基于线粒体COI基因全序列的直翅目部分类群系统发育关系分析

该研究基于直翅目56种昆虫的COI基因全序列构建了该目部分类群间的系统发育关系,同时也分析了COI基因编码的氨基酸序列构建直翅目系统发育关系的可靠性。将COI序列按照密码子一、二、三位点划分,分别计算PBS(partioned Bremer support)值,评估蛋白质编码基因密码子不同位点的系统发生信号强度。分析结果支持螽亚目和蝗亚目的单系性;剑角蝗科、斑腿蝗科、斑翅蝗科、网翅蝗科和槌角蝗科5科均不是单系群,科间的遗传距离在0.107~0.153之间变化,与其他科相比遗传距离较小,符合将这5科合并为一科(即蝗科)的分类系统,瘤锥蝗科和锥头蝗科归为锥头蝗总科,癞蝗科单独成为一科,这也与Otte(1997)系统的划分一致。根据PBS值的大小推断密码子第三、第一位点对系统树分支的贡献比第二位点大,并且较长的序列含有较多的信息位点。研究也证实将各物种COI基因之间的遗传距离作为直翅目划分科级阶元的工具是可行的。     

基于18S rRNA基因序列的直翅目主要类群系统发育关系研究

基于78种直翅目昆虫的18S rRNA基因全序列构建了直翅目各主要类群间的系统发育关系。本研究的结果支持直翅目的单系性,但不支持蝗亚目和螽亚目各自的单系性;直翅目下除蜢总科和蝗总科外各总科的划分多数与Otte系统相一致;蜢总科的单系性得不到支持;蝗总科的剑角蝗科、斑腿蝗科、斑翅蝗科、网翅蝗科和槌角蝗科5科均不是单系群,各物种间的遗传距离差异不大,应合并为一科,即蝗科;本研究支持将Otte系统中蚱总科和螽蟖总科下各亚科级阶元提升为科级阶元;18S rRNA基因全序列可以作为划分科级阶元的工具,当位于同一分支上互成姐妹群的类群间的遗传距离超过1%时,这几个类群属于不同的科;但由于其在进化上的保守性,18S rRNA基因只能用于纲目等高级阶元间关系的研究,而由其获得的总科以下阶元间的关系并不可靠。     

蝗总科部分种类Cyt b基因序列及系统进化研究

蝗总科8个科10个种的线粒体DNA细胞色素b(Cyt b）基因部分序列被测定分析,比较同源性,计算核苷酸使用频率并构建NJ分子系统树。在获得的432bp的序列中,A T约占70.4%,其中177个核苷酸位点存在变异（约占41.0%）,DNA一级序列数据显示,该8科蝗虫间DNA序列变异丰富。用日本蚱作外群构建的NJ树表明：瘤锥蝗科较为原始,而癞蝗科与槌角蝗科关系较近,为比较进化的类群,蝗总科8科的起源关系为：瘤锥蝗科→班翅蝗科和锥头蝗科→斑腿蝗科→剑角蝗科→网翅蝗科→槌角蝗科和癞蝗科,上述研究结果与传统形态分类学结论不完全一致,并就此进行了讨论。     

基于线粒体ND2基因的直翅目部分种类分子系统学发育研究

本文的研究目的是通过对直翅目部分种类的线粒体ND2基因进行分析,重建直翅目内部昆虫的系统发育关系,并探讨分子系统发育关系和传统分类结果的异同。基于80个物种ND2基因的研究结果显示直翅目ND2基因存在碱基偏向性A T含量平均为73%,第三位点A T含量79.9%最高,推测这与氨基酸变异有关。直翅目具有单系性,而蝗亚目内部的剑角蝗科、网翅蝗科、槌角蝗科和斑腿蝗科均不是单系群,锥头蝗科和瘤锥蝗科亲缘关系较近,这与Otte分类系统相一致,建议将锥头蝗科和瘤锥蝗科合并为一个科。癞蝗科的分类地位存在争议有待进一步深入的研究。     

利用线粒体16S rRNA基因全序列分析直翅目主要类群的系统发生关系

为了构建稳健的直翅目主要类群间的系统发生关系并探讨16S rRNA基因序列在构建直翅目昆虫不同分类阶元系统发生关系时的可行性、功效以及性能,文章测定了直翅目4总科9科18种昆虫的16S rRNA基因全序列,联合已知该基因全序列的其他40种昆虫,构建了直翅目主要类群之间的系统发生关系,并分析了16SrRNA基因全序列的系统发生性能和功效。结果表明,直翅目昆虫的16S rRNA基因全长平均为1 310 bp;除生活方式特化的蚤蝼总科和蝼蛄总科的地位无法确定外,直翅目其他主要类群系统发生关系比较稳定;蝗总科下除了斑翅蝗科和槌角蝗科外,剑角蝗科、斑腿蝗科、网翅蝗科都不是单系群,且用不同的方法构建的系统发生树中聚类情况完全一致,各科间遗传距离差异不大,建议将其合为一科;锥头蝗科、瘤锥蝗科和癞蝗科间的遗传距离差异也不大;在构建系统发生树时,16S rRNA基因环区的信息量要比茎区的大;16S rRNA基因可以构建可靠的直翅目属与种水平和目与亚目高级阶元的系统发生关系,但对科和总科阶元缺乏足够的分辨力。     

