线粒体DNA序列特点与昆虫系统学研究

昆虫线粒体DNA是昆虫分子系统学研究中应用最为广泛的遗传物质之一。线粒体DNA具有进化速率较核DNA快 ,遗传过程不发生基因重组、倒位、易位等突变 ,并且遵守严格的母系遗传方式等特点。本文概述了mtDNA中的rRNA、tRNA、蛋白编码基因和非编码区的一般属性 ,分析了它们在昆虫分子系统学研究中的应用价值 ,以及应用DNA序列数据来推导分类阶 (单 )元的系统发育关系时 ,基因或DNA片段选择的重要性     

DNA 序列在蕨类分子系统学研究中的应用

在分子系统学研究中, 目的基因或者基因片段的选择是最关键的一步, 由于进化速率的差异, 不同的DNA序列适用于不同分类阶元的系统发育研究。本文综述了目前蕨类分子系统发育研究中常用的DNA序列分析, 它们分别来自叶绿体基因组、核基因组和线粒体基因组, 着重阐明叶绿体基因在蕨类分子系统学研究中的应用。本文还简要介绍了分子系统学研究中常见的问题及解决方法(如内类群和外类群的选择, 适宜DNA片段的选择策略), 总结了目前蕨类植物分子系统学研究所取得的进展和研究现状, 展望了当今国际蕨类分子系统学的研究趋势。     

DNA序列在蕨类分子系统学研究中的应用

在分子系统学研究中,目的基因或者基因片段的选择是最关键的一步,由于进化速率的差异,不同的DNA序列适用于不同分类阶元的系统发育研究.本文综述了目前蕨类分子系统发育研究中常用的DNA序列分析,它们分别来自叶绿体基因组、核基因组和线粒体基因组,着重阐明叶绿体基因在蕨类分子系统学研究中的应用.本文还简要介绍了分子系统学研究中常见的问题及解决方法(如内类群和外类群的选择.适宜DNA片段的选择策略),总结了目前蕨类植物分子系统学研究所取得的进展和研究现状,展望了当今国际蕨类分子系统学的研究趋势.     

COⅡ基因在昆虫分子系统学研究中的作用和地位

细胞色素氧化酶Ⅱ(cytochromeoxidaseⅡ,COⅡ)基因位于线粒体DNA(mtDNA)上,编码细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅱ,该亚基为细胞色素c提供重要的结合位点。COⅡ基因进化速率较快,是昆虫分子系统学研究中理想的分子标记。目前,已经利用该基因从各个分类水平对昆虫系统发育关系、物种形成与分化、种群遗传与变异及生物地理等方面做了广泛的研究。研究表明,利用该基因可以很好地解决昆虫属、种及种下分类单元的系统发育问题,但是在解决科、亚科等高级阶元的系统发育关系时仍存在一些局限,COⅡ基因与其他mtDNA及核基因的联合分析能够更好地解决昆虫的系统发育问题。     

植物核基因组核糖体基因间隔区序列的结构特点及其在系统发育研究中的应用

目前,在植物系统发育研究中应用较多的核基因组的核糖体DNA基因间隔区序列主要有5S rDNA基因间隔区、内转录间隔区ITS和基因间间隔区IGS.虽然这些间隔区序列在长度、结构等方面各不相同,但都具有进化速率较快的特点,在植物属及属下分类水平的系统发育关系研究中非常有用.本文重点就核基因组的5S rDNA基因间隔区以及IGS在植物中的特点以及各自在植物系统发育研究中的应用进行了综述.     

