Na2SO4胁迫对四种抗盐性不同牧草膜脂过氧化和活性氧清除系统…

经过１％和２％的Ｎａ２ＳＯ４胁迫后,草原绢蒿,圆叶蒿,苇状羊茅和鸭茅４种牧草的膜脂过氧化程度和质膜的透性都增加,但抗盐性较强的草原绢蒿和苇状羊茅的膜脂过氧化程度及质膜透性分别低于同科中抗盐性较差的圆叶蒿和鸭茅。随着Ｎａ２ＳＯ４胁迫浓度的增加,两种禾本科牧草的超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）及过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）的活性逐渐升高,两种菊科牧草的ＳＯＤ及ＣＡＴ的活性却逐渐下降,但禾本科中抗盐性较强的苇状羊茅的Ｓ     

NaCl胁迫下胡杨(Populus euphratica)和群众杨(P.popularis)抗氧化能力及耐盐性

在盐浓度逐渐提高的胁迫条件下,对抗盐的胡杨(Populus euphratica)和盐敏感的群众杨(P.popularis35~44)1年实生苗木叶片中Na 、Cl-水平、O2-.产生速率以及抗氧化酶:超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的动态变化以及抗盐性进行了研究。结果表明,在盐浓度不断提高的胁迫条件下,群众杨叶片中Na 、Cl-浓度持续增加,盐胁迫18d时,群众杨叶中Na 、Cl-含量分别达到对照的17.8和14.6倍,此时O2-.产生速率也达到最高水平。而在盐胁迫期间,群众杨叶片SOD活性没有明显提高,CAT活性维持在对照水平以下,只有APX和GR活性在盐胁迫13~18d,即盐害症状出现前才有所上升,属于典型的盐害反应。胡杨与群众杨明显不同:在盐胁迫初期,胡杨叶片Na 、Cl-含量虽然没有明显的变化,但胡杨叶片中O2-.产生速率在盐胁7d时明显提高,SOD、APX、CAT活性也都先后相应上升,表明胡杨能响应盐胁迫并上调SOD、APX和CAT等保护酶类,降低盐诱导的膜脂过氧化,从而减少了电解质外渗,最终提高了树木的抗盐性。     

NaCl胁迫对宁夏枸杞幼苗根系质膜和液泡膜H+-ATPase活性的影响

以宁夏枸杞为材料,研究NaCl胁迫下枸杞幼苗组织含水量、干物质重量、无机离子分布、质膜透性、丙二醛 (MDA)含量及幼根质膜、液泡膜H -ATPase活性和耐盐性之间的关系。结果表明,在0．3％NaCl胁迫下,干物质重量、质膜透性、MDA含量略有增加,组织含水量略有下降;随着NaCl胁迫强度的增加,Na 、Cl-含量逐渐增加, K 含量则呈现下降的趋势;质膜透性增大与MDA含量升高呈显著正相关;质膜和液泡膜H -ATPase活性逐渐增加,且液泡膜H -ATPase活性显著高于质膜H -ATPase活性,表明枸杞具有较强的抗盐性。     

禾顶囊壳4个变种对禾本科牧草的致病性研究

采用人工接种法测定了禾顶囊壳小麦变种、燕麦变种、玉米变种和禾谷变种对4种禾本科牧草鸭茅、披碱草、苇状羊茅和无芒雀麦的致病性。结果表明,除禾顶囊壳玉米变种Ggm01菌株对披碱草没有致病性外,4个变种对供试的其它牧草都有致病性,且能产生全蚀病的典型症状。其中小麦变种和燕麦变种对供试牧草的致病性强于禾谷变种,玉米变种致病性最弱。各变种的菌株存在着致病性分化。小麦变种Ggt9813菌株对苇状羊茅和披碱草的致病性强于燕麦变种,发病严重度均达到50％以上。目前在我国尚未发现燕麦变种,小麦变种主要出现在北方地区,在牧草上的发生亦不广泛,因此二者具有检疫重要性。     

