鸟类调查的样线法和样点法比较:以崇明东滩春季盐沼鸟类调查为例

为了探讨样线法和样点法对盐沼湿地鸟类调查的有效性及适用性, 我们于2008年3–5月采用固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法对崇明东滩盐沼鸟类进行了调查。5次调查共记录到鸟类24种, 其中样线法记录到19种, 样点法记录到21种, 两种调查方法平均每次记录到的鸟类种数没有显著差异, 表明两种方法对盐沼鸟类种类的发现能力相似。两种方法得到的鸟类密度之间有显著的相关性,说明两种方法在反映鸟类群落中每种鸟类的相对数量方面具有可比性。但除了仅在一种调查方法中记录到的种类, 样点法调查得到的每种鸟类密度和鸟类总密度均高于样线法的调查结果。因此, 在对鸟类种群或群落的时空特征进行比较时, 需要考虑所采用的调查方法对调查结果的影响。     

海南坡鹿对采食场地及食物的选择

2001年10月至2002年9月在海南大田国家级自然保护区,采用直接观察法和采食痕迹估计法对海南坡鹿(Cenrus eldi hainanus)的食性进行了研究.共记录取食地1273个,其中旱季748个,雨季525个.海南坡鹿取食植物234种,其中木本植物71种,草本植物161种,蕨类植物2种.其中取食频率超过0.01%的有76种,取食频率占总取食频率的81.85%.无论旱季和雨季坡鹿对采食场地都具有明显的选择性(旱季X2=21.476,P=0.000 7;雨季X2=19.882,P=0.001 3;df=5).尽管旱季坡鹿更多地选择在低平地热带草原生境中采食、雨季则喜欢季雨林,但是它们选择采食场地的季节性差异没有达到显著的水平(X2=9.447,P=0.092 5,df=5).坡鹿对植物种类的选择存在季节性差异,旱季喜欢采食的植物种类比雨季更多(30种vs.18种),采食的木本植物种类的比例也高于雨季(14种vs.6种).     

红外相机技术与其他几种森林鸟类多样性调查方法的比较

为了探讨红外相机技术、网捕法、固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法对森林鸟类多样性调查的有效性和实用性, 我们于2011-2016年, 用这几种方法调查了广东南岭国家级自然保护区和车八岭国家级自然保护区的鸟类多样性。在南岭, 固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法记录鸟类222种, 网捕鸟类43种, 红外相机拍到鸟类47种; 其中1种鸟仅网捕到, 6种鸟仅被红外相机拍到, 164种鸟仅被固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法记录到。在车八岭, 固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法记录鸟类109种, 网捕鸟类42种, 红外相机拍到鸟类27种, 其中9种鸟仅网捕到, 3种鸟仅被红外相机拍到, 97种鸟仅被固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法记录到。随着鸟类的体重、体长、翅长和跗蹠增加, 网捕到的鸟类个体数量减少, 鸟类身体大小与网捕到的鸟类数量呈显著负相关; 而红外相机拍到的鸟类数量随鸟类的身体大小增大而增加, 并且呈显著的正相关。本文的结果显示, 网捕法和红外相机技术针对不同类群的鸟类调查效力不同, 但都是固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法的有效补充。建议今后开展森林鸟类多样性调查与监测时, 尽量采用多种研究方法相结合, 以求达到最优的效果。     