线粒体DNA序列在半翅目异翅亚目昆虫分子系统学上的应用

随着PCR技术的发展以及大量DNA序列的累积,昆虫分子系统学近年来快速发展。线粒体DNA(mtDNA)序列相对于核内DNA序列进化速率较快,常被用于昆虫的系统发育研究。本文综述了国内外学者利用各种线粒体DNA序列来研究半翅目异翅亚目昆虫系统发育的研究概况。总结发现,COⅠ、COⅡ、12S rDNA、16S rDNA、Cytb、ND1、ND2和ND5等线粒体区段被用于半翅目异翅亚目系统发育的研究,其中以COI、COⅡ、16S rDNA和Cytb应用最广泛,但目前尚缺乏不同分子标记间的联合分析。进一步的研究最好在选定半翅目异翅亚目昆虫的分类阶元(如科间、亚科间、科内属间、种间或种内)后,集中测定线粒体某几个区段的DNA序列,然后进行单一分析和联合分析,并与传统形态学研究结果进行比较,可望全面分析半翅目异翅亚目昆虫的系统发育关系。     

DNA序列在悬钩子属植物分子系统学研究中的应用进展

悬钩子属植物种类繁多,类群复杂,而且多为多倍体和杂种。该文就近年来国内外有关DNA序列在悬钩子属植物分子系统学研究中的应用现状和进展进行了综述,并对中国悬钩子属植物系统发育研究进行了展望。研究认为:叶绿体DNA序列多应用非编码区,且多与ITS序列联合分析;核基因组中ITS序列应用最为广泛,主要用于研究悬钩子属空心莓组与木莓组的进化关系、栽培品种间亲缘关系及部分杂种和多倍体的起源等;在该属植物中发现了ITS个体内多态性,但未进行ITS假基因检测,其系统学应用价值需重新评价;低拷贝核基因只有GBSSI和LEAFY有相关应用。同时认为,悬钩子属植物系统学研究中应用的DNA序列及研究类群均较少,缺乏对整个悬钩子属全面而系统的研究。指出应进一步选择具有代表性的样本、筛选合适的DNA片段,并结合形态学、孢粉学和细胞学等手段对中国悬钩子属植物系统关系进行深入研究。     

ITS序列的特点及其在昆虫学研究中的应用

随着PCR技术和DNA测序技术的成熟及广泛应用,分子数据的分析和利用逐渐成为生物学研究的重要手段。基因组中含有丰富的遗传信息,运用核基因序列或将核基因与线粒体基因序列相结合作为遗传标记,研究昆虫的系统发育,已成为分子系统学领域的发展趋势。由于长度适中、易于扩增、进化速度快、变异性高等优点,核糖体基因中内转录间隔区(ITS)已在昆虫系统学研究中得到广泛的应用。本文介绍了ITS序列的结构特点,重点对ITS序列在近缘种及种型快速鉴定、属及属上高级阶元系统学研究、谱系生物地理学及与其它基因联合分析昆虫系统进化关系等研究中的应用及前景进行了综述。     

植物分子系统学近五年的研究进展概况

本文综述了与分子系统学发展密切相关的4个因素：1.分子生物学方法的不断改进;2.基因组的全序列测定;3.用于分子系统学研究的基因种类不断增加,对这些基因进化规律的认识不断深入;4.化石DNA的研究。本文还阐述了核基因及叶绿体基因在系统学研究中的应用,例举了rbcL、matk、18s rDNA和ITS序列分析在植物系统发育研究中取得的重要成果,同时提出了分子系统学研究中应注意的一些问题。     

ITS假基因对栎属系统学研究的影响及其对分子系统学研究的启示

核糖体rDNA ITS是被子植物系统发育研究中应用最广泛的分子标记之一。以前人们认为同一物种中的ITS序列因致同进化而使不同拷贝高度一致,在分子系统学研究中常以ITS1-5.8S-ITS2序列作为构建系统进化树的基础。近年来,在对一些被子植物的研究中发现这段序列在同一物种中具有多态性,有些拷贝中的5．8S区不具编码功能,人们把含有不具编码功能5．8S区的ITS1-5．8S-ITS2序列定义为ITS假基因序列,它对同源基因致同进化的假设形成了新的挑战。在诸多应用ITS序列重建系统进化关系的研究中,栎属系统学研究因ITS假基因的发现而倍受关注。本文以栎属为例回顾了ITS假基因的发现过程,分析了其对该属系统学研究的影响,为分子生物学在植物系统进化研究中的应用提供一些新的参考。     