10种菊科植物的抗旱性与抗盐性评价

为筛选能够应用于干旱地区及盐性土壤的花海植物,以10种具有代表性的菊科植物为材料,利用PEG-6000溶液和盆栽控水法分别在种子萌发期和幼苗期进行干旱胁迫,利用NaCl溶液分别在这两个时期进行盐胁迫,测定供试植物种子的发芽指标、幼苗的质膜相对透性以及抗氧化酶活性等生理指标,通过隶属函数法全面评价10种菊科植物的抗旱性和抗盐性。结果表明:干旱或盐胁迫下,10种测试植物的生理指标变化显著;其中,相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量均增加,但抗性强的品种增幅较小;过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性因物种不同存在差异;抗旱性强弱次序为波斯菊万寿菊小丽花硫华菊五色菊向日葵麦秆菊矢车菊勋章菊异果菊;抗盐性强弱次序为波斯菊硫华菊小丽花万寿菊五色菊矢车菊向日葵麦秆菊勋章菊异果菊。     

外源海藻糖对小麦幼苗耐盐性的影响

以盐敏感小麦品种鲁麦15为材料,分别用完全Hoagland营养液、150mmol／L NaCl和150mmol／L NaCl 10mmol／L海藻糖处理小麦幼苗,测定小麦幼苗生长、离子含量、根系质膜H^ -ATPase、SOD活性、MDA含量等指标,旨在探讨外源海藻糖在抗盐性中的作用。结果表明：外源海藻糖可明显缓解盐胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用;明显提高NaCl胁迫条件下小麦幼苗叶片中K^ 的含量,降低Na^ 的含量,降低其Na^ ／K^ ;提高NaCl胁迫条件下小麦幼苗SOD活性,降低MDA的含量,降低细胞质膜透性,缓解根系质膜H^ -ATPase活性抑制。以上结果表叫外源海藻糖可能通过增加活性氧清除能力、缓解质膜伤害、维持胞质离子稳态提高植物抗盐性。     

腐植酸浸种对盐碱胁迫下小麦幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

对龙麦26和克旱16两种不同基因型春小麦品种进行腐植酸浸种处理,研究了腐植酸对盐(NaCl)、碱(Na CO3)两种胁迫下小麦幼苗抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明:盐碱胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片脯氨酸含量增加,膜透性增强,地上部鲜质量降低;盐胁迫下,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高,过氧化物酶(POD)活性降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性先升后降,而碱胁迫下CAT和POD活性均升高,SOD活性降低;碱胁迫处理的小麦幼苗叶片抗氧化酶系统活性高于同浓度的盐胁迫处理;腐植酸浸种提高了小麦叶片谷胱甘肽含量,提高了SOD和CAT活性,有效缓解了盐碱胁迫对幼苗生长的影响.不同基因型小麦品种在抵御盐碱胁迫的能力和机制上存在一定差异,且与盐离子组成、浓度间存在一定互作,并受浸种方式调控.     

盐胁迫对榅桲组培苗生长及其生理特征的影响

以榅桲组培苗为实验材料,采用不同质量分数的NaCl和Na2SO4处理后,观察盐胁迫对其生理生化指标的影响.结果表明:榅桲组培苗萌芽率、增殖倍数和平均株高均随2种盐质量分数的增大而降低,并在2种盐质量分数皆为1.0%时不再萌芽,平均株高降至试验最低值,而在NaCl和Na2SO4质量分数分别为0.8%和1.0%时不再增殖;榅桲组培苗叶片膜透性随着2种盐质量分数的增大而升高且与对照差异显著,并于盐质量分数为1.0%时均达到试验最大值,而当NaCl和Na2SO4质量分数分别为0.8%和1.0%时,组培苗致死率超过50%;组培苗叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均随着2种盐质量分数的增大呈先上升后下降趋势,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性则随着2种盐质量分数的增加而持续增强.研究发现,盐胁迫榅桲组培苗的相关指标均与相应对照有显著差异,其中的叶片膜透性及其SOD、CAT以及POD均可作为鉴定榅桲耐盐性评价指标.     

