HPLC测定驼鹿和狍雪尿肌酐及嘌呤衍生物

反刍动物尿液中嘌呤衍生物的含量可以间接反映其营养状态.高效液相色谱技术(HPLC)是测定反刍动物尿液中嘌呤衍生物含量的重要技术手段之一.本文通过优化的液相色谱条件(依利特-C18(200 mm×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱;流动相:0.01 mol/L KH2PO4、20%乙腈 80%0.01 mol/L KH2PO4;流速1.0 ml/min;柱温20℃;检测波长220 nm,254 nm),测定出野生驼鹿和狍雪尿中肌酐及嘌呤衍生物的含量.测定结果显示,尿囊素、肌酐、尿酸、次黄嘌呤、黄嘌呤在0.0010～0.2000 mg/ml范围内线性关系良好(R2=0.9999),标准品回收率均在96%～105%范围内;2006和2007年冬季在黑龙江省胜山和沾河两个林场所采集的所有驼鹿以及近三分之一的狍雪尿样本中,未检测到尿囊素的存在,所有未检测到尿囊素的驼鹿和狍雪尿样本中,黄嘌呤和次黄嘌呤之和占嘌呤衍生物总量的20.7%～55.2%,而所有可检测到尿囊素的尿液样品中,黄嘌呤和次黄嘌呤之和占嘌呤衍生物总量的15.2%～36.1%,尿囊素占嘌呤衍生物总量的40.6%～85.6%,表明所有驼鹿和部分狍个体越冬时可能存在一定程度的营养限制,且驼鹿和狍的营养代谢存在着种间差异.因此,这种非损伤性的测定方法可以快速、有效地评估冬季鹿类动物营养状况,对其营养状况进行动态监测,揭示出不同物种之间营养动态的差异性,并为野生有蹄类种群和生境的有效保护管理提供科学依据.     

黄泥河自然保护区狍冬季卧息地选择

2009年12月到2010年1月,在黄泥河自然保护区采用样线法对狍冬季卧息地选择进行研究.在研究中共设置了47条样线,调查了72个狍利用样方和109个对照样方,评价了15类生态因子对狍冬季卧息地选择的影响.研究结果表明:在黄泥河自然保护区冬季,狍在卧息时喜欢选择平均海拔在591 m,位于阳坡中坡位上雪被较浅、食物丰富度、灌丛盖度、郁闭度和隐蔽水平都较高的针阔混交林生境,尤其喜欢在针阔混交林中的针叶树下卧息,避开选择阴坡、针叶林和裸岩.逻辑斯蒂回归分析结果表明:食物丰富度、针叶树、雪深、裸岩和海拔是影响黄泥河自然保护区冬季狍卧息地选择的主导因子,林型、坡向和隐蔽水平是次要因子.由这7个变量组成的回归模型为:Z=32.628+11.675×坡向(1) +9.741×坡向(2)-5.486×林型(1)-7.933×林型(2)-7.496×裸岩(1)-9.906×针叶树(1)-0.043×海拔+0.170×隐蔽水平+0.220×食物丰富度-0.429×雪深.模型选择利用概率为P(z)=ez/1+ez,整体正确预测率为96.1％.     

狍冬季消化道形态特征及食物颗粒分布

1999年1月在黑龙江省通河县小东林场猎杀14只狍,应用解剖学方法和湿筛法分别对狍冬季消化道形态特征及消化道内食物颗粒分布进行了研究。结果表明,狍复胃中瘤胃比例最大,占71.3±2.6%,其次为皱胃(11.5士2.2%),瓣胃(9.7士2.3%),网胃(7.6士0.9%0);瘤胃粘膜中,瘤胃前庭区(ACF)是最重要的消化和吸收部位之一,具有最大的乳突密度、乳突长度和粘膜赓面扩张系数,显著高于其它区域(P< 0.05 ),后背盲囊区(DBF)次之;网瓣口在狍食物颗粒流通中起到了重要的调节作用,消化道食物颗粒分布中,大颗粒食物(>1.00mm)在瘤网胃中的比例为35.06±10.76%,显著高于其在瓣胃、皱胃及其它消化道内的比例(P<0.05),而小于1.00 mm的食物颗粒在瓣胃以下消化道中有明显的增加(P<0.05), 1.00mm为冬季通过狍网瓣口的临界食物颗粒大小。狍为适应冬季食物营养质量下降,通过增加瘤网胃容量、缩小网瓣口来改变消化道形态而增加食物颗粒在瘤网胃内的滞留时间,使富含纤维素的食物充分发酵和分解以获得更多的能量,从而产生营养适应性的季节变化。     