Chloroplast DNA phylogeny, reticulate evolution, and biogeography of Paeonia (Paeoniaceae)

The coding region of the mat K gene and two intergenic spacers, psb A-trn H and trn L(UAA)-trn F(GAA), of cpDNA were sequenced to study phylogenetic relationships of 32 Paeonia species. In the psb A-trn H intergenic spacer, short sequences bordered by long inverted repeats have undergone inversions that are often homoplasious mutations. Insertions/deletions found in the two intergenic spacers, mostly resulting from slipped-strand mispairing, provided relatively reliable phylogenetic information. The mat K coding region, evolving more rapidly than the trnL-trn F spacer and more slowly than the psb A-trn H spacer, produced the best resolved phylogenetic tree. The mat K phylogeny was compared with the phylogeny obtained from sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. A refined hypothesis of species phylogeny of section Paeonia was proposed by considering the discordance between the nuclear and cpDNA phylogenies to be results of hybrid speciation followed by inheritance of cpDNA of one parent and fixation of ITS sequences of another parent. The Eurasian and western North American disjunct distribution of the genus may have resulted from interrruption of the continuous distribution of ancestral populations of extant peony species across the Bering land bridge during the Miocene. Pleistocene glaciation may have played an important role in triggering extensive reticulate evolution within section Paeonia and shifting distributional ranges of both parental and hybrid species.     

基于叶绿体TrnL- F序列和联合数据分析木通科的分子系统发育(英文)

基于叶绿体trnL_F序列单独分析以及trnL_F和rbcL序列联合分析重建了木通科的分子系统发育。本研究的系统发育拓扑结构与覃海宁和塔赫他间的族划分系统非常一致。猫儿屎族和串果藤族在系统发育树上位于本科的基部。由分布于南美的勃奎拉藤属和拉氏藤属组成的拉氏藤族得到了trnL_F序列分析 (10 0 % )和联合序列分析 (99% )的很好支持。木通族在两个分析里都得到了 10 0 %的靴带支持率。新建立的长萼木通属在trnL_F树上嵌套在木通属内 ;然而 ,在联合分析的树上 ,它与木通属形成姐妹群并得到很高的支持率。在系统发育上关系密切的 3个属 :牛藤果属、八月瓜属和野木瓜属之间的关系仍未解决。牛藤果与八月瓜在两个分析里都形成姐妹群 ,但支持率低。小花鹰爪枫嵌套在野木瓜属内 ,并与西南野木瓜形成姐妹群。木通族内这 3个属可能都不是单系 ,它们的属间界限和属的界定需要更多的分子和形态数据的进一步研究。     

由5个DNA片段推断极度濒危植物五针白皮松的系统位置

五针白皮松(Pinus squamata X．W．Li)是上世纪90年代描述的一种中国特有松树,目前野外只有立木32株,处于极度濒危状态。前人认为这个种可能是白松亚属(subgen．Strobus)的白皮松(P．bungeana Zucc．ex Endl．)与松亚属(subgen．Pinus)的云南松(P．yunnanensis Franch．)的过渡类型,并将其归入白皮松组狐尾松亚组(subsect．Balfourianae)。本文试图在前人分子系统学工作的基础上,检测五针白皮松5个DNA片段,叶绿体基因rbcL、matK、rpl20-rps18间隔区和trn V内含子以及核糖体ITS,将五针白皮松放在整个松属中探讨其系统位置。4个叶绿体基因单独分析结果和它们的联合数据分析结果以及根据ITS得到的系统树均表明,五针白皮松是白皮松亚组(subsect．Gerardianae)的一个稳定成员,其可能的姐妹群是西藏白皮松(P．gerardiana Wall．)。对白皮松亚组的地理分布作了初步探讨。     