韶赣高速公路(粤境段)建设对路域生态系统鸟类群落的影响

采用样线法对韶赣高速公路(粤境段)路域生态系统中的鸟类进行了连续一年的调查,并同施工前的鸟类调查结果进行了对比分析,研究了该路段高速公路施工对鸟类群落的影响并提出了相应保护措施.鸟类是环境健康评价的良好指示物种,研究结果有助于加强高速公路建设过程中生物多样性的保护.研究结果显示:(1)本次调查共记录到鸟类10目28科55种,其中繁殖鸟45种(81.8％),非繁殖鸟10种(18.2％),具有保护价值的鸟类13种(23.64％),国家一级保护动物1种,黄腹角雉Tragopan caboti;(2)研究区域鸟类群落结构季节变化明显,雨季优于旱季,未受到高速公路施工的显著影响;(3)研究区域鸟类表现出明显的回避作用,主要原因为栖息地破坏,且单一生境类型和食性的鸟类的回避作用更显著;(4)鸟类在受到回避作用从影响区域迁出后,造成了生态位空缺,为适应性更强的鸟类进入该生境创造了条件.基于上述结论对路域生态系统鸟类保护提出以下建议:1)在道路施工期和运营期应尽快开展鸟类生境恢复和招引工作;2)尽可能减少高速公路施工占地面积,并避开鸟类生存敏感区;3)合理安排施工作业时间和工程进度,避免在鸟类繁殖季节进行高强度作业;4)应长期开展鸟类动态监测研究.     

广西弄岗穗鹛不同季节的觅食地选择

2010年7-9月(雨季)和2010年11月-2011年2月(旱季),在广西弄岗国家级自然保护区采用样线法和样方法对弄岗穗鹛(Stachyris nonggangensis)觅食地选择进行研究.主成分分析表明,雨季的乔木层因素和落叶及草本层因素、旱季的地形地貌因素以及草本与灌木层因素是其觅食地的主要特征.圆形分布统计分析显示,雨季和旱季其觅食地多位于中缓坡.与对照样方的差异性检验显示,弄岗穗鹛雨季偏好乔木盖度低的生境,旱季则偏好中、下坡位、灌木高度较高且落叶厚度大的生境.两个季节觅食地的比较显示,其旱季觅食地处于较低海拔,且多位于中、下坡位;旱季草本盖度小于雨季,而落叶盖度和落叶厚度则大于雨季.逻辑斯蒂回归分析表明:弄岗穗鹛雨季觅食地选择以海拔、坡度以及落叶盖度等3个变量为综合考量,而旱季则以坡位、乔木盖度、草本盖度以及落叶厚度等4个变量为综合考量.     

埃塞俄比亚Alatish国家公园大型哺乳动物多样性、分布及其与栖息地的联系

于2004年8月-2005年3月间研究了Alatish国家公园在雨季和旱季期间大型哺乳动物的多样性和分布.基于地形图、卫片和预调查结果,在4种生境类型中识别出37个100 km2或者更小的斑块.在4个植被类型中随机选择了11个斑块,沿随机选择的样线进行了调查,样线10 km 长,0.2 km宽,覆盖了该区域面积的20%.使用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、DISTANCE 5.0 软件以及 Simpson相似性指数分析了大型哺乳动物的多样性以及分布的相似性.记录了20种体型较大的哺乳动物;河边林地在雨季和旱季都有最高的多样性,林地的多样性最低;旱季中4种类型的栖息地具有相似的分布型;由于栖息地退化不能确定物种的分布格局.联合距离取样分析揭示出,旱季和雨季大型哺乳动物的密度较低,分别为4.067只/km2和6.263只/km2.所观察的哺乳动物可分为草食动物(15%)、游牧动物(30%)、杂食动物(25%)与食肉动物(30%).     

上海南汇东滩湿地鸟类资源调查

2008年1～12月采用样点法和样线法对上海南汇东滩湿地鸟类资源进行调查.共记录到鸟类158种,隶属于14目40科.其中旅鸟有63种,占所调查鸟类总物种数的39.87%;冬候鸟58种,占36.71%;夏侯鸟19种,占12.03%;留鸟18种,占11.39%,迁徙鸟类占有绝对优势.繁殖鸟有37种,其中东洋界种类25种,占该区繁殖鸟类种数的67.57%,该区域东洋界区系特色明显.记录到国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物12种,上海市重点保护鸟类4种,上海市鸟类新纪录2种.     