黄泥河自然保护区狍冬季栖息地选择

2009年12月—2010年1月,在黄泥河自然保护区采用样线法对狍冬季栖息地选择进行了研究。共设置了47条样线,调查了109个狍利用样方和109个对照样方,测定了海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位、隐蔽级、郁闭度、食物丰富度、灌丛盖度、树胸径、人为干扰距离、林型、裸岩、雪深、倒木和针叶树15类栖息地因子。Baileys法和Mann-WhiteyU检验表明:在黄泥河自然保护区冬季,狍喜欢在坡度平缓、平均海拔602m,位于阳坡或半阴半阳坡的中坡位上雪被较浅,食物丰富度、灌丛盖度和隐蔽级都较高的针阔混交林生境中活动,对倒木因子表现出明显的选择性,避开选择阴坡、裸岩和针叶林生境。在主成分分析中,前5个主成分中的累积贡献率达到88.6%,第一主成分贡献率为30.8%,主要反映利用样方的林型、海拔和隐蔽级的影响,第二主成分贡献率为26.5%,主要反映利用样方的食物丰富度和灌丛盖度影响。     

黑龙江省胜山林场冬季驼鹿、马鹿和狍的种间关系

1987—1989年的两个冬季在黑龙江省黑河市胜山林场,对驼鹿、马鹿和狍的食性、采食高度和栖息地进行了研究。驼鹿的主要食物是柳(22.4％)、榛(16.0％)、红松(14.3％)和桦(13.8％);马鹿为杨(36.0％)、桦(22.7％)和红松(17.3％);狍为桦(26.5％)、柳(19.0％)、杨(12.7％)。三种动物采食高度的频次为正态分布。驼鹿的采食高度(标准差)为137.4(±39.0)厘米;马鹿为136.2(±37.0)厘米;狍为84.2(±29.2)厘米。驼鹿和马鹿对红松林的利用程度最高,而狍主要利用沼泽植物和红松林。驼鹿与狍在食物维和栖息地维上的生态位重叠最大,驼鹿与马鹿在采食高度维上的重叠最大。三种动物在食物、采食高度和栖息地三维生态位上的重叠大小的顺序为:驼鹿和马鹿>驼鹿和狍>马鹿和狍。     

尿液蛋白质组在膀胱癌临床诊治中的应用

膀胱癌是一种常见的泌尿系统疾病,尿细胞学检查与膀胱镜检查是膀胱癌的主要临床诊断手段,但尿细胞学检查敏感性较差,膀胱镜检查为侵入性检查,易给病人带来强烈的不适感;且膀胱癌具有易复发的特点,大部分患者必须面临频繁的检查,临床亟需发展舒适、准确的检查手段.尿液存储是膀胱的主要生理作用,尿液可以直接接触肿瘤实体,肿瘤分泌的一些蛋白质分子极可能进入尿液中,并且患者尿液样本便于足量多次收集.同时,蛋白质组技术以及尿液蛋白质组研究的快速发展,为我们利用尿液研究膀胱癌提供了便利的途径.本文系统总结了尿液蛋白质组研究的主要技术手段,重点关注膀胱癌尿液蛋白质组研究趋势和应用方向,以期为利用尿液蛋白质组研究膀胱癌提供助力.     

城乡老年人营养状况与认知功能的相关性研究

目的：调查城乡老年人营养状况及认知功能状况,探讨两者的相关性。方法：采用多层次随机抽样法,抽取某地65岁及以上城乡居民1 246人进行调查,采用微型营养评价量表（MNA-SF）评价营养状况、采用简易智能精神状态检查量表（MMSE）评价认知功能,采用多因素Logistic回归分析营养状况与认知功能关系。结果：调查对象中121人（9.7%）有营养不良风险或营养不良,450人（36.1%）有不同程度的认知功能障碍。城乡营养不良的老年人认知功能障碍率高于其营养正常的老年人,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。多因素分析显示,居住地在农村、教育程度低、营养不良、未规律运动是老年人认知功能障碍的危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论：老年人营养状况与认知功能相关,且存在城乡差异。加强营养支持改善营养状况对提高老年人认知功能,实现成功老龄化有着积极的作用。     