基于线粒体ND2基因的直翅目部分种类分子系统发育分析

测定了39种直翅目昆虫线粒体ND2基因全长序列,联合GenBank中41种直翅目昆虫的ND2基因序列,探讨ND2基因在解决直翅目系统发育分析上的功效,为建立直翅目的主要类群之间稳定的系统发育关系提供更多的数据。研究结果表明,直翅目昆虫的ND2基因序列全长为996～1 029 bp,平均长度为1 020 bp,A+T含量平均为73%。用贝叶斯法(Bayesian,BI)、最简约法(maximum parsimony,MP)和最大似然法(maximum likelihood,ML)构建系统树,SH检验显示,RAxML法构建的ML树似然值最大,与PAUP*的ML法构建的ML树差异显著,而与贝叶斯树和简约树没有明显差异。所有系统树都显示直翅目为单系群;而蝗亚目的剑角蝗科、网翅蝗科、槌角蝗科和斑腿蝗科均不是单系群,锥头蝗科与瘤锥蝗科亲缘关系较近,这与Otte分类系统一致。螽亚目基本由两大分支构成,一支是蝼蛄总科和蟋蟀总科聚集而成,且具有很高的置信度;另一大分支由螽斯总科独自构成。     

直翅目昆虫线粒体基因组特征及系统发育研究

目前GenBank数据库共收录167种直翅目昆虫全线粒体基因组序列,涉及蝗亚目9个总科22个科99个物种,螽亚目7个总科12个科68个物种。在此基础上,该文分析了直翅目昆虫线粒体基因组的基本特征,概述了线粒体全基因组在直翅目昆虫系统发育研究上的应用;同时基于线粒体全基因组序列重建了直翅目昆虫的系统发育关系。主要结果如下:(1)直翅目昆虫存在8种线粒体基因组排列类型,其中trnK-trnD重排现象仅发生在蝗总科中,trnN-trnS-trnE重排现象仅发生在蟋蟀总科中,trnM-trnI-(-trnQ)重排现象仅发生在拟叶蟲亚科中;(2)直翅目昆虫全线粒体基因组的碱基组成具有明显的AT偏向性;(3)不同的蛋白质编码基因在直翅目昆虫中的进化速率不同;(4)支持直翅目以及螽亚目和蝗亚目的单系性;(5)不支持沙螽总科单系性;(6)支持蝗亚目各总科阶元的单系性,且各总科间的系统发育关系为:(蚤蝼总科+(蚱总科+(?蜢总科+(蜢总科+(长角蝗总科+(牛蝗总科+叶翅蝗总科)+(锥头蝗总科+蝗总科))))))。     

基于18S rDNA的蝗总科分子系统发育关系研究及分类系统探讨

将自测的我国直翅目蝗总科7科7种和从GenBank中下载的17种直翅目昆虫的18S rDNA序列片段进行了同源性比较,用似然比检验的方法对序列比对结果进行了碱基替代模型的选择,以蚱总科的Paratettix cucullatus和蜢总科的Stiphra robusta作外群,用NJ、MP、ML和贝叶斯法构建了分子系统树。在获得的1 849 bp的序列中,有205个变异位点,74个简约信息位点; A、T、C和G的碱基平均含量分别为23.9%、24.3%、23.8%和28.0%,碱基组成基本上无偏异。分子系统树表明：所研究的内群聚为4支,锥头蝗科、瘤锥蝗科、斑腿蝗科、网翅蝗科、槌角蝗科和剑角蝗科都不是单系。建议将蝗总科分为4科,即锥头蝗科、大腹蝗科、癞蝗科和蝗科。     

陕西汉中地区蝗虫种类及区系特点

汉中地区的蝗总科昆虫有5科33属51种,锥头蝗科Pyrgomorphidae1属2种,斑腿蝗科Catantopidae9属19种,网翅蝗科Arcypteridae5属12种,斑翅蝗科Oedipodidae12属13种,剑角蝗科Acrididae5属5种。汉中地区蝗总科的昆虫以东洋界为主,共23种,占45.1%,其次为汉中地区特有种类10种,占19.6%,古北界和两界共有种类均为9种,均占17.6%。物种数量在各县区分布不均匀。     

基于核内核糖体小亚基序列的蝗总科系统发育关系分析

用核糖体SSURdna全序列对蝗总科（Acridoidea）进行了分子系统学研究。依据测定的8种蝗虫的SSU Rdna全序列 (平均 1.844 bp),并从GenBank中选取了6种内群种类和2种外群种类的SSU Rdna同源序列,进行序列分析。利用Clustal、MEGA 和 PHYLIP 软件构建分子系统树（距离邻接法Neighbor-Joining,NJ;最小进化法 Minimum Evolution）。结果显示： (1) 蝗总科是一个单系类群;(2) 锥头蝗科（Chrotogonidae）和瘤锥蝗科（Pyrgomorphidea）亲缘关系较近,为蝗总科最原始的类群;(3) 网翅蝗科（Arcypteridae）和槌角蝗科（Gomphoceridae）有较近的亲缘关系; (4) 斑翅蝗科 （Oedipodidae）为最进化的类群; (5) SSU Rdna序列保守性强,转换transition）取代的速率大于或接近颠换（transversion）取代的速率;(6) 在系统树中,总科首先分离,大多数同科不同属的类群以高置信度聚合在一起,说明SSU Rdna序列适合用于蝗总科的系统发育关系分析。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。