红外相机技术监测喀斯特生境兽类和鸟类多样性及活动节律

2012年8月至2013年11月,在15 hm~2弄岗森林动态监测样地及其周边地区以1台/2 hm~2密度布设了35台红外相机,对研究区域内大中型兽类和林下鸟类资源进行连续监测。共记录到20种兽类和26种鸟类,包括2种国家I级、8种国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物。其中,小泡巨鼠(Leopoldamys edwardsi)、帚尾豪猪(Atherurus macrourus)、赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythraeus)、北树鼩(Tupaia belangeri)、赤麂(Muntiacus muntjak)等5种动物拍摄率和相对丰富度均居于兽类的前5位;白鹇(Lophura nycthemera)、橙头地鸫(Zoothera citrina)和蓝背八色鸫(Pitta soror)的相对丰富度居于鸟类的前3位。虽然每月监测的兽类和鸟类种数、多样性指数和均匀度指数均不存在显著的季节性差异,但不同季节记录到的兽类和鸟类种类存在一定差异。黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)、野猪(Sus scrofa)2种兽类和斑头鸺鹠(Glaucidium cuculoides)、长尾阔嘴鸟(Psarisomus dalhousiae)、红胁蓝尾鸲(Tarsiger cyanurus)3种鸟类仅在旱季记录到;仙八色鸫(Pitta nympha)和凤头鹰(Accipiter trivirgatus)仅在雨季记录到。活动节律分析结果表明赤麂、北树鼩、赤腹松鼠和白鹇为昼行性动物,帚尾豪猪与小泡巨鼠为夜行性动物。以上研究结果有助于监测喀斯特生境大中型兽类和林下鸟类种群的变化,为保护区有效管理提供数据支持。     

乌鲁木齐市园林春秋季鸟类群落多样性

2011年4～5月、10～11月,用样线法对乌鲁木齐市中心城区5个园林鸟类群落的组成和多样性进行了调查,共记录到鸟类47种,隶属于9目23科,分布型以古北界为主。其中留鸟、夏候鸟和冬候鸟分别占鸟类总种数的44.68%、34.04%和10.64%,鸟类群落优势种为[树]麻雀Passer montanus、家麻雀Passer domesticus和乌鸫Turdus merula。园林鸟类的平均密度为(11.27±4.3)只/hm2(±S.D.),春季鸟类密度高于秋季,但二者差异不显著(F=0.002,P=0.194)。春季鸟类群落拥有较高物种丰富度和多样性,夏候鸟是此时鸟类群落的重要组成部分;秋季鸟类群落的多样性低而优势度较高,冬候鸟对群落结构影响不大。各园林样地记录到的鸟类种数和密度差异较为明显,园林的内部生境多样性与鸟类种数呈正相关(R=0.9,P=0.037)。     

土地利用变化中地表蚂蚁功能多样性的变化

【目的】为了揭示土地利用变化中人工林对生态系统功能的保护作用。【方法】使用陷阱法调查了云南省绿春县天然次生林、桉树林、橡胶林、紫胶林、紫胶林-玉米混农林、玉米地和农田7种生境样地的地表蚂蚁群落,测定了82种蚂蚁的头长、头宽、胸长和后足腿节长的功能特征,并计算和比较不同生境蚂蚁功能丰富度、功能均匀度和功能离散度的差异。【结果】不同生境蚂蚁功能丰富度指数FRic有显著差异(雨季:F=4.475,P=0.002;旱季:F=7.717,P0.001),天然次生林、雨季桉树林和橡胶林以及旱季的紫胶林和紫胶-玉米混农林功能丰富度较高,农田最低;不同生境地表蚂蚁功能均匀度指数FE_(ve)无显著差异(雨季:F=2.106,P=0.078;旱季:F=2.093,P=0.079);不同生境地表蚂蚁功能离散度指数FD_(iv)有显著差异(雨季:F=2.577,P=0.036;旱季:F=3.969,P=0.004),旱雨季橡胶林蚂蚁功能离散度均最高,天然次生林和农田则较低。地表蚂蚁功能丰富度指数与物种丰富度显著相关(雨季:Pearson=0.461,P=0.002;旱季:Pearson=0.854,P0.001)且为线性模型(雨季:F=10.533,P=0.002;旱季:F=107.387,P0.001)。地表蚂蚁功能均匀度及功能分散度指数与物种丰富度无显著关系。雨季蚂蚁功能丰富度随枯落物厚度增加而增加;旱季蚂蚁功能丰富度随着空地比例增加而降低,随着枯落物厚度增加先下降再升高,随着植物盖度增加先升高后下降。【结论】土地利用变化及旱季和雨季交替导致的栖境异质性降低能降低蚂蚁群落的功能丰富度,但对功能均匀度和功能离散度影响不明显。土地利用中降低人工林的干扰、人为增加栖境复杂程度将为蚂蚁提供生存空间,降低蚂蚁竞争程度,有利于生态系统功能多样化及功能保护。     