老爷岭南部狍冬季移动、卧息生境选择及其适宜性评价

在动物生境研究中,移动生境和卧息生境是生境研究的焦点。开展移动生境和卧息生境选择,并在此基础上进行生境评价,有利于深入了解动物对移动和卧息生境条件的需求,制定科学合理的栖息地保护计划。以东北虎（Panthera tigris altaica）的主要猎物物种之一-狍（Capreolus pygargus）为研究对象,于2017-2019年冬季积雪覆盖期在老爷岭南部通过随机布设28个大样方和84条用于足迹链跟踪的样线收集狍的移动点和卧息点信息,再结合近年来收集的东北虎出现点,利用广义可加模型（GAM）和最大熵模型（MaxEnt）进行狍移动、卧息生境选择及评价研究。移动生境选择研究表明,狍在移动的过程中偏好选择坡度小、距农田距离>500 m、远离道路、居民点和低海拔或较高海拔的区域;移动生境评价分析表明,移动适宜和次适宜生境面积之和为1318.16 km²,占研究区域面积的51.28%,当加入虎活动点影响因子后,狍移动适宜和次适宜生境面积之和为901.52 km²,适宜和次适宜生境面积之和减少了31.61%。狍卧息生境选择研究表明,水源、农田、道路和雪深是影响狍卧息的关键因素,其中雪深对狍卧息生境选择的贡献率达到70.13%;卧息生境评价表明,卧息适宜和次适宜生境面积之和为1243.77 km²,占研究区域面积的48.39%,当加入虎出现点因子后,适宜生境和次适宜生境面积之和减少了61.00%,仅为485.02 km²。研究认为,虎的出现对狍移动和卧息生境选择均产生影响,虎的活动及捕食行为可能会减少狍的活动范围和频次,狍远离虎活动区域卧息休息,压缩了狍适宜卧息的空间。     

狼疮性肾炎患者血清和尿液sCD14、sCD163水平的表达及其临床意义

摘要 目的：探讨狼疮性肾炎（LN）患者血清和尿液可溶性白细胞分化抗原14（sCD14）、可溶性白细胞分化抗原163（sCD163）水平的表达及其临床意义。方法：选取2019年12月至2022年6月我院肾内科收治的90例LN患者，根据系统性红斑狼疮疾病活动指数2000（SLEDAI-2000）评分将LN患者分为活动期LN组（＞4分，53例）和非活动期LN组（≤4分，37例），另选取45例于我院门诊体检的健康志愿者为对照组。检测各组血清和尿液中sCD14、sCD163水平，分析其与SLEDAI-2000评分及常规实验室指标的相关性。多因素Logistic回归分析LN患者处于疾病活动期的危险因素。结果：活动期LN组血清和尿sCD14、血清和尿sCD163水平均高于非活动期LN组、对照组（P＜0.05），且非活动期LN组血清和尿sCD14、血清和尿sCD163水平均高于对照组（P＜0.05）。LN患者血清和尿sCD14、血清和尿sCD163水平与SLEDAI-2000评分、尿蛋白、尿素氮、肌酐水平呈正相关（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，血清和尿sCD14、血清和尿sCD163及尿蛋白水平升高是LN患者处于疾病活动期的危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论：LN活动期患者血清和尿液sCD14、sCD163水平显著增高，高水平sCD14、sCD163与LN患者肾功能损伤以及LN疾病活动度增加有关。     

单细胞生产蛋白质

引言根据联合国年鉴,世界人口1970年为36亿2千3百万,到2000年将超过70亿。因此,随之而来的食物供给,特别是蛋白质的供给,将成为一个严重的问题。蛋白质是人体维持健壮不可缺少的一种重要物质。目前,蛋白质主要来自于动植物体,如鸡、鱼、肉、奶油、乳酪、大豆、花生等都含有极其丰富的蛋白质。但为了饲养可食动物,就需生产大量谷物。因此,动物蛋白质价值极其高昂,计多贫困人由于得不到足够的蛋白质而健康受到极大的影响。据统计,当前世界上至少有25％的人处于饥饿和营养不良的状态。为了解决人口剧增而引起的食物、蛋白质不足的问题,人们曾在三个方面做了大量的工作,一是所谓的绿色革命,通过改进耕作,间作套种,扩大复种指数提高粮食产量,并培育出许多蛋白质含量较高的农作物品种;二是借助于发展海洋水产和海洋动物,扩大食物来源;三是研究光合成和化学     

The influence of plant defensive chemicals,diet composition,and winter severity on the nutritional condition of a free‐ranging,generalist herbivore