DISCORDANCE BETWEEN NUCLEAR AND CHLOROPLAST PHYLOGENIES IN THE HEUCHERA GROUP (SAXIFRAGACEAE)

Various factors, including taxon density, sampling error, convergence, and heterogeneity of evolutionary rates, can potentially lead to incongruence between phylogenetic trees based on different genomes. Particularly at the generic level and below, chloroplast capture resulting from hybridization may distort organismal relationships in phylogenetic analyses based on the chloroplast genome, or genes included therein. However, the extent of such discord between chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) trees and those trees based on nuclear genes has rarely been assessed. We therefore used sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS-1 and ITS-2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among members of the Heuchera group of genera (Saxifragaceae). The Heuchera group presents an important model for the analysis of chloroplast capture and its impact on phylogenetic reconstruction because hybridization is well documented within genera (e.g., Heuchera), and intergeneric hybrids involving six of the nine genera have been reported. An earlier study provided a well-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis for the Heuchera group based on cpDNA restriction-site variation. However, trees based on ITS sequences are discordant with the cpDNA-based tree. Evidence from both morphology and nuclear-encoded allozymes is consistent with the ITS trees, rather than the cpDNA tree, and several points of phylogenetic discord can clearly be attributed to chloroplast capture. Comparison of the organellar and ITS trees also raises the strong likelihood that ancient events of chloroplast capture occurred between lineages during the early diversification of the Heuchera group. Thus, despite the many advantages and widespread use of cpDNA data in phylogeny reconstruction, comparison of relationships based on cpDNA and ITS sequences for the Heuchera group underscores the need for caution in the use of organellar variation for retrieving phylogeny at lower taxonomic levels, particularly in groups noted for hybridization.     

24 Diversity of macroalgal epiphytes on Thalassia and Syringodium in tampa bay, florida

Alaria is a common kelp genus generally found in the lower intertidal and shallow subtidal regions of rocky shores in the cold waters of the northern Hemisphere. About 16 species are currently recognized worldwide and, of these, A. fistulosa is distinguished by having hollow midrib and large blades with 10–30 m in length and 30–90 cm in width. It is the only canopy-producing kelp in the northwest Pacific, where it is restricted to the waters of north Hokkaido, Kamchatka, Aleutian Islands, and Alaska. In order to know the phylogenetic position of A. fistulosa , sequences of nr DNA ITS and plastid rbc L including spacer and psaA regions were determined in A. fistulosa and compared with homologous positions of newly sequenced putative relatives and with published sequences of other kelp species. Combined data of ITS and Rubisco spacer show that A. fistulosa was more related to the clade of Lessoniopsis and Pterygophora than to the clade of other species of Alaria , which is supported by the rbc L and psaA sequence data. The topologies from nuclear and plastid DNA sequences lead to phylogenetic independence of A. fistulosa , which is clearly different from the genus Alaria .     

Phylogenetic Use of Noncoding Regions in the GenusGentianaL.: ChloroplasttrnL (UAA) Intron versus Nuclear Ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences

Sequence divergence was estimated within noncoding sequences of both chloroplast DNA (cpDNA)trnL (UAA) intron and nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS1 and ITS2) for 10 species of the genusGentianaL. (Gentianaceae). Comparisons of evolutionary rates among these sequences (cpDNA versus nrDNA, ITS1 versus ITS2) were performed. It appears that sequence divergence is on average two to three times higher in ITSs than in thetrnL intron sequences and higher in ITS1 than in ITS2. Both the cpDNA intron and ITSs of nrDNA give concordant phylogenetic trees. However, the ITS-based phylogeny displays higher bootstrap values. At the intrageneric level, at least inGentiana,ITSs (especially ITS2) sequences seem to be more appropriate in the assessment of plant phylogenies. Nevertheless, the cpDNAtrnL intron seems to be preferable at the intergeneric level.     

