部分暖季型草坪草品种(系)在沿海滩涂的生长适应性及其对土壤盐度的影响

采用8个指标(密度、质地、均一性、盖度、耐旱性、萎蔫率、烧伤率及生长量)对12个暖季型草坪草品种(系)在江苏省沿海滩涂上的生长适应性进行了评价,并以电导率为指标分析了12个品种(系)对种植地土壤盐度的影响.结果表明,12个品种(系)8个评价指标的变异系数为32.51%～40.76%,差异不大;12个品种(系)在8个评价指标方面的排序不一致,但总体上各指标中得分最高的前3位均包含了海雀稗'P006'(Paspalum vaginatum 'P006' )和沟叶结缕草'Z014' (Zoysia matrella 'Z014' ),而得分最低的均为狗牙根[Cynodon dactylon (L. ) Pers. ]的品种(系).12个品种(系)中,海雀稗'P006'综合排名第1,生长适应性最好;沟叶结缕草'Z014'、结缕草'Z080'(Z. japonica 'Z080' )和中华结缕草'Z008' (Z. sinica 'Z008' )的综合排名分别为第2、第3和第4位,生长适应性也较好;而8个狗牙根品种(系)的得分排在第5至第12位,生长适应性较差.从2006年7月至2007年11月,12个品种(系)种植地的土壤平均电导率均随时间的延长出现一定的波动,但总体上呈现逐渐下降的趋势并达到相对一致的水平,且均明显小于空白地的土壤平均电导率.不同品种(系)对种植地土壤的脱盐作用有一定的差异,其中,狗牙根'C807'的脱盐效应最佳,在所有供试品种(系)中排序第1;而海雀稗'P006'和沟叶结缕草'Z014'也具有一定的脱盐效应,在所有供试品种(系)中分别排在第6和第7位.综合分析结果显示,海雀稗'P006'和沟叶结缕草'Z014' 对盐碱地的适应性较强并具有一定的脱盐效应,可作为滩涂绿化和盐碱地土壤改良的优良草种;而狗牙根'C807'可以作为滩涂绿化和土壤改良的先锋草种.     

大穗结缕草幼苗耐盐生理机制及耐盐能力研究

以大穗结缕草为实验材料,采用不同质量分数的NaCl处理后,观察盐胁迫对其生长及生理生化指标的影响.结果表明:随着盐胁迫浓度增大,大穗结缕草幼苗株高、鲜重、干重都逐渐下降,而根容量和根冠比却逐渐上升;随盐胁迫浓度的增大,大穗结缕草幼苗叶片细胞质膜透性和MDA含量逐渐增加,脯氨酸含量持续升高;其多数生长和生理指标在≥2.0% NaCl盐胁迫浓度下与对照差异显著,且此时的脯氨酸含量是对照的10倍以上.研究发现,大穗结缕草幼苗地上部分对盐胁迫更敏感、受害更严重;通过体内脯氨酸积累来减轻渗透胁迫是其可能的耐盐生理机制;2.0%盐胁迫可能是大穗结缕草的最高耐盐浓度.     

NaCl胁迫对甜菊不同品种幼苗生长的影响

采用基质培养法,用含3.0、3.5、4.0、4.5和5.0 g·L-1NaCl的Knop营养液进行胁迫处理,对5个甜菊(Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni)品种幼苗的生长指标及其耐盐性进行了分析和评价.结果表明:在NaCl胁迫条件下,5个品种幼苗地上部分和地下部分的干质量、株高、根长、叶片数、叶片长度、叶片宽度以及主茎节数和分枝数等生长指标均低于对照,且随NaCl质量浓度的提高总体上呈逐渐降低的趋势,但不同品种各指标的降幅存在明显差异.NaCl胁迫对'中山3号'和'守田2号'幼苗地上部分和地下部分的干质量影响较小,对'中山2号'和'守田3号'幼苗地上部分和地下部分的干质量有较大影响.在NaCl胁迫条件下,5个甜菊品种幼苗的根冠比均大于对照;'中山2号'和'守田3号'幼苗的根冠比随NaCl质量浓度的提高呈先增大后减小的趋势,并在4.0 g·L-1 NaCl胁迫条件下达到最大;其他3个品种的根冠比均随NaCl质量浓度的提高呈现缓慢增加的趋势.NaCl胁迫对根长的抑制作用小于株高,对叶片长度的影响小于叶片宽度.相关性分析结果表明,甜菊幼苗的叶片数和分枝数与地上部分干质量的相关性显著,是导致地上部分干质量下降的重要原因.根据实验结果,供试甜菊品种按耐盐性从强至弱依次排序为 '中山3号'、'守田2号'、'中山4号'、'守田3号' 和'中山2号',其中'中山3号'和 '守田2号'耐盐性较强且各项生长指标均相对良好,可作为优良的甜菊耐盐种质资源进行深入研究.     