When consuming plants, herbivores must deal with both low nutritional quality from cell wall constituents and potentially toxic plant secondary metabolites, which are often inversely related. Herbivores that consume a highly nutritious, but chemically defended plant, may consume high levels of toxins that require energy for detoxification. Alternatively, herbivores may avoid consuming high levels of toxins by consuming a diverse diet that may be lower in overall nutritional quality. In this study, we assessed the relationship among nutritional restriction, detoxification and diet diversity in a free‐ranging wild herbivore. We collected urine deposited in the snow (hereafter, snow‐urine) and feces by free‐ranging moose Alces americanus, a generalist browser, during winter. We used the ratio of urinary urea nitrogen to creatinine (UN:C), measured in snow‐urine samples, as an indicator of nutritional restriction, and the ratio of glucuronic acid to creatinine (GA:C), as an indicator of investment in detoxification. We used microhistology to determine diet composition from fecal pellets. GA:C and UN:C were positively associated, suggesting that nutritional condition tends to be worse for individuals investing more in detoxification. We found, after accounting for the influence of winter severity, diet diversity and UN:C to be negatively related, suggesting that increasingly diverse diets were associated with improved nutritional condition. Overall, the most important predictor of UN:C was winter severity and proportion of diet comprised of balsam fir Abies balsamea. Physiological indicators of nutritional restriction tended to be worse during severe winters and among individuals that had consumed more balsam fir. These results highlight complex relationships among environmental conditions, foraging decisions, and costs of detoxification that can influence nutritional condition of herbivores.     

Infestation of roe deer by Cephenemyia stimulator (Clark) (Diptera, Oestridae) in Trent province

Cephenemya stimulator (Clark) (Diptera Oestridae) is first recorded in Italy parasiting roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Diagnosis was made by examination of II-III instar larvae (fig. 1-2) from roe deers killed in Trient province. In these last years in the Trentin region, there was an increasing of roe deers number (actually about 20.000); at the same time growed roe deers infestation by C. stimulator (Tab. 1). Females of C. stimulator probably attack young roe-deers lying down on field-pastures near forest (fig. 3). From examination of killed roe-deers (Tab. 2) there is evidence of debilitation status of infested specimens. Location and dislocations of parasitising larvae in the head cavity was that shown in fig. 4 and 5.     

In vitro digestibility of seasonal forages used by wapiti and roe deer in northeastern China

Seasonal changes in in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of five forage classes (browses, sedges, forbs. ferns and the bark of Ulmus spp.) used by wapiti and roe deer were determined in relation to chemical composition, using the two-stage technique of in vitro trial with rumen inocula from one wapiti and one roe deer captured in winter. Wapiti and roe deer showed remarkable fluctuation in IVDMD among seasons and forage classes. IVDMD decreased from 43.8-64.3% in spring to 29.4-40.5% in winter for wapiti, and from 52.4-77.4% in spring to 25.9-36.5% in winter for roe deer. There was significant variation in IVDMD among species of browses for wapiti and roe deer. IVDMD ranged from 28.5% to 58.7% in twigs and from 39.8% to 58.2% in leaves for wapiti, and from 24.1% to 67.7% in twigs and from 40.0% to 71.7% in leaves for roe deer. Roe deer had higher IVDMD (40.0-71.7%) in both leaves and twigs of browses than wapiti (35.9-58.7%) during snow-free seasons, but IVDMD of twigs was lower for roc deer (25.9-36.5%) than wapiti (29.4-38.4%) in winter. Significant multiple correlation was found between NDF and ADF, and IVDMD in sedges, forbs and ferns for both wapiti and roe deer, whereas only roe deer showed the significant multiple correlation for leaves of browses.     

Effects of cohort,sex, and birth date on body development of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) fawns

We investigated the effects of the year of birth (cohort effect), sex and birth date on the variations observed in birth weight and postnatal growth rate in 209 newborn fawns marked during eight consecutive fawning seasons from a highly productive roe deer population under good nutritional conditions. Roe deer exhibited a fast body development with a birth weight of 1628 g and a postnatal growth rate of 139 g/day constant over the first 20 days of their life. As previously reported for dimorphic and polygynous ungulates, there was a marked cohort effect on the rate of body development. This variability was partly explained by climatic conditions during late gestation. When fewer than 5 days with rainfall over 5 mm occurred in April, fawns were heavier. High temperatures during April and during the winter could also be involved in fast body development of roe deer fawns. Sex of fawn did not affect roe deer growth pattern. This was expected on the basis of low sexual dimorphism in size and low polygyny level characteristic of roe deer. Lastly, the date of birth did not affect the body development of roe deer fawns. High constancy of mean birth dates and high synchrony of births observed in this population could account for this result.     