Extensive intraspecific chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation in the alpine Draba aizoides L. (Brassicaceae): haplotype relationships and population structure

Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequence variation is currently the most widely used tool for the inference of phylogenetic relationships among plants at all taxonomic levels. Generally, noncoding regions tend to evolve faster than coding sequences and have recently been applied to the study of phylogenetic relationships among closely related taxa. An implicit assumption of many of these studies is that intraspecific cpDNA variation is either absent or low and therefore will not interfere with the reconstruction of interspecific relationships. A survey of cpDNA sequence variation in the common alpine plant species Draba aizoides L. was undertaken to assess levels of intraspecific cpDNA sequence variation. These levels were compared to levels of interspecific sequence divergence between D. aizoides and related alpine Draba species. Intraspecific cpDNA sequence divergence was extensive in D. aizoides, and intraspecific differences were often larger than interspecific differences. cpDNA haplotype relationships were explored using a maximum parsimony approach and minimum-spanning networks. Results from both methods were largely congruent but comparisons provided interesting insights into the presumed evolutionary history of cpDNA haplotypes. A combined effect of cpDNA introgression and complex lineage sorting was inferred to explain the pattern of cpDNA variation found in D. aizoides. Our results suggest that intraspecific cpDNA variation can be extensive and that intraspecific variation needs to be taken into account when inferring phylogenetic relationships among closely related taxa.     

The use of a non-coding region of chloroplast DNA in phylogenetic studies of the subtribeSonchinae (Asteraceae:Lactuceae)

The systematic utility of sequences from a non-coding region of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) betweenpsbA andtrnH^(GUG) was examined by assessing phylogenetic relationships in subtribeSonchinae (Asteraceae:Lactuceae). Primers constructed against highly conserved regions of tRNA genes were used for PCR amplification and sequencing. ThepsbA-trnH intergenic spacer contains several insertions and deletions (indels) inSonchinae with the length varying from 385 to 450 bp. Sequence divergence ranges from 0.00% to 7.54% withinSonchinae, with an average of 2.4%. Average sequence divergence inSonchus subg.Sonchus is 2.0%, while the mean for subg.Dendrosonchus and its close relatives in Macaronesia (the woodySonchus alliance) is 1.0%. Our results suggest that this region does not evolve rapidly enough to resolve relationships among closely related genera or insular endemics in theAsteraceae. The phylogenetic utility ofpsbA-trnH sequences of the non-coding cpDNA was compared to sequences from the ITS region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. The results suggest that ITS sequences evolve nearly four times faster thanpsbA-trnH intergenic spacer sequences. Furthermore, the ITS sequences provide more variable and phylogenetically informative sites and generate more highly resolved trees with more strongly supported clades, and thus are more suitable for phylogenetic comparisons at lower taxonomic levels than thepsbA-trnH intergenic chloroplast sequences.     

基于cpDNA和ITS序列对庭藤复合群的居群遗传学研究

采用2个叶绿体基因组片段(ndh J-trn F和trn D-trn T)和核基因组ITS序列对分布于中国东部和相邻地区的庭藤复合群(Indigofera decora complex)的24个居群进行分析,探讨该复合群的遗传多样性、单倍型分布、遗传结构和居群历史动态。cp DNA和ITS序列分析表明,庭藤复合群的单倍型多样性较高,而总体遗传多样性偏低(cp DNA片段:Hd=0.778,π=0.00123;ITS:Hd=0.909,π=0.01290);皖浙地区居群的遗传多样性相对较高,推测其可能是该复合群遗传多样性的分布中心。遗传变异主要存在于复合群居群间,种内居群间遗传分化较大(cp DNA片段:FST=0.848;ITS:FST=0.787);基因流较小(cp DNA片段:Nm=0.228;ITS:Nm=0.241),主要是地理隔离(遗传漂变)或生境片段化促进了物种形成;复合群的不同物种间存在由基因渐渗引起的单倍型共享现象,可能是种间不完全的生殖隔离所致。花木蓝的居群单独聚为一枝,且与其他种无共享单倍型,因此应保留花木蓝种的分类地位,而其他种的分类地位有待进一步研究。