Soil seed densities and emergence patterns in pastures in the seasonally dry tropics of northeastern Australia

Germinable seed densities in the surface (0–10 cm) soil of pasture communities growing at Lansdown, near Townsville, were measured during the late dry season before the first germinating rain and again during the following wet season after germination but before the input of new seed. Seedlings emerging in the field were counted at approximately weekly intervals during this period to determine emergence patterns. Twelve communities were sampled in 1980–81 and six were re-sampled in 1981–82. During the late dry season germinable seed densities ranged from 5000 to 40 000 seeds m^-2. Seeds of the introduced legume, Stylosanthes hamata, were present in all pastures. There were many seeds of annual grasses (Digitaria ciliaris and Brachiaria miliiformis) and sedges (Cyperus and Fimbristylis spp.) but only few seeds of perennial grasses (both native and introduced). Soil seed densities were much lower during the wet season than during the preceding dry season, particularly for the grasses. Emergence commenced and approximately 70% of all seedlings emerged on the first major rainfall of the wet season. The subsequent emergence pattern varied between years. In 1980–81 there was a gradual and continuous increase in seedling numbers under the continuously moist conditions which prevailed. In 1981–82 further emergence occurred in discrete events related to rainfall and intervening dry periods. Maximum seedling densities exceeded 34 000 seedlings m^-2 including 29 000 grass seedlings (mainly annual species). The implications of these results for species survival and pasture composition are discussed.     

鄱阳湖都昌候鸟自然保护区丰水期和枯水期鸟类多样性

2009年12月和2010年5月,利用样线法和同步调查法对江西省鄱阳湖都昌候鸟自然保护区的鸟类开展了调查,分析了丰水期和枯水期鸟类群落结构的特征及其差异.野外调查共记录到鸟类14目43科169种.丰水期鸟类有36科96种,枯水期鸟类36科135种.其中,国家重点保护鸟类17种.结合保护区日常监测到白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)、灰鹤(G.grus)、白头鹤(G.monacha)和白枕鹤(G.vipio)的分布记录,该保护区鸟类累计达173种.保护区枯水期鸟类以雀形目、鹆形目和雁形目为主,分别占枯水期鸟类种类总数的47.4％、13.3％和9.6％;丰水期鸟类以雀形目、鸻形目和鹳形目为主,分别占鸟类种类总数的58.3％、8.3％和10.4％.枯水期和丰水期鸟类物种组成存在明显的季节性变换.枯水期农田生境鸟类多样性最高,其次是草洲、沼泽和水体,泥滩生境鸟类多样性最低;丰水期农田和水体生境鸟类多样性基本相同.都昌候鸟自然保护区枯水期的优势种为八哥(Acridotheres cristatellus)、白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)、灰椋鸟(Sturnus cineraceus)、麻雀(Passer montanus)和山斑鸠(Streptopelia orientalis),丰水期为白鹭(Egretta garzetta)和八哥.     

安徽沿淮湖泊湿地水鸟资源调查

2008年6月至2009年5月,采用路线调查法和定点观察法对安徽沿淮的东西湖、瓦埠湖、龙子湖、沱湖和女山湖5个湖泊湿地的水鸟资源进行了调查,共记录湿地水鸟61种,隶属于7目13科.按居留型可分为冬候鸟32种(占52.46%),夏候鸟14种(占22.95%),留鸟2种(占3.28%),旅鸟13种(占21.31%);按生态...     