A typical browser, the roe deer, may consume substantial quantities of grasses in open landscapes

In open landscapes, grass leaves provide an abundant resource for ruminants, with potentially high nutritional value. However, their extensive digestion requires a long fermentation time, achieved through large rumen and the stratification of the rumen content. Due to anatomical and physiological differences, ruminants differ in their ability to process grass leaves. Particularly, the small roe deer, with its viscous saliva and unstratified rumen content, is generally classified as a strict browser. We hypothesised that roe deer may be able to use grass leaves in some circumstances, notably when the availability of other resources declines and when the quality of grass leaves is high. We expected that (1) grass leave consumption should be higher in open landscapes than in forest habitat because grasses are more widely available and more nutritious in open landscapes and (2) grass leave consumption should increase in winter when the availability of other resources declines. We assessed grass consumption by microscopic analysis of roe deer faecal pellets collected monthly both in forest habitat and in the surrounding open landscape. We found that both the occurrence and the proportion of grass leaves in the faeces were higher in the open landscape (predicted mean proportion 0.31) than in the forest (predicted mean proportion 0.05). In addition, the proportion of grass leaves in the faeces was higher in winter and lower in spring in both forest and open landscape. We suggest that roe deer are able to use grass leaves with unusually high nutritional quality in winter in this mild climate area. This involves a certain level of digestive plasticity to efficiently digest high quality grasses and may confer nutritional benefit to individuals feeding in an open landscape.     

Seasonal differences between moose and roe deer in ability to digest browse

The digestive capacity of free-living moose Alces alces (L.) and roe deer Capreolus capreolus (L.) for four plant species was studied with in vitro technique. Moose were found to digest all species better than roe deer. Individual variations were also smaller for moose. In moose the level of digestibility was the same both summer and winter, while roe deer shot in winter digested winter samples of bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus L. and to some extent Scots pine Pinus silvestris L. better than did summer roe deer. This was taken as evidence for a seasonal adaptation in the roe deer rumen. Digestibility of the plant material studied showed a strong negative correlation to the fiber content. The results are discussed in relation to winter problems for roe deer and possible food competition between moose and roe deer.     

Population responses of roe deer to the recolonization of the French Vercors by wolves

In a context of changing carnivore populations worldwide, it is crucial to understand the consequences of these changes for prey populations. The recolonization by wolves of the French Vercors mountain range and the long-term monitoring (2001–2017) of roe deer in this area provided a unique opportunity to assess the effects of wolves on this prey. Roe deer was the main prey of wolves in the west Vercors mountain range during this recolonization. We compared roe deer abundance and fawn body mass in two contrasted areas of a wolf pack territory: a central area (core of the territory characterized by an intense use by wolves) and a peripheral area (used more occasionally). Roe deer population growth rates were lower in the central area between 2001 and 2006, resulting in a decline in roe deer abundance. Roe deer abundance substantially dropped in the two study areas after an extremely severe winter but the abundance of roe deer in the central area facing with wolves was slower to recover and remained at lower abundance levels for 6 years. Fawn body mass was consistently lower in the central area, varied similarly as roe deer abundance, and was not influenced by weather conditions or red deer population abundance. Altogether, the effects of wolves on roe deer in the central area occurred during a 10-year period following the establishment of wolves, through the interplay between wolf predation (before wolves started preying on red deer), harsh winter conditions and possibly naivety of prey to this recolonizing predator.     

同域分布的野猪与狍活动节律及与月光周期的关系

完全的竞争者不能共存,物种间生态位分化是同域物种长期稳定共存的基础。不同物种在同一分布区时间生态位的分化对其共存至关重要。为研究同域分布物种的共存机制,在2018年11月到2021年7月利用远红外相机监测技术对穆棱东北红豆杉国家级自然保护区同域分布的野猪(Sus scrofa)和狍(Capreolus pygargus)进行了野外监测研究,并利用核密度估计方法和雅各布斯选择指数(JSI)对日活动节律和一段时间内的活动周期选择进行了评估,同时还利用非参数检验评估了2个物种的活动与月光周期的关系。研究结果表明,狍不管在全年还是在不同的季节,日活动节律均为双峰模式,而野猪的活动模式表现出明显的可塑性,在全年和冷季为单峰型,暖季为双峰型,二者在日活动节律上的重叠程度较高(Dhat>0.59),在暖季的重叠系数最高(Dhat=0.65)。此外,在时间段的选择上,狍在全年和冷季更喜欢在黎明和黄昏活动(0.170.32),而野猪活动在全年和冷季对白天和黄昏的选择更多(JSI>0.3),暖季则更喜欢在白天活动(J...