盐胁迫对西瓜幼苗活性氧代谢和渗透调节物质含量的影响

采用营养液培养法,以耐盐性较强的'秀雅'和耐盐性较弱的'秀丽'西瓜品种为材料,研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫对两品种西瓜幼苗活性氧代谢和渗调物质含量的影响.结果显示:NaCl胁迫抑制了西瓜幼苗的生长,耐盐性较强的'秀雅'受抑制程度明显小于耐盐性较弱的'秀丽';随NaCl浓度提高,叶片O(-)/(·)2产生速率、MDA含量和质膜相对透性显著增加,'秀丽'的增加幅度明显大于'秀雅';POD活性在低浓度NaCl下降低而高浓度下升高,CAT和APX活性及抗坏血酸含量随NaCl浓度提高而显著增加,SOD活性随NaCl浓度变化的规律两品种有所不同;脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量随NaCl浓度提高而显著增加,可溶性蛋白含量在较低浓度NaCl下增加而高浓度下降低;除可溶性蛋白外,50 mmol·L-1以上NaCl胁迫下'秀雅'抗氧化酶活性、抗坏血酸和渗调物质含量均明显高于'秀丽'.研究表明:NaCl胁迫严重抑制了西瓜幼苗的生长,破坏了幼苗细胞膜结构,影响了活性氧和渗调物质的正常代谢,耐盐性较强的'秀雅'受抑制程度和脂质过氧化程度较低,与其抗氧化酶活性和渗调物质含量较高密切相关.     

CO2倍增对不同氮水平下小麦幼苗根系及叶片NR活性的影响

以小麦品种'小偃22'幼苗为材料,采用开顶式气室和水培实验研究了不同供氮水平(2.5、5.0、10.0和 15.0 mmol·L-1)下小麦幼苗植株生长量、根系形态、有机碳分泌速率和硝酸还原酶(NR)活性对大气CO2浓度升高的响应.结果显示,大气CO2浓度倍增均增加了小麦幼苗各生长阶段根冠生物量以及根系长度、面积、有机碳分泌速率和叶片NR活性.随供氮水平的提高,各生长阶段幼苗根冠生物量、根长和面积以及叶片NR活性呈上升趋势,而有机碳分泌速率呈下降趋势;根冠比变化不同阶段表现不一致,一叶一心期呈下降趋势,二叶一心期和三叶一心期分别以15.0和10.0 mmol·L-1氮水平较高.研究表明,大气CO2浓度升高可促进小麦幼苗根系生长和有机碳分泌速率,提高其氮素同化能力;增加介质供氮有利于高CO2浓度条件下小麦幼苗根冠生长和氮素同化,提高根冠比,减少根系有机碳过度分泌引起的碳损耗.     

9种观赏草苗期耐盐性评价及NaCl胁迫对芨芨草生长的影响

采用砂培法,对质量浓度0(对照)、5、10、15、20和30 g.L-1NaCl胁迫条件下长芒草(Stipa bungeana Trin.)、丽色画眉草〔Eragrostis spectabilis(Pursh)Steud.〕、狼尾草〔Pennisetum alopecuroides(L.)Spreng〕.、‘小兔子’狼尾草(P.alopecuroides‘Little Bunny’)、拂子茅(Calamagrostis brachytricha Steud.)、野古草〔Arundinella hirta(Thunb.)Tanaka〕、远东芨芨草〔Achnatherum extremiorientale(Hara)Keng〕、芨芨草〔A.splendens(Trin.)Nevski〕和须芒草(Andropogon scoparius Michx.)幼苗的存活率和死亡率进行了分析,并根据植株死亡率、植株存活或出现死亡的NaCl质量浓度和5 g.L-1 NaCl胁迫条件下6个生长指标的聚类分析结果对9种观赏草的耐盐性进行了评价;在此基础上,对NaCl胁迫条件下耐盐性最强的芨芨草生长指标的变化进行了详细分析。结果表明:采用植株死亡率、植株存活或出现死亡的NaCl质量浓度以及生长指标的聚类分析结果都可对供试9种观赏草的耐盐性进行评价,评价结果有一定的差异但表现出相似的趋势;综合3种方法的评价结果,9种观赏草的耐盐性可被分为4个等级:芨芨草最强;狼尾草、‘小兔子’狼尾草、丽色画眉草和长芒草较强;须芒草中等;拂子茅、远东芨芨草和野古草最弱。在NaCl胁迫条件下,芨芨草栽培基质及其渗出液的电导率随NaCl质量浓度的提高逐渐增大;而芨芨草的不同生长指标对NaCl胁迫的响应有差异,其中,NaCl胁迫对芨芨草根长的影响较小;随NaCl质量浓度的提高,芨芨草的苗高、分蘖数、根数、茎叶干质量和根干质量以及叶绿素相对含量均逐渐降低,而根冠比逐渐增大。在NaCl质量浓度高于10 g.L-1条件下,芨芨草幼苗可以存活;而在NaCl质量浓度不高于10 g.L-1条件下,芨芨草幼苗可以维持生长。实验期间的极端高温及极端低温以及栽培基质电导率的变化均对芨芨草幼苗的生长和耐盐性有一定的影响。     