Invasion of Ligustrum lucidum (Oleaceae) in the southern Yungas: Changes in habitat properties and decline in bird diversity

Ligustrum lucidum is the major exotic tree in NW Argentina montane forests (Yungas). To assess the effects of its expanding invasion on avian communities we (1) measured different habitat properties (vertical forest structure and composition, vegetation cover, light availability, air temperature, air relative humidity and soil litter depth), (2) compared bird species composition and diversity in Ligustrum-dominated and native-dominated secondary forests and (3) analyzed seasonal patterns and changes in these variables between forest types. The study was conducted during 2010–2011 wet and dry seasons, at two altitudinal zones: 500–800 and 1100–1450 masl. Compared with native forests, Ligustrum dominated forests had a more homogeneous vertical forest structure and denser canopy cover (resulting in lower understory solar radiation), significantly lower understory cover and lower litter depth. Air temperature and relative humidity did not differ between forests in either season. Solar radiation was higher in the dry season in both forest types, but litter depth showed opposite patterns between seasons depending on forest type. We recorded 59 bird species in 21 families. Bird species abundance, richness and diversity indexes were significantly lower in Ligustrum-dominated relative to native forests of similar successional age, which had almost twice as many species as the former. Avian communities differed between altitudinal zones, but the difference was stronger between Ligustrum and native-dominated forests. Avian community composition was less variable in time and space in native forests than in Ligustrum-dominated ones. Our results suggest that L. lucidum invasion generates structurally homogeneous and simpler forests that represent a less suitable habitat for a diverse avifauna. This illustrates the wide ecological changes (from habitat properties and ecosystem functioning to vertebrate community composition) that the subtropical mountain forests of Argentina are experiencing with this invasion.     

Feeding habits of the mochokid Synodontis punctifer Daget, 1964, in the Bandama River,Côte d'Ivoire

The feeding habits of Synodontis punctifer were investigated in the basin of the Bandama River. Fish specimens were collected using gill nets in the rainy season (May–July 2009) and in the dry season (November 2008 to March 2009 and August 2009). In this article, the importance of the different prey types was assessed using the corrected occurrence and weight percentage. These values were used to calculate the index of preponderance for each taxonomic category. One hundred and ten specimens of S. punctifer were examined, nine stomachs were found empty (8.18%). A total of 39 different prey species belonging to seven major groups Insects, Crustacea, Rotifera, Molluscs, Other invertebrates, Other organisms and Macrophytes were identified in the stomach contents. The results showed that Macrophytes were the primary food item and Insects the secondary prey item. Other preys were recorded occasionally. At the rainy season, the main foods of S. punctifer were Macrophytes and during the dry season this species ate Insects and Macrophytes. The food composition varied between localities. In the riverine localities, specimen fed on 38 prey types. Twenty‐seven prey categories were consumed in the lacustrine. In terms of diet overlap, Schoener coefficient values were above the 0.6 limit (α = 0.99), indicating some high overlap.     

Influence of season on leaf litter ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) diversity in the locality of Minko'o (Southern,Cameroon)

Seasonality is known to influence ant activity in many tropical rain forests in the world such as South America and Africa. We surveyed ant fauna in the leaf litter in the locality of Minko'o. The work aimed to evaluate the effect of seasonal variation on the diversity and composition of litter ants. Ants were sampled from November 2015 to June 2017, using four sampling methods: visual capture, bait, pitfall trap and extraction. Species richness, Shannon diversity index and analysis of similarities were used to characterise diversity of ant communities between seasons. We collected 306 ant species, shared out between 56 genera and 11 subfamilies. Subfamilies Myrmicinae, Ponerinae, Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Dorylinae, Cerapachyinae and Pseudomyrmecinae occurred in all the seasons. Species richness was highest in major dry season with 243 species followed by minor rainy season with 188, major rainy season with 177 species and finally minor dry season that recorded the lowest with 155 species. Kruskal–Wallis test showed that ant species richness did not differ between seasons (p > 0.05). Species diversity index indicated that diversity was the highest during minor dry season (H′ = 4.24), followed by the major dry season (H′ = 4.23), minor rainy season (H′ = 4.21) and lowest during major rainy season (H′ = 4.06). Eight most frequents ants have been recorded: Axinidris sp.1, Camponotus flavomarginatus, Monomorium guineense, Myrmicaria opaciventris, Odontomachus troglodytes, Carebara perpusilla, Paltothyreus tarsatus and Pheidole megacephala. Assessment of the seasonal effect on diversity reveals that dry season is richer and more diverse than rainy season and the season significantly influence the diversity of litter ants.     

