降雨量增大,由于遗址区位于长江干流一级阶地上,易受洪水灾害的威胁,先民在该区的活动进一步减少。明清时期早期,孢粉浓度虽然变化不大,但水稻型禾本科花粉浓度大幅度增加,次生性的松属也相应较高,显示出人类农业活动增强,遗址地可能逐渐演变为农田;到了明清后期,炭屑浓度和磁化率值又逐渐增大并出现峰值,反映遗址区开始受到近代农业活动的强烈影响。     

山东青岛大珠山遗址晚更新世人类活动的环境背景

大珠山遗址是青岛市首个具有地层依据的旧石器遗址。该遗址的发掘不仅丰富了我国沿海地区的旧石器考古材料,更对探讨早期人类的生存适应和迁移扩散等问题具有深远意义。解译遗址中的环境背景信息,可以帮助我们更准确地理解当时人类的生存状态。本文通过花粉和磁化率等指标,重建了该遗址所在区域的环境演变过程。研究结果显示:1)大珠山遗址的光释光年龄为65.7-52.9ka,对应MIS4-MIS3c;2)从MIS5b到MIS3b(86.0-45.0ka),区域植被经历4个演替阶段,依次为落叶林草原、落叶阔叶林草原、温带草原和疏林草原,其反映的气候趋势与区域背景下的环境变化过程基本一致;3)MIS4-MIS3c期间迅速回暖的气候,稳定适宜的生存环境,均为早期人类的活动提供良好的生态背景。随后气候转冷,海岸线后退,该地区的人类遗存明显减少,可能指示人类活动减弱或者迁出。这种不同时期内的人类活动强度的变化,表明气候主控下的生存环境变化深刻影响着近海地区早期人类的适应策略。     

A 200-ka pollen and oxygen-isotopic record from two sediment cores from the eastern Arabian Sea

We present here a pollen record from the northern Indian Ocean that goes back to 200 ka, the boundary between marine isotopic stages (MIS) 7 and 6. Pollen, oxygen-isotopic composition and organic carbon have been examined for two sediment cores from the eastern Arabian Sea (15°02′N and 71°41′E, 13°16′N and 71°00′E), to reconstruct the long-term palaeoclimate and palaeovegetation of the Indian subcontinent. Oxygen-isotope data suggest that glacial periods (MIS 2, 4 and 6) are characterised by low precipitation because of a weak southwest monsoon and a strong northeast monsoon. In contrast, interglacial periods (MIS 1, 3 and 5) are marked by high fresh water input resulting from a strong southwest monsoon. During the last glacial-interglacial cycle, sea-surface temperature and surface salinity changed as a result of variations in the evaporation-precipitation (E-P) balance. Throughout the core, the dominant pollen types are Poaceae and Chenopodiaceae and/or Amaranthaceae (>50%). Their dominance during glacial periods (MIS 2, 4 and 6) suggests that the climate was cold and dry. This dominance is also suggestive of salinity-tolerant vegetation colonizing large areas near seashore due to lower sea level or high E-P conditions. During interglacial periods (MIS 1, 3 and 5) when there was high precipitation, the arid taxa were sparse, whereas Poaceae and Piperaceae were abundant. Hence, Chenopodiaceae and/or Amaranthaceae and Artemisia are suggestive of cold and arid/semi-arid climate, and Poaceae and Piperaceae of warm and wet conditions. Mangrove pollen is not well represented in the cores.     

The biogeography of aquatic macrophytes in North America since the Last Glacial Maximum

Aim To document the post‐glacial migration of the major aquatic macrophytes of North America. Location North America north of Mexico. Methods Aquatic macrophyte pollen were extracted from the North American Pollen Database. The modern pollen distribution was mapped and related to the climate to document the geographical and climatic constraints on these taxa. The fossil pollen were mapped at 2‐ka intervals for the past 21 ka. Results Numerous genera were present in ice‐free Alaska during the Last Glacial Maximum, and south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in the southeast. Those taxa with the widest modern climatic ranges migrated rapidly into ice‐marginal areas, first in the west and then in the east of North America. Subsequent changes in the range and abundance were smaller. Main conclusions There were four migration routes of aquatic macrophytes during the late‐glacial and post‐glacial periods: a southward migration from Alaska between 14–13 and ka, a northern migration in the west at the same time into the ice‐free Cordilleran region, and movements east and west of Appalachia as early as 19 ka for some taxa into the lower Mississippi and into the upper Mississippi and Great Lakes by 11 ka. As the Laurentide ice sheet wasted, aquatic taxa with the broadest contemporary temperature tolerances rapidly occupied ice‐marginal environments.     

The influence of abrupt climate change on the ice‐age vegetation of the Central American lowlands

Aim To investigate the effects of abrupt climate change in the North Atlantic on the vegetation history of lowland Central America. We use palynological evidence from a Central American lake on the Yucatan Peninsula to evaluate the effects of rapid climate changes during the last ice age, between 65 and 8 ka. Location Lake Petén‐Itzá, lowlands of northern Guatemala. Methods Sediment core PI‐6 was sampled at c. 170‐year resolution for pollen and charcoal analysis in order to construct a temporal sequence of environmental change. Uni‐ and multivariate statistical analyses were performed on the pollen dataset to test whether there was an association between Heinrich events in the North Atlantic and vegetation changes in the Central American lowlands. Results Pollen analysis revealed that the composition of plant assemblages on the Yucatan Peninsula varied in phase with rapid changes in North Atlantic climate. Pine savannas were the main vegetation type between c. 60 and 47 ka. These savannas gave way to pine–oak (Pinus–Quercus) forests in the latter half of the last ice age. Marked episodes of replacement of the pine–oak assemblage by xeric‐tolerant taxa occurred during Heinrich events. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was characterized by mesic conditions. Main conclusions The pollen record from Lake Petén‐Itzá showed that vegetation changes associated with Heinrich events were more significant than those associated with the LGM. Each Heinrich event produced a characteristic shift towards xeric taxa. Although colder than Heinrich events, the LGM on the Yucatan Peninsula was relatively moist, and the presumed savannization of the landscape during the maximum cooling of the last glacial was not supported by our data. Our findings suggest alternative scenarios for plant diversification and genetic interchange during glacial times, and also indicate that vegetation in tropical continental settings was not as stable as previously thought.     

Vegetation history of Lago Battaglia (eastern Gargano coast,Apulia, Italy) during the middle-late Holocene

A pollen and charcoal record from Gargano (southern Italy) provides new information on the vegetation history and environmental change in southern Italy during the middle to late Holocene. The chronological framework is provided by six AMS radiocarbon dates carried out on plant macroremains. Pollen diagrams record a Mediterranean vegetation along the coastland and a stable mixed oak forest at higher elevations between ca. 5900 and 4200 cal b.p. A sharp and dramatic fall of tree pollen concentrations and a change in fire frequencies occurred from approximately 4200 cal b.p. suggesting a climate change towards drier conditions. This event is coherent with regional and extra-regional palaeoclimatic records that suggest that a mid-Holocene dry period was experienced in southern Italy, southern Spain, and perhaps further afield. Human impact on vegetation seems to have occurred since about 2700 cal b.p.     

Long-term forest fire ecology and dynamics in southern Switzerland

1 Pollen and charcoal analysis at two lakes in southern Switzerland revealed that fire has had a prominent role in changing the woodland composition of this area for more than 7000 years.
2 The sediment of Lago di Origlio for the period between 5100 and 3100  bc cal. was sampled continuously with a time interval of about 10 years. Peaks of charcoal particles were significantly correlated with repeated declines in pollen of Abies , Hedera , Tilia , Ulmus , Fraxinus excelsior t., Fagus and Vitis and with increases in Alnus glutinosa t., shrubs (e.g. Corylus , Salix and Sambucus nigra t.) and several herbaceous species. The final disappearance of the lowland Abies alba stands at around 3150  bc cal. may be an example of a fire-caused local extinction of a fire-intolerant species.
3 Forest fires tended to diminish pollen diversity. The charcoal peaks were preceded by pollen types indicating human activity. Charcoal minima occurred during periods of cold humid climate, when fire susceptibility would be reduced.
4 An increase of forest fires at about 2100  bc cal. severely reduced the remaining fire-sensitive plants: the mixed-oak forest was replaced by a fire-tolerant alder–oak forest. The very strong increase of charcoal influx, and the marked presence of anthropogenic indicators, point to principally anthropogenic causes.
5 We suggest that without anthropogenic disturbances Abies alba would still form lowland forests together with various deciduous broadleaved tree taxa.     

Resilience and regime change in a southern Rocky Mountain ecosystem during the past 17?000 years

Paleoecological records indicate that subalpine forests in western North America have been resilient in response to multiple influences, including severe droughts, insect outbreaks, and widely varying fire regimes, over many millennia. One hypothesis for explaining this ecosystem resilience centers on the disruption of forest dynamics by frequent disturbance and climatic variability, and the resulting development of non-steady-state regimes dominated by early-successional conifers with broad climatic tolerances, such as lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex Wats.). To evaluate this hypothesis, we independently reconstructed the vegetation, fire, and effective-moisture histories of a small, forested watershed at 2890 m elevation in southeastern Wyoming, USA, using sedimentary pollen and charcoal counts in conjunction with sedimentary lake-level indicators. The data indicate that prominent vegetation shifts (from sagebrush steppe to spruce–fir parkland at ca. 10.7 ka and spruce–fir parkland to pine-dominated forest at ca. 8.5 ka [ka stands for thousands of years before the present, defined as AD 1950]) coincided with changes in effective moisture. However, after lodgepole pine forests established at ca. 8.5 ka, similar hydroclimatic changes did not produce detectable vegetation responses. Fire history data show that other aspects of the ecosystem were responsive to changes in effective moisture at centennial timescales with prolonged fire-free episodes coinciding with periods of low effective moisture ca. 7.2–5.6 and 3.7–1.6 ka. Throughout our record, the ratio of ecosystem perturbation time (i.e., fire frequency and changes in effective moisture) to recovery time (assuming 200–600-year successional processes) falls within estimates of the ratio for non-steady state ecosystems. Frequent perturbations, therefore, may have prevented this ecosystem from reaching compositional equilibrium with the varied climatic conditions over the past 8.5 ka. Equilibrium states could have included more abundant spruce (Picea spp.) and fir (Abies spp.) than presently observed based on brief increases in pollen abundances of these taxa during prolonged dry, fire-free intervals. Our results show that, although current climate changes favor widespread disturbance in Rocky Mountain forests, the composition of these ecosystems could be highly resilient and recover through successional dynamics over the next few decades to centuries.