葎草幼苗的生理生化特征对盐胁迫的响应

采用盆栽法研究葎草(Humulus scandens)幼苗的生物量、气体交换参数、叶水势、叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数、抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量对不同浓度盐(NaCl)(分别为0、100、200、300、400mmol/L)胁迫的响应,以探讨葎草幼苗对盐胁迫的适应机制及耐性机理。结果表明:(1)随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,葎草幼苗生长受到严重抑制,显著降低了根、茎、叶的干重、单叶面积、比叶面积(SLA)和根冠比(R/S)。(2)NaCl胁迫后,葎草幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和叶水势(Ψw)均随盐浓度增加呈显著下降趋势,气孔限制值(Ls)和瞬时水分利用效率(WUEi)却显著增加。(3)NaCl胁迫下,叶绿素a(Chl a)和叶绿素b(Chl b)等光合色素含量以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均显著降低,但超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高,说明植株的抗氧化酶系统对NaCl胁迫具有积极的响应策略。(4)NaCl胁迫显著提高了幼苗最小荧光(F_o)、可变荧光(F_v)、最大荧光(F_m)、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学淬灭系数(qP),有效降低了PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量(F_m′/F_o′)、非光化学淬灭系数(q N),并在不同盐浓度梯度下存在着显著的效果差异。研究表明,低浓度(100mmol/L)NaCl胁迫对葎草幼苗生长没有显著影响,但随着浓度的增加,葎草幼苗的气体交换、叶绿素含量、PSⅡ反应能力、抗氧化酶系统均受到抑制,植株的生长发育受到严重影响。     

盐胁迫对空心莲子草生长和光合作用的影响

用NaCl浓度为0(对照)、50、100、150、200、250、300、350mmol/L处理空心莲子草[Alternantheraphiloxeroides(Mart.)Griseb]。结果表明:盐胁迫下,植株鲜重、干重和根冠比都下降,含水量和肉质化程度先略高于对照,而后逐渐下降;根、茎和叶中Na 含量呈上升趋势,而K 含量呈下降趋势,且在同一浓度的盐处理下,叶的Na 和K 含量最高,茎的次之,根的最低;游离氨基酸(free amino acid,FAA)逐渐减少,脯氨酸(proline,Pro)含量先略低于对照,而后则急剧上升,可溶性糖含量(soluble sugar,SS)的变化正相反;净光合速率(net photosynthetic rate,Pn)、气孔导度(stomatal conductance,Gs)和蒸腾速率(transpirationrate,Tr)呈下降趋势,胞间CO2浓度(intercellular CO2concentration,Ci)呈上升趋势;膜稳定性呈下降趋势。因此,空心莲子草是一种盐生植物,且最适盐浓度较低;Na 主要积累在地上部的茎和叶中。推测它有可能向盐渍土壤蔓延。     

盐胁迫对红叶石楠红罗宾生理特征影响的实验研究

在NaCl 盐胁迫环境下, 以50 mmol·L^–1 为浓度梯度, NaCl 浓度分别为0、50、100、150、200 mmol·L^–1, 研究红叶石楠‘红罗宾’叶片含水量、叶绿素含量、质膜相对透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性变化以及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性变化等生理特征。结果表明: 叶片含水量、丙二醛含量、可溶性糖含量、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性均随NaCl 浓度的升高先增大, 后降低; 叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量随NaCl 浓度的升高先降低后升高又降低; 膜相对透性随NaCl 浓度的升高持续增大, 而过氧化物酶(POD)活性随NaCl 浓度的升高则先升高后降低, 超过一定浓度后又升高。根据结果显示, 红叶石楠‘红罗宾’具有一定耐盐性, 可在适当盐碱地地区的环境绿化建设中推广应用。     

NaCl胁迫对菊花花序形态及生理指标的影响

对3个小花型菊花品种'金陵白凤'、'金陵宝辉'和'金陵春色'在生长期分别进行不同浓度 NaCl溶液浇灌处理,通过调查花序的形态变化和测定幼花序的脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量及SOD活性以揭示NaCl胁迫对菊花开花的影响.结果发现:(1)300 mmol·L-1的NaCl胁迫减少了'金陵白凤'、'金陵春色'舌状花和管状花的数量;(2)NaCl胁迫均降低了3个品种的花(序)径,增加了3个品种畸形花序数量,NaCl浓度越高效果越明显;(3)3个品种相比,NaCl胁迫下'金陵白凤'的花(序)径下降最小,畸形花序增加量最少,是花序外观受盐胁迫影响最小的品种;(4)3个品种花序中的脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量及SOD活性随着NaCl胁迫程度的增大呈升高趋势,'金陵白凤'在盐胁迫下可溶性糖的含量增加最多,SOD活性最高,且脯氨酸含量最低,这与其花序受损害程度最轻相一致,从而表现出最强的耐盐生理适应能力.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.