SHORT NOTES

Earlé, R. A. 1981. Factors governing avian breeding in Acacia savanna, Pietermaritzburg, Part 3: Breeding success, recruitment and clutch size. Ostrich 52:235-243.

The clutch size and breeding success of eight species of birds were monitored over a two year period in Acacia savanna. The mean clutch size fluctuated within the breeding season and four patterns of clutch size variation were noted. A smaller proportion of large clutches were laid in the 1979 season when less food was available. Breeding success was higher in the dry 1979 season but fewer breeding attempts were made and the overall recruitment was thus lower. At the peak of the breeding season, in mid-November, breeding success was at its lowest. Predation on nests was the greatest factor reducing breeding success although rain and strong winds affected some species.     

Pathogenicity and Reproduction of Hoplolaimus columbus and Meloidogyne incognita on 'Davis' Soybean

The effects of initial populations of Hoplolaimus columbus and Meloidogyne incognita on growth and yield of Davis soybean were determined for 1980 and 1981 in microplots and H. columbus in field tests in 1981. M. incognita suppressed yield in microplots both years and H. columbus in 1980. Maximum suppression of dry pod weight by M. incognita was 45% and by H. columbus 35%. The relationship of yield vs. nematode population at planting time was described by a declining exponential model. Maximum reproductive rates for M. incognita and H. columbus were 67.0 and 4.7, respectively, and were inversely proportional to initial population level. Nematode reproductive rates, survival ability, and feeding habits suggest species specific life strategies in the ecological community.     

Phenological Patterns and Preferences for Aromatic Compounds by Male Euglossine Bees (Hymenoptera,Apidae) in Two Coastal Ecosystems of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

In order to investigate phenological patterns and seasonal and geographic variations in the preference for fragrances of Euglossini males, monthly sampling was carried out from August 2007 to July 2009 in two coastal areas of Atlantic Forest in Ubatuba, northern coast of the state of São Paulo. Fourteen aromatic baits were used, 3 of them in the first year (August 2007 to July 2008) and the other 11 in the second year (August 2008 to July 2009). A total of 1,475 individuals from 22 species were collected. The highest frequency of the individuals of the majority of the sampled species occurred in the hot/super-humid season. However, Eulaema cingulata (Fabricius) showed peaks of abundance in the cold/less-humid season on Anchieta Island. Seasonal variation in fragrance choice by males was not registered. Males of El. cingulata showed preference for β-ionone on Anchieta Island and for benzyl acetate in the Picinguaba region, characterizing the single example of geographic variation in preference for scent baits we recorded.     

黄龙钙化滩流地物种-面积关系

黄龙沟钙化滩流地由于溪流的作用,在滩流地之间形成面积大小不一的植物群落斑块。这些小尺度斑块面积的大小对植物物种数量的影响尚不清楚。应用回归分析法和幂函数方程对黄龙沟钙化滩流地内的物种-面积关系进行了研究。结果表明黄龙沟钙化滩流地中斑块的大小对物种数(含兰科植物)具有强烈的影响,而调查的其他因子对总的植物物种数量的影响不显著。在所调查的环境因子中,斑块面积对物种数量的影响达到79.5%,即斑块越大,所包含的物种数量越多。兰科植物种类数量除了受斑块面积的影响外,还与距离林缘的距离有关(负相关)。物种-面积关系符合幂函数方程S=cA^Z的规律。不同的尺度下,z值略有差异,在中等尺度下 (1-10 m²)最大,为0.2616,较大尺度下(10-100 m²)的最小,z值为0.2050,小尺度下(<1 m²),z值为0.2382。表明中等尺度的斑块(1-10 m²)包含的物种数(含兰科植物)的增长速度最快,而在斑块面积大于10 m²时,物种数增长速度最小。