外源NO对NaCl胁迫下辣椒幼苗氧化损伤的保护效应

以辣椒品种陇椒2号为试验材料,研究了外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)对辣椒幼苗氧化损伤的影响.结果显示,在100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,辣椒叶片的MDA含量、质膜相对透性和脯氨酸含量均增加,保护酶SOD、CAT活性降低,而POD活性只在胁迫18 d时降低.0.1 mmol/L SNP处理可减缓NaCl胁迫下辣椒幼苗叶片MDA含量的上升,降低叶片质膜相对透性,并诱导SOD、POD和CAT活性增加,提高脯氨酸含量,表明外源NO可以通过提高盐胁迫下辣椒幼苗叶片组织的抗氧化能力来缓解氧化损伤.而SNP相似物NaNO2和K3Fe(CN)6处理对盐胁迫引起的氧化损伤并没有起到明显的缓解作用,进一步证实了NO对辣椒幼苗耐盐性具有专一性的调节作用.     

莳萝蒿适应盐渍环境的Na~+区域化方式和生理特征

莳萝蒿是广泛分布在我国北方的一种特殊类型的菊科盐生植物,阐明莳萝蒿特殊的耐盐机制和生理特征有助于丰富植物抗盐性研究的内容。用0、100、200、300、400 mmol/L Na Cl处理莳萝蒿7 d后,比较莳萝蒿盐处理植株与对照植株在生长和生理方面的差异,并详细分析了Na+在莳萝蒿体内的积累水平和区域化方式。结果显示:莳萝蒿虽然能够耐受400 mmol/L Na Cl,但盐处理显著抑制了莳萝蒿的生长,整株鲜重随着盐处理浓度的升高逐渐减小。在水分生理方面,随着盐处理浓度的升高,莳萝蒿叶片细胞的渗透调节能力逐渐增强,其叶片肉质化程度却呈逐渐降低的趋势。分析盐处理对光合作用的影响发现,盐处理后莳萝蒿叶片光合速率与气孔导度显著下降,而其PSⅡ光化学活性并未受到抑制,叶绿素含量甚至逐渐增大,说明盐处理后莳萝蒿叶片光合速率的降低主要是由于气孔因素造成的,而不是由于光合结构被破坏。莳萝蒿体内的Na+含量随着盐处理浓度的升高显著增加,400 mmol/L Na Cl条件下叶、茎、根中的Na+含量分别高达321.4、242.1和182.3μmol/g鲜重;莳萝蒿体内的Na+70%以上积累在叶片内,而叶片内98%左右的Na+积累在叶片原生质体中,叶片原生质体中的Na+平均浓度是质外体1.2—1.8倍,推测其叶片细胞内存在着有效的Na+区域化机制。盐处理后莳萝蒿叶片液泡膜V-H+-ATPase的质子泵活性比对照增加了30%—50%,液泡膜Na+/H+逆向转运活性则增加至对照的4—7倍,进一步证实莳萝蒿叶片具有较强的液泡Na+区域化能力。随着盐处理浓度的升高,Na+在叶片中的分布比例相对减少,V-H+-ATPase的质子泵活性和Na+/H+逆向转运活性增幅也减缓。这种Na+区域化能力使莳萝蒿获得了较强的耐盐性,有效保护了其光系统,降低了细胞汁液渗透势。但是盐处理后这种耐盐方式并不能阻止莳萝蒿叶片肉质化程度和光合活性下降,莳萝蒿生长仍然受盐抑制,说明Na+区域化是莳萝蒿适应盐渍环境的必要条件而非充分条件。     

Endophytic fungi in wild and cultivated grasses in Finland

We examined the occurrence of vertically via host seeds transmitted endophyte infections of 14 grass species in natural populations in Finland and totally 97 agricultural cultivars of 13 grass species. Although endophyte infections were widespread in native grass species, overall endophyte occurrence and frequencies were lower than published reports have suggested. In natural populations, 10 out of 14 grass species examined harbor fungal endophytes in their seeds. The highest species-specific mean incidences of endophyte infected plants in infected populations were found in Agrostis capillaris. Festuca arundinacea. F. ovina. F. Pratensis. F. rubra and Phleum pratense (67%, 98%, 29%., 42%. 32% and 33%, respectively). Mean incidences were < 20% in Dactylis glomerata. Deschampsia flexuosa. D. cespitosa and Elymus repens. and no infections were detected in Calamagrostis lapponica. C. epigejos. Alopecurus pratensis and Phalaris arundinacea. However, we detected a very high variation in infection incidences among natural populations and a large proportion of populations was, indeed, endophyte-free. This supports the ideas that 1) endophytic fungi provide selective advantage of infected grasses to their uninfected eonspecifics in some habitats, and/or 2) fungi are occasionally transmitted horizontally by spores. In grass cultivars, endophyte infected seeds were detected only in F. Pratensis and Lolium perenne. and endophyte frequencies were either very high or very low. Cultivars of 11 other grass species were endophyte-free.     

Cross-species amplification tests and diversity analysis using 56 PCR markers in Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne

We report results of cross-species amplification in Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne of 12 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) isolated from Lolium multiflorum×Festuca glaucescens, 42 SSRs from Festuca arundinacea and two sequence tagged sites from Oryza sativa. We compared the transferability and diversity between D. glomerata and L. perenne, which are important forage crops. While Nei's gene diversity values were equivalent in both species (from 0.14 to 0.92), the mean number of allele per locus was more important in D. glomerata than in L. perenne (5.45 vs. 4.50). These markers will be used for analysing population structure in grassland populations under agronomic practices.     

3种禾草圆锥花序小穗及小花分布格局的比较

分析草芦、鸭茅、苇状羊茅 3种圆锥花序禾草小穗及小花的分布格局 ,结果表明 ,3种禾草在各节位上的小穗、小花数量均适合于Weibull分布 ,随着节位序的增加均呈饱和型曲线增长 .通过赋予各统计参数生物学涵义 ,从宏观上分析与揭示了有关生命现象与发展规律及其生物生态学机理 .     

高温胁迫对两种冷季型草坪草生理生化特性的影响

为研究高温胁迫对冷季型草坪草生理生化指标的影响,通过盆栽试验测定了昼夜(38/28℃)两种温度下两种冷季型草坪草的5种生理生化指标(质膜透性、脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量)。结果表明:随着胁迫时间的延长,各品种叶片的相对电导率、丙二醛含量和游离脯氨酸含量均呈递增趋势,其增加幅度与胁迫时间呈正相关,胁迫后各指标相对于对照均有了显著的增加(P<0.05);过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性则呈先上升后下降的趋势。高羊茅属3个品种的耐热性大于早熟禾属各品种的耐热性,其中高羊茅属的RebleⅣ和早熟禾属的Blue Sap-phire的耐热性优于种间其他品种。     

A simple method to determine leaf angles of grass species

There are several very accurate methods to determine leaf angles in closed canopies. However, these are generally very time-consuming or require special equipment. Average canopy leaf angles were derived from simple height and blade length measurements. An exponential relationship between the height/length ratio and the average blade leaf angle was used. The method was tested for two grass species, Dactylis glomerata and Festuca arundinacea, grown under different UV-B levels. The results clearly show that the method is reasonably accurate and able to identify UV-B induced changes in leaf angle. To get these results only 50 measurements of leaf blade height and length were necessary to calculate the allometric relationship, after which 10 length and height measurements from a canopy were used to calculate the average canopy leaf angle.     

放牧、刈割及摘顶对亚热带人工草地牧草种群的影响

通过比较放牧、刈割及摘顶3种干扰发现,适度放牧、刈割提高了亚热带高山人工草地鸭茅、黑麦草种群的适应性,部分原因在于2种干扰均对牧草进行了摘顶．摘顶解除了牧草的顶端优势及生殖生长。放牧、刈割对牧草产生的生态影响在某种程度上可通过摘顶而实现。从而提高种群密度、热值及能量积累．单因子的人工摘顶试验表明,牧草顶端优势的维持降低了牧草种群密度,抑制了能量积累。从抑制了种间竞争．持续摘顶解除了牧草的顶端优势。促进了牧草密度及能量的增长,从而提高了牧草种群的竞争力．     

Chloroplast DNA variation in the grass tribe Festuceae

Summary Six grasses, Hordeum sativum, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, F. pratensis, F. rubra and Lolium multiflorum were subjected to chloroplast DNA analysis based on restriction endonuclease digestion fragments and end labeling with ³⁵S nucleotides. This method is compared with others in general use. The results indicate that Lolium multiflorum is closely affiliated with Festuca pratensis and F. arundinacea; in fact much closer than F. rubra is to any of them.     

Quantification of hydroxycinnamic acids and lignin in perennial forage and energy grasses by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and partial least squares regression

Levels of lignin and hydroxycinnamic acid wall components in three genera of forage grasses (Lolium,Festuca and Dactylis) have been accurately predicted by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy using partial least squares models correlated to analytical measurements. Different models were derived that predicted the concentrations of acid detergent lignin, total hydroxycinnamic acids, total ferulate monomers plus dimers, p-coumarate and ferulate dimers in independent spectral test data from methanol extracted samples of perennial forage grass with accuracies of 92.8%, 86.5%, 86.1%, 59.7% and 84.7% respectively, and analysis of model projection scores showed that the models relied generally on spectral features that are known absorptions of these compounds. Acid detergent lignin was predicted in samples of two species of energy grass, (Phalaris arundinacea and Pancium virgatum) with an accuracy of 84.5%.     

Enhanced Water Use Efficiency in Dry Loess Grassland Species Grown at Elevated Air CO2 Concentration

Net CO2 assimilation rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E), and water use efficiency (WUE) in four perennial C3 species (grasses: Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rupicola, dicots: Filipendula vulgaris, Salvia nemorosa) grown for 231 d in open-top chambers at ambient (CA, 350 µmol mol-1) or elevated (CE, 700 µmol mol-1) CO2 concentrations were compared. When measured at CE, PN was significantly higher in CE plants of all four species than in the CA ones. The increase in PN was less prominent in the two grasses than in the two dicots. The E was significantly higher in the CE-grass F. rupicola and CE-dicot F. vulgaris than in the CA plants. There was no change in E owing to CE in the other grass and dicot. The gs in F. vulgaris and F. rupicola increased, while there was a decrease in D. glomerata and no change in S. nemorosa. WUE increased in all species grown in CE: four- to five-fold in the dicots and less than two-fold in the grasses. The increase in WUE was primarily due to an increase in PN and not to a decrease in E.     

THE FRIT FLY AND ALLIED STEM-BORING DIPTERA IN WINTER WHEAT AND HOST GRASSES

Sampling for stem-boring larvae was undertaken in 1954-56 on ley plots of Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, F. rubra, Agrostis tenuis and Poa pratensis in randomized experiments at Hurley, Berks. The samples showed infestations by dipterous larvae, mainly species of Oscinella, Meromyza and Opomyza. The larvae showed preferences for specific grass hosts. More larvae were found where plots had been grazed throughout the season than where an early hay cut had preceded grazing. The total numbers of larvae varied between o and 688 per sq.yd. in November.
The larval populations of the leys were reflected in the populations in winter wheat which followed the plough-up of the leys. Populations of up to sixty-five larvae per sq.yd., mostly species of Oscinella , were found in the wheat in March. In 1956 a heavy larval infestation was associated with the death of considerable numbers of